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The explosive growth of molecular sequence data has made it possible to estimate species divergence times under relaxed-clock models using genome-scale datasets with many gene loci. In order both to improve model realism and to best extract information about relative divergence times in the sequence data, it is important to account for the heterogeneity in the evolutionary process across genes or genomic regions. Partitioning is a commonly used approach to achieve those goals. We group sites that have similar evolutionary characteristics into the same partition and those with different characteristics into different partitions, and then use different models or different values of model parameters for different partitions to account for the among-partition heterogeneity. However, how to partition data in practical phylogenetic analysis, and in particular in relaxed-clock dating analysis, is more art than science. Here, we use computer simulation and real data analysis to study the impact of the partition scheme on divergence time estimation. The partition schemes had relatively minor effects on the accuracy of posterior time estimates when the prior assumptions were correct and the clock was not seriously violated, but showed large differences when the clock was seriously violated, when the fossil calibrations were in conflict or incorrect, or when the rate prior was mis-specified. Concatenation produced the widest posterior intervals with the least precision. Use of many partitions increased the precision, as predicted by the infinite-sites theory, but the posterior intervals might fail to include the true ages because of the conflicting fossil calibrations or mis-specified rate priors. We analyzed a dataset of 78 plastid genes from 15 plant species with serious clock violation and showed that time estimates differed significantly among partition schemes, irrespective of the rate drift model used. Multiple and precise fossil calibrations reduced the differences among partition schemes and were important to improving the precision of divergence time estimates. While the use of many partitions is an important approach to reducing the uncertainty in posterior time estimates, we do not recommend its general use for the present, given the limitations of current models of rate drift for partitioned data and the challenges of interpreting the fossil evidence to construct accurate and informative calibrations.
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This data is used as the basis for the following preprint: N. Guessoum et al. "Diagonal Partitioning Strategy Using Bisection of Rectangles and a Novel Sampling Scheme". Here we experimentally investigated a modification suggested to the recently introduced BIRECT (BIsection of RECTangles) algorithm. A new deterministic approach, named BIRECT-V algorithm (where V stands for vertices), combines bisection with sampling on diagonal vertices. Also, a new variation of the BIRECT-V algorithm, called BIRECT-Vl is also introduced. This data set contains the results of these experiments, the original source codes for the BIRECT-V algorithm used in the experiments, as well as the scripts used for evaluating the results would be available in a future version. First, We applied both algorithms to several well-known test problems using from the literature, obtaining data1, data4, and data6. Second, we modified the optimization domain for certain functions, and obtained dataset 2, 3, and 5. These results were compared to the original BIRECT, BIRECT-l, DIRECT, and DIRECT-l.
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Each tab in the xlsx sheet is described here:
Taxa accessions, Locus Recovery, and BOLD IDs
Table of all taxa used for analyses within this manuscript. Associated ID (Other Code), Accession codes (Code), references, species identity, locality, data source (type of data), locus recovery by probe source, assembly statistics (length, min, max, average length), and BOLD identification are available for each taxon results: queryID, best genus guess, best species guess, database search, percentage match, and lowest percentage match for bold ID. NA's in this sheet are data that are unavailable or not applicable.
Four tables of maximum likelihood and information criterion values of trees generated...
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According to our latest research, the global disk partitioning software market size reached USD 1.92 billion in 2024. The market is anticipated to expand at a robust CAGR of 11.1% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the disk partitioning software market is projected to attain a value of USD 5.04 billion. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of advanced storage management solutions across enterprises and individual users, the rising demand for efficient data management, and the proliferation of cloud computing environments globally.
One of the most significant growth factors propelling the disk partitioning software market is the exponential increase in data generation across various industries. Organizations are facing unprecedented volumes of data due to digital transformation initiatives, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments, and the growing reliance on big data analytics. As a result, there is a heightened need for effective storage management solutions that can optimize the use of storage resources, improve system performance, and ensure data integrity. Disk partitioning software enables organizations to create, modify, and manage disk partitions efficiently, thereby enhancing data accessibility and minimizing downtime. The integration of user-friendly interfaces and automation features in modern disk partitioning tools further accelerates their adoption among both technical and non-technical users.
Another crucial factor contributing to the expansion of the disk partitioning software market is the rapid shift towards cloud-based infrastructure and virtualization. As businesses migrate their critical workloads to cloud environments, the demand for software capable of managing virtual disks and partitions has surged. Cloud-based disk partitioning solutions offer scalability, flexibility, and centralized control, allowing enterprises to manage storage resources across geographically dispersed data centers with ease. Additionally, the increasing adoption of hybrid and multi-cloud strategies among large enterprises is fueling the need for advanced partitioning tools that can seamlessly operate across heterogeneous IT environments. This trend is expected to remain a key driver for market growth throughout the forecast period.
The proliferation of digital devices and the growing number of individual users seeking efficient data management solutions are also driving the disk partitioning software market. With the rise in remote work, personal computing, and digital content creation, individual users require reliable tools to manage storage on their devices, recover lost data, and optimize disk usage. Disk partitioning software caters to these needs by providing functionalities such as partition resizing, disk cloning, and data migration. Furthermore, the increasing frequency of cyber threats and data breaches has heightened awareness about the importance of data backup and recovery, further boosting the adoption of advanced partitioning solutions among both enterprises and individual users.
