Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are gaining increasing popularity in many distributed applications such as file-sharing, network storage, web caching, sear- ching and indexing of relevant documents and P2P network-threat analysis. Many of these applications require scalable analysis of data over a P2P network. This paper starts by offering a brief overview of distributed data mining applications and algorithms for P2P environments. Next it discusses some of the privacy concerns with P2P data mining and points out the problems of existing privacy-preserving multi-party data mining techniques. It further points out that most of the nice assumptions of these existing privacy preserving techniques fall apart in real-life applications of privacy-preserving distributed data mining (PPDM). The paper offers a more realistic formulation of the PPDM problem as a multi-party game and points out some recent results.

Distributed data mining from privacy-sensitive multi-party data is likely to play an important role in the next generation of integrated vehicle health monitoring systems. For example, consider an airline manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] manufacturing an aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] and selling it to five different airline operating companies [tex]$\mathcal{V}_1 \dots \mathcal{V}_5$[/tex]. These aircrafts, during their operation, generate huge amount of data. Mining this data can reveal useful information regarding the health and operability of the aircraft which can be useful for disaster management and prediction of efficient operating regimes. Now if the manufacturer [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex] wants to analyze the performance data collected from different aircrafts of model-type [tex]$A$[/tex] belonging to different airlines then central collection of data for subsequent analysis may not be an option. It should be noted that the result of this analysis may be statistically more significant if the data for aircraft model [tex]$A$[/tex] across all companies were available to [tex]$\mathcal{C}$[/tex]. The potential problems arising out of such a data mining scenario are:

Lifesciences Data Mining and Visualization Market Outlook

The global market size for Lifesciences Data Mining and Visualization was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 4.3 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is driven by the increasing demand for sophisticated data analysis tools in the life sciences sector, advancements in analytical technologies, and the rising volume of complex biological data generated from research and clinical trials.

One of the primary growth factors for the Lifesciences Data Mining and Visualization market is the burgeoning amount of data generated from various life sciences applications, such as genomics, proteomics, and clinical trials. With the advent of high-throughput technologies, researchers and healthcare professionals are now capable of generating vast amounts of data, which necessitates the use of advanced data mining and visualization tools to derive actionable insights. These tools not only help in managing and interpreting large datasets but also in uncovering hidden patterns and relationships, thereby accelerating research and development processes.

Another significant driver is the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms in the life sciences domain. These technologies have proven to be invaluable in enhancing data analysis capabilities, enabling more precise and predictive modeling of biological systems. By integrating AI and ML with data mining and visualization platforms, researchers can achieve higher accuracy in identifying potential drug targets, understanding disease mechanisms, and personalizing treatment plans. This trend is expected to continue, further propelling the market's growth.

Moreover, the rising emphasis on personalized medicine and the need for precision in healthcare is fueling the demand for data mining and visualization tools. Personalized medicine relies heavily on the analysis of individual genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles to tailor treatments specifically to patients' unique characteristics. The ability to visualize these complex datasets in an understandable and actionable manner is critical for the successful implementation of personalized medicine strategies, thereby boosting the demand for advanced data analysis tools.

From a regional perspective, North America is anticipated to dominate the Lifesciences Data Mining and Visualization market, owing to the presence of a robust healthcare infrastructure, significant investments in research and development, and a high adoption rate of advanced technologies. The European market is also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by increasing government initiatives to support life sciences research and the presence of leading biopharmaceutical companies. The Asia Pacific region is projected to experience the fastest growth, attributed to the expanding healthcare sector, rising investments in biotechnology research, and the increasing adoption of data analytics solutions.

Component Analysis

The Lifesciences Data Mining and Visualization market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment is expected to hold a significant share of the market, driven by the continuous advancements in data mining algorithms and visualization techniques. Software solutions are critical in processing large volumes of complex biological data, facilitating real-time analysis, and providing intuitive visual representations that aid in decision-making. The increasing integration of AI and ML into these software solutions is further enhancing their capabilities, making them indispensable tools in life sciences research.

The services segment, on the other hand, is projected to grow at a considerable rate, as organizations seek specialized expertise to manage and interpret their data. Services include consulting, implementation, and maintenance, as well as training and support. The demand for these services is driven by the need to ensure optimal utilization of data mining software and to keep up with the rapid pace of technological advancements. Moreover, many life sciences organizations lack the in-house expertise required to handle large-scale data analytics projects, thereby turning to external service providers for assistance.

Within the software segment, there is a growing trend towards the development of integrated platforms that combine multiple functionalities, such as data collection, pre

In this research, we have generated student retention alerts. The alerts are classified into two types: preventive and corrective. This classification varies according to the level of maturity of the data systematization process. Therefore, to systematize the data, data mining techniques have been applied. The experimental analytical method has been used, with a population of 13,715 students with 62 sociological, academic, family, personal, economic, psychological, and institutional variables, and factors such as academic follow-up and performance, financial situation, and personal information. In particular, information is collected on each of the problems or a combination of problems that could affect dropout rates. Following the methodology, the information has been generated through an abstract data model to reflect the profile of the dropout student. As advancement from previous research, this proposal will create preventive and corrective alternatives to avoid dropout higher education. Also, in contrast to previous work, we generated corrective warnings with the application of data mining techniques such as neural networks until reaching a precision of 97% and losses of 0.1052. In conclusion, this study pretends to analyze the behavior of students who drop out the university through the evaluation of predictive patterns. The overall objective is to predict the profile of student dropout, considering reasons such as admission to higher education and career changes. Consequently, using a data systematization process promotes the permanence of students in higher education. Once the profile of the dropout has been identified, student retention strategies have been approached, according to the time of its appearance and the point of view of the institution.

Data Mining Software Market Outlook

The global data mining software market size was valued at USD 7.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 15.5 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.7% during the forecast period. This growth is driven primarily by the increasing adoption of big data analytics and the rising demand for business intelligence across various industries. As businesses increasingly recognize the value of data-driven decision-making, the market is expected to witness substantial growth.

One of the significant growth factors for the data mining software market is the exponential increase in data generation. With the proliferation of internet-enabled devices and the rapid advancement of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), there is a massive influx of data. Organizations are now more focused than ever on harnessing this data to gain insights, improve operations, and create a competitive advantage. This has led to a surge in demand for advanced data mining tools that can process and analyze large datasets efficiently.

Another driving force is the growing need for personalized customer experiences. In industries such as retail, healthcare, and BFSI, understanding customer behavior and preferences is crucial. Data mining software enables organizations to analyze customer data, segment their audience, and deliver personalized offerings, ultimately enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. This drive towards personalization is further fueling the adoption of data mining solutions, contributing significantly to market growth.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies with data mining software is also a key growth factor. These advanced technologies enhance the capabilities of data mining tools by enabling them to learn from data patterns and make more accurate predictions. The convergence of AI and data mining is opening new avenues for businesses, allowing them to automate complex tasks, predict market trends, and make informed decisions more swiftly. The continuous advancements in AI and ML are expected to propel the data mining software market over the forecast period.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the data mining software market, driven by the presence of major technology companies and the early adoption of advanced analytics solutions. The Asia Pacific region is also expected to witness substantial growth due to the rapid digital transformation across various industries and the increasing investments in data infrastructure. Additionally, the growing awareness and implementation of data-driven strategies in emerging economies are contributing to the market expansion in this region.

Text Mining Software is becoming an integral part of the data mining landscape, offering unique capabilities to analyze unstructured data. As organizations generate vast amounts of textual data from various sources such as social media, emails, and customer feedback, the need for specialized tools to extract meaningful insights is growing. Text Mining Software enables businesses to process and analyze this data, uncovering patterns and trends that were previously hidden. This capability is particularly valuable in industries like marketing, customer service, and research, where understanding the nuances of language can lead to more informed decision-making. The integration of text mining with traditional data mining processes is enhancing the overall analytical capabilities of organizations, allowing them to derive comprehensive insights from both structured and unstructured data.

Component Analysis

The data mining software market is segmented by components, which primarily include software and services. The software segment encompasses various types of data mining tools that are used for analyzing and extracting valuable insights from raw data. These tools are designed to handle large volumes of data and provide advanced functionalities such as predictive analytics, data visualization, and pattern recognition. The increasing demand for sophisticated data analysis tools is driving the growth of the software segment. Enterprises are investing in these tools to enhance their data processing capabilities and derive actionable insights.

Within the software segment, the emergence of cloud-based data mining solutions is a notable trend. Cloud-based solutions offer several advantages, including s

Context

To make this a seamless process, I cleaned the data and delete many variables that I thought were not important to our dataset. I then uploaded all of those files to Kaggle for each of you to download. The rideshare_data has both lyft and uber but it is still a cleaned version from the dataset we downloaded from Kaggle.