From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the disk partitioning software market, owing to the presence of major technology companies, high IT spending, and early adoption of advanced storage management solutions. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding IT infrastructure, and increasing investments in cloud technologies. Europe also holds a significant share of the market, supported by stringent data protection regulations and the widespread adoption of enterprise storage solutions. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging markets with substantial growth potential as organizations in these regions increasingly recognize the benefits of efficient disk partitioning and data management.
The component segment of the disk partitioning software market is bifurcated into software and services. The software segment currently accounts for the largest market share, driven by the widespread adoption of standalone disk partitioning applications across diverse platforms and operating systems. These software solutions are designed to provide users with comprehensive tools for creating, resizing, merging, and deleting disk partitions, catering to both individual and enterprise requirements. The c
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Currently, the core idea of the refined method of population spatial distribution is to establish a correlation between the population and auxiliary data at the administrative-unit level and, then, refine it to the grid unit. However, this method ignores the advantages of public population spatial distribution data. Given these problems, this study proposed a partition strategy using the natural break method at the grid-unit level, which adopts the population density to constrain the land class weight and redistributes the population under the dual constraints of land class and area weights. Accordingly, we used the dasymetric method to refine the population distribution data. The study established a partition model for public population spatial distribution data and auxiliary data at the grid-unit level and, then, refined it to smaller grid units. This method effectively utilizes the public population spatial distribution data and solves the problem of the dataset being not sufficiently accurate to describe small-scale regions and low resolutions. Taking the public WorldPop population spatial distribution dataset as an example, the results indicate that the proposed method has higher accuracy than other public datasets and can also describe the actual spatial distribution characteristics of the population accurately and intuitively. Simultaneously, this provides a new concept for research on population spatial distribution refinement methods.
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From microbes to humans, the success of many organisms is achieved by dividing tasks among specialized group members. The evolution of such division of labor strategies is an important aspect of the major transitions in evolution. As such, identifying specific evolutionary pressures that give rise to group-level division of labor has become a topic of major interest among biologists. To overcome the challenges associated with studying this topic in natural systems, we use actively evolving populations of digital organisms, which provide a unique perspective on the de novo evolution of division of labor in an open-ended system. We provide experimental results that address a fundamental question regarding these selective pressures: Does the ability to improve group efficiency through the reduction of task-switching costs promote the evolution of division of labor? Our results demonstrate that as task-switching costs rise, groups increasingly evolve division of labor strategies. We analyze the mechanisms by which organisms coordinate their roles and discover strategies with striking biological parallels, including communication, spatial patterning, and task-partitioning behaviors. In many cases, under high task-switching costs, individuals cease to be able to perform tasks in isolation, instead requiring the context of other group members. The simultaneous loss of functionality at a lower level and emergence of new functionality at a higher level indicates that task-switching costs may drive both the evolution of division of labor and also the loss of lower-level autonomy, which are both key components of major transitions in evolution.
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We consider modeling a dependent sequence of random partitions. It is well known in Bayesian nonparametrics that a random measure of discrete type induces a distribution over random partitions. The community has therefore assumed that the best approach to obtain a dependent sequence of random partitions is through modeling dependent random measures. We argue that this approach is problematic and show that the random partition model induced by dependent Bayesian nonparametric priors exhibits counter-intuitive dependence among partitions even though the dependence for the sequence of random probability measures is intuitive. Because of this, we suggest directly modeling the sequence of random partitions when clustering is of principal interest. To this end, we develop a class of dependent random partition models that explicitly models dependence in a sequence of partitions. We derive conditional and marginal properties of the joint partition model and devise computational strategies when employing the method in Bayesian modeling. In the case of temporal dependence, we demonstrate through simulation how the methodology produces partitions that evolve gently and naturally over time. We further illustrate the utility of the method by applying it to an environmental dataset that exhibits spatio-temporal dependence. Supplemental files for this article are available online.
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According to our latest research, the global recovery partition management market size reached USD 1.38 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust adoption of data protection and disaster recovery solutions across diverse industries. The market is anticipated to exhibit a strong growth trajectory, registering a CAGR of 10.2% from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is forecasted to attain a value of USD 3.36 billion. This expansion is primarily fueled by the increasing frequency of cyberattacks, heightened regulatory compliance requirements, and the growing digital transformation initiatives across both public and private sectors.
The growth of the recovery partition management market is underpinned by the rising complexity of IT environments and the growing reliance on digital infrastructure. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the critical need to secure their data against accidental deletions, ransomware attacks, and system failures. As data volumes surge and business operations become more digitized, the risk of data loss escalates, necessitating robust recovery partition strategies. Enterprises are investing in advanced partition management solutions to ensure business continuity, minimize downtime, and maintain regulatory compliance. The proliferation of endpoint devices and the adoption of hybrid work models have further amplified the demand for efficient and scalable recovery solutions, driving market growth.