Use of Data Files

You can easily subset the data into the car types that you will be modeling by first loading the csv into R, here is the code for how you do this:

This loads the file into R

df<-read.csv('uber.csv')

The next codes is to subset the data into specific car types. The example below only has Uber 'Black' car types.

df_black<-subset(uber_df, uber_df$name == 'Black')

This next portion of code will be to load it into R. First, we must write this dataframe into a csv file on our computer in order to load it into R.

write.csv(df_black, "nameofthefileyouwanttosaveas.csv")

The file will appear in you working directory. If you are not familiar with your working directory. Run this code:

getwd()

The output will be the file path to your working directory. You will find the file you just created in that folder.

Inspiration

Your data will be in front of the world's largest data science community. What questions do you want to see answered?

The Data Mining Tools Market is expected to be valued at $1.24 billion in 2024, with an anticipated expansion at a CAGR of 11.63% to reach $3.73 billion by 2034.

This dataset is about books. It has 1 row and is filtered where the book is Data mining techniques in CRM : inside customer segmentation. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

We discuss a statistical framework that underlies envelope detection schemes as well as dynamical models based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM) that can encompass both discrete and continuous sensor measurements for use in Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) applications. The HMM allows for the rapid assimilation, analysis, and discovery of system anomalies. We motivate our work with a discussion of an aviation problem where the identification of anomalous sequences is essential for safety reasons. The data in this application are discrete and continuous sensor measurements and can be dealt with seamlessly using the methods described here to discover anomalous flights. We specifically treat the problem of discovering anomalous features in the time series that may be hidden from the sensor suite and compare those methods to standard envelope detection methods on test data designed to accentuate the differences between the two methods. Identification of these hidden anomalies is crucial to building stable, reusable, and cost-efficient systems. We also discuss a data mining framework for the analysis and discovery of anomalies in high-dimensional time series of sensor measurements that would be found in an ISHM system. We conclude with recommendations that describe the tradeoffs in building an integrated scalable platform for robust anomaly detection in ISHM applications.

The purpose of data mining analysis is always to find patterns of the data using certain kind of techiques such as classification or regression. It is not always feasible to apply classification algorithms directly to dataset. Before doing any work on the data, the data has to be pre-processed and this process normally involves feature selection and dimensionality reduction. We tried to use clustering as a way to reduce the dimension of the data and create new features. Based on our project, after using clustering prior to classification, the performance has not improved much. The reason why it has not improved could be the features we selected to perform clustering are not well suited for it. Because of the nature of the data, classification tasks are going to provide more information to work with in terms of improving knowledge and overall performance metrics. From the dimensionality reduction perspective: It is different from Principle Component Analysis which guarantees finding the best linear transformation that reduces the number of dimensions with a minimum loss of information. Using clusters as a technique of reducing the data dimension will lose a lot of information since clustering techniques are based a metric of 'distance'. At high dimensions euclidean distance loses pretty much all meaning. Therefore using clustering as a "Reducing" dimensionality by mapping data points to cluster numbers is not always good since you may lose almost all the information. From the creating new features perspective: Clustering analysis creates labels based on the patterns of the data, it brings uncertainties into the data. By using clustering prior to classification, the decision on the number of clusters will highly affect the performance of the clustering, then affect the performance of classification. If the part of features we use clustering techniques on is very suited for it, it might increase the overall performance on classification. For example, if the features we use k-means on are numerical and the dimension is small, the overall classification performance may be better. We did not lock in the clustering outputs using a random_state in the effort to see if they were stable. Our assumption was that if the results vary highly from run to run which they definitely did, maybe the data just does not cluster well with the methods selected at all. Basically, the ramification we saw was that our results are not much better than random when applying clustering to the data preprocessing. Finally, it is important to ensure a feedback loop is in place to continuously collect the same data in the same format from which the models were created. This feedback loop can be used to measure the model real world effectiveness and also to continue to revise the models from time to time as things change.

Improving the accuracy of prediction on future values based on the past and current observations has been pursued by enhancing the prediction's methods, combining those methods or performing data pre-processing. In this paper, another approach is taken, namely by increasing the number of input in the dataset. This approach would be useful especially for a shorter time series data. By filling the in-between values in the time series, the number of training set can be increased, thus increasing the generalization capability of the predictor. The algorithm used to make prediction is Neural Network as it is widely used in literature for time series tasks. For comparison, Support Vector Regression is also employed. The dataset used in the experiment is the frequency of USPTO's patents and PubMed's scientific publications on the field of health, namely on Apnea, Arrhythmia, and Sleep Stages. Another time series data designated for NN3 Competition in the field of transportation is also used for benchmarking. The experimental result shows that the prediction performance can be significantly increased by filling in-between data in the time series. Furthermore, the use of detrend and deseasonalization which separates the data into trend, seasonal and stationary time series also improve the prediction performance both on original and filled dataset. The optimal number of increase on the dataset in this experiment is about five times of the length of original dataset.

Data Mining and Modeling Market Outlook

The global data mining and modeling market size was valued at approximately $28.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach $70.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5% during the forecast period. This remarkable growth can be attributed to the increasing complexity and volume of data generated across various industries, necessitating robust tools and techniques for effective data analysis and decision-making processes.

One of the primary growth factors driving the data mining and modeling market is the exponential increase in data generation owing to advancements in digital technology. Modern enterprises generate extensive data from numerous sources such as social media platforms, IoT devices, and transactional databases. The need to make sense of this vast information trove has led to a surge in the adoption of data mining and modeling tools. These tools help organizations uncover hidden patterns, correlations, and insights, thereby enabling more informed decision-making and strategic planning.

Another significant growth driver is the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. Data mining and modeling are critical components of AI and ML algorithms, which rely on large datasets to learn and make predictions. As businesses strive to stay competitive, they are increasingly investing in AI-driven analytics solutions. This trend is particularly prevalent in sectors such as healthcare, finance, and retail, where predictive analytics can provide a substantial competitive edge. Moreover, advancements in big data technologies are further bolstering the capabilities of data mining and modeling solutions, making them more effective and efficient.

The burgeoning demand for business intelligence (BI) and analytics solutions is also a major factor propelling the market. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the value of data-driven insights in identifying market trends, customer preferences, and operational inefficiencies. Data mining and modeling tools form the backbone of sophisticated BI platforms, enabling companies to transform raw data into actionable intelligence. This demand is further amplified by the growing importance of regulatory compliance and risk management, particularly in highly regulated industries such as banking, financial services, and healthcare.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the data mining and modeling market, owing to the early adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of major market players. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by rapid digital transformation initiatives and increasing investments in AI and big data technologies. Europe also holds a significant market share, supported by stringent data protection regulations and a strong focus on innovation.

Component Analysis

The data mining and modeling market by component is broadly segmented into software and services. The software segment encompasses various tools and platforms that facilitate data mining and modeling processes. These software solutions range from basic data analysis tools to advanced platforms integrated with AI and ML capabilities. The increasing complexity of data and the need for real-time analytics are driving the demand for sophisticated software solutions. Companies are investing in custom and off-the-shelf software to enhance their data handling and analytical capabilities, thereby gaining a competitive edge.

The services segment includes consulting, implementation, training, and support services. As organizations strive to leverage data mining and modeling tools effectively, the demand for professional services is on the rise. Consulting services help businesses identify the right tools and strategies for their specific needs, while implementation services ensure the seamless integration of these tools into existing systems. Training services are crucial for building in-house expertise, enabling teams to maximize the benefits of data mining and modeling solutions. Support services ensure the ongoing maintenance and optimization of these tools, addressing any technical issues that may arise.

The software segment is expected to dominate the market throughout the forecast period, driven by continuous advancements in te

OntoDM-core defines the most essential data mining entities in a three-layered ontological structure comprising of a specification, an implementation and an application layer. It provides a representational framework for the description of mining structured data, and in addition provides taxonomies of datasets, data mining tasks, generalizations, data mining algorithms and constraints, based on the type of data. OntoDM-core is designed to support a wide range of applications/use cases, such as semantic annotation of data mining algorithms, datasets and results; annotation of QSAR studies in the context of drug discovery investigations; and disambiguation of terms in text mining. (from abstract)

This chapter presents theoretical and practical aspects associated to the implementation of a combined model-based/data-driven approach for failure prognostics based on particle filtering algorithms, in which the current esti- mate of the state PDF is used to determine the operating condition of the system and predict the progression of a fault indicator, given a dynamic state model and a set of process measurements. In this approach, the task of es- timating the current value of the fault indicator, as well as other important changing parameters in the environment, involves two basic steps: the predic- tion step, based on the process model, and an update step, which incorporates the new measurement into the a priori state estimate. This framework allows to estimate of the probability of failure at future time instants (RUL PDF) in real-time, providing information about time-to- failure (TTF) expectations, statistical confidence intervals, long-term predic- tions; using for this purpose empirical knowledge about critical conditions for the system (also referred to as the hazard zones). This information is of paramount significance for the improvement of the system reliability and cost-effective operation of critical assets, as it has been shown in a case study where feedback correction strategies (based on uncertainty measures) have been implemented to lengthen the RUL of a rotorcraft transmission system with propagating fatigue cracks on a critical component. Although the feed- back loop is implemented using simple linear relationships, it is helpful to provide a quick insight into the manner that the system reacts to changes on its input signals, in terms of its predicted RUL. The method is able to manage non-Gaussian pdf’s since it includes concepts such as nonlinear state estimation and confidence intervals in its formulation. Real data from a fault seeded test showed that the proposed framework was able to anticipate modifications on the system input to lengthen its RUL. Results of this test indicate that the method was able to successfully suggest the correction that the system required. In this sense, future work will be focused on the development and testing of similar strategies using different input-output uncertainty metrics.

1.the "dingxiang_datas.xls"contains all the original data which is crawled from DingXiang forum, and also the word segmentation result for each medical record is given.2.the "pmi_new_words.txt" is the result of new medical words found by calculating mutual information.3.the "association_rules" folder contains the association rules mined from the dataset where h-confidence threshold is set 0.3 and support threshold is set 0.0001.4.the "network_communities.csv" describes the complication communities.p.s. if you encounter a "d", it means the word is a disease description vocabulary, and "z" or "s" represents a symptom description vocabulary.

Biological data analysis is the key to new discoveries in disease biology and drug discovery. The rapid proliferation of high-throughput ‘omics’ data has necessitated a need for tools and platforms that allow the researchers to combine and analyse different types of biological data and obtain biologically relevant knowledge. We had previously developed TargetMine, an integrative data analysis platform for target prioritisation and broad-based biological knowledge discovery. Here, we describe the newly modelled biological data types and the enhanced visual and analytical features of TargetMine. These enhancements have included: an enhanced coverage of gene–gene relations, small molecule metabolite to pathway mappings, an improved literature survey feature, and in silico prediction of gene functional associations such as protein–protein interactions and global gene co-expression. We have also described two usage examples on trans-omics data analysis and extraction of gene-disease associations using MeSH term descriptors. These examples have demonstrated how the newer enhancements in TargetMine have contributed to a more expansive coverage of the biological data space and can help interpret genotype–phenotype relations. TargetMine with its auxiliary toolkit is available at https://targetmine.mizuguchilab.org. The TargetMine source code is available at https://github.com/chenyian-nibio/targetmine-gradle.

The worldwide civilian aviation system is one of the most complex dynamical systems created. Most modern commercial aircraft have onboard flight data recorders that record several hundred discrete and continuous parameters at approximately 1Hz for the entire duration of the flight. These data contain information about the flight control systems, actuators, engines, landing gear, avionics, and pilot commands. In this paper, recent advances in the development of a novel knowledge discovery process consisting of a suite of data mining techniques for identifying precursors to aviation safety incidents are discussed. The data mining techniques include scalable multiple-kernel learning for large-scale distributed anomaly detection. A novel multivariate time-series search algorithm is used to search for signatures of discovered anomalies on massive datasets. The process can identify operationally significant events due to environmental, mechanical, and human factors issues in the high-dimensional flight operations quality assurance data. All discovered anomalies are validated by a team of independent _domain experts. This novel automated knowledge discovery process is aimed at complementing the state-of-the-art human-generated exceedance-based analysis that fails to discover previously unknown aviation safety incidents. In this paper, the discovery pipeline, the methods used, and some of the significant anomalies detected on real-world commercial aviation data are discussed.

This data set belongs to the paper "Video-to-Model: Unsupervised Trace Extraction from Videos for Process Discovery and Conformance Checking in Manual Assembly", submitted on March 24, 2020, to the 18th International Conference on Business Process Management (BPM).Abstract: Manual activities are often hidden deep down in discrete manufacturing processes. For the elicitation and optimization of process behavior, complete information about the execution of Manual activities are required. Thus, an approach is presented on how execution level information can be extracted from videos in manual assembly. The goal is the generation of a log that can be used in state-of-the-art process mining tools. The test bed for the system was lightweight and scalable consisting of an assembly workstation equipped with a single RGB camera recording only the hand movements of the worker from top. A neural network based real-time object classifier was trained to detect the worker’s hands. The hand detector delivers the input for an algorithm, which generates trajectories reflecting the movement paths of the hands. Those trajectories are automatically assigned to work steps using the position of material boxes on the assembly shelf as reference points and hierarchical clustering of similar behaviors with dynamic time warping. The system has been evaluated in a task-based study with ten participants in a laboratory, but under realistic conditions. The generated logs have been loaded into the process mining toolkit ProM to discover the underlying process model and to detect deviations from both, instructions and ground truth, using conformance checking. The results show that process mining delivers insights about the assembly process and the system’s precision.The data set contains the generated and the annotated logs based on the video material gathered during the user study. In addition, the petri nets from the process discovery and conformance checking conducted with ProM (http://www.promtools.org) and the reference nets modeled with Yasper (http://www.yasper.org/) are provided.

Data Analysis is the process that supports decision-making and informs arguments in empirical studies. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA), and Confirmatory Data Analysis (CDA) are the approaches that compose Data Analysis (Xia & Gong; 2014). An Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) comprises a set of statistical and data mining procedures to describe data. We ran EDA to provide statistical facts and inform conclusions. The mined facts allow attaining arguments that would influence the Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE.

The Systematic Literature Review of DL4SE requires formal statistical modeling to refine the answers for the proposed research questions and formulate new hypotheses to be addressed in the future. Hence, we introduce DL4SE-DA, a set of statistical processes and data mining pipelines that uncover hidden relationships among Deep Learning reported literature in Software Engineering. Such hidden relationships are collected and analyzed to illustrate the state-of-the-art of DL techniques employed in the software engineering context.

Our DL4SE-DA is a simplified version of the classical Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD (Fayyad, et al; 1996). The KDD process extracts knowledge from a DL4SE structured database. This structured database was the product of multiple iterations of data gathering and collection from the inspected literature. The KDD involves five stages:

Selection. This stage was led by the taxonomy process explained in section xx of the paper. After collecting all the papers and creating the taxonomies, we organize the data into 35 features or attributes that you find in the repository. In fact, we manually engineered features from the DL4SE papers. Some of the features are venue, year published, type of paper, metrics, data-scale, type of tuning, learning algorithm, SE data, and so on.

Preprocessing. The preprocessing applied was transforming the features into the correct type (nominal), removing outliers (papers that do not belong to the DL4SE), and re-inspecting the papers to extract missing information produced by the normalization process. For instance, we normalize the feature “metrics” into “MRR”, “ROC or AUC”, “BLEU Score”, “Accuracy”, “Precision”, “Recall”, “F1 Measure”, and “Other Metrics”. “Other Metrics” refers to unconventional metrics found during the extraction. Similarly, the same normalization was applied to other features like “SE Data” and “Reproducibility Types”. This separation into more detailed classes contributes to a better understanding and classification of the paper by the data mining tasks or methods.

Transformation. In this stage, we omitted to use any data transformation method except for the clustering analysis. We performed a Principal Component Analysis to reduce 35 features into 2 components for visualization purposes. Furthermore, PCA also allowed us to identify the number of clusters that exhibit the maximum reduction in variance. In other words, it helped us to identify the number of clusters to be used when tuning the explainable models.

Data Mining. In this stage, we used three distinct data mining tasks: Correlation Analysis, Association Rule Learning, and Clustering. We decided that the goal of the KDD process should be oriented to uncover hidden relationships on the extracted features (Correlations and Association Rules) and to categorize the DL4SE papers for a better segmentation of the state-of-the-art (Clustering). A clear explanation is provided in the subsection “Data Mining Tasks for the SLR od DL4SE”. 5.Interpretation/Evaluation. We used the Knowledge Discover to automatically find patterns in our papers that resemble “actionable knowledge”. This actionable knowledge was generated by conducting a reasoning process on the data mining outcomes. This reasoning process produces an argument support analysis (see this link).

We used RapidMiner as our software tool to conduct the data analysis. The procedures and pipelines were published in our repository.

Overview of the most meaningful Association Rules. Rectangles are both Premises and Conclusions. An arrow connecting a Premise with a Conclusion implies that given some premise, the conclusion is associated. E.g., Given that an author used Supervised Learning, we can conclude that their approach is irreproducible with a certain Support and Confidence.

Support = Number of occurrences this statement is true divided by the amount of statements Confidence = The support of the statement divided by the number of occurrences of the premise