Another significant growth driver is the ongoing trend of cloud adoption and digital transformation across various industry verticals. Cloud-based recovery partition management solutions offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, making them attractive to organizations of all sizes. The integration of artificial intelligence and automation in these solutions enables faster recovery times and improved efficiency, further enhancing their appeal. Additionally, the surge in remote work and the consequent rise in endpoint vulnerabilities have highlighted the importance of comprehensive data recovery strategies, propelling the adoption of both on-premises and cloud-based partition management solutions.
The regulatory landscape is also playing a pivotal role in shaping the recovery partition management market. Stringent data protection laws such as GDPR in Europe, CCPA in California, and other region-specific regulations mandate organizations to implement robust data backup and recovery mechanisms. Non-compliance can result in hefty fines and reputational damage, prompting businesses to prioritize investment in recovery partition management. Furthermore, the increasing awareness about the potential financial and operational ramifications of data loss incidents is encouraging proactive adoption of these solutions. As organizations strive to enhance their cybersecurity posture and resilience, the demand for comprehensive recovery partition management tools is expected to remain strong throughout the forecast period.
Regionally, North America continues to dominate the global recovery partition management market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This can be attributed to the presence of leading technology providers, high IT spending, and a mature regulatory environment. Europe follows closely, driven by stringent data privacy regulations and widespread digitalization initiatives. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a lucrative market, fueled by rapid industrialization, increasing cyber threats, and growing investments in IT infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, supported by rising awareness about data protection and the need for business continuity solutions. Each region presents unique opportunities and challenges, shaping the overall dynamics of the global market.
The component segment of the recovery partition management market is bifurcated into software and services, each playing a crucial role in the overall ecosystem. Software solutions form the backbone of recovery partition management, offering robust features such as automated backup, partition cloning, and disaster recovery orchestration. These tools are designed to provide seamless integration with various operating systems and hardware configurations, ensuring comprehensive protection against data loss. The continuous evolution of software capabilities, including AI-driven analytics an
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In this article, we propose localized implementations of the iterative proportional scaling (IPS) procedure by the strategy of partitioning cliques for computing maximum likelihood estimations in large Gaussian graphical models. We first divide the set of cliques into several nonoverlapping and nonempty blocks, and then adjust clique marginals in each block locally. Thus, high-order matrix operations can be avoided and the IPS procedure is accelerated. We modify the Swendsen–Wang Algorithm and apply the simulated annealing algorithm to find an approximation to the optimal partition which leads to the least complexity. This strategy of partitioning cliques can also speed up the existing IIPS and IHT procedures. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the competitive performance of our new implementations and strategies.
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Clematis is one of the largest genera of Ranunculaceae with many phylogenetic problems left to be resolved. Clematis species have considerable genome size of more than 7 Gbp, and there was no whole-genome reference sequence published in this genus. This raises difficulties in acquiring nuclear genome data for its phylogenetic analysis. Previous studies based on Sanger sequencing data, plastid genome data, and nrDNA sequences did not well resolve the phylogeny of Clematis. In this study, we used genome skimming and transcriptome data to assemble the plastid genome sequences, nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) datasets, and single-copy nuclear orthologous genes (SCOGs) to reconstruct the phylogenetic backbone of Clematis, and test effectiveness of these genome partitioning methods. We also further analyzed the discordance among nuclear gene trees and between plastid and nuclear phylogenies. The results showed that the SCOGs datasets, assembled from transcriptome method, well resolved the phylogenetic backbone of Clematis. The nuclear SNPs datasets from genome skimming method can also produce similar results with the SCOGs data. In contrast to the plastid phylogeny, the phylogeny resolved by nuclear genome data is more robust and better corresponds to morphological characters. Our results suggested that rapid species radiation may have generated high level of incomplete lineage sorting, which was the major cause of nuclear gene discordance. Our simulation also showed that there may have been frequent interspecific hybridization events, which led to some of the cyto-nuclear discordances in Clematis. This study not only provides the first robust phylogenetic backbone of Clematis based on nuclear genome data, but also provides suggestions of genome partitioning strategies for the phylogenomic study of other plant taxa.
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TwitterSI_alignment_99_taxa_cp12Alignment (in nexus format) of 1st and 2nd codon positions of 81 protein-coding chloroplast genes from 97 green plants and two red algae outgroup taxa.SI_alignment_99_taxa_cp3Alignment (in nexus format) of 3rd codon positions of 81 protein-coding chloroplast genes from 97 green plants and two red algae outgroup taxa.Supplementary_InformationThis file contains all of the supplementary information from the study "Accounting for uncertainty in the evolutionary timescale of green plants through clock-partitioning and fossil calibration strategies". In total, there are 7 supplementary tables and 11 supplementary figures within.
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TwitterBiopolymers are considered a promising alternative for information storage, and the most successful implementation has been using chemically synthesized DNA to represent binary data, which has achieved tremendous progress at multiple fronts bridging biotechnology with digital information. Currently, a majority of these systems are lacking the system integration and process automation expected by users of digital data and overly use tubes/vials for DNA storage. Herein, we present a microfluidic platform for automated storage and retrieval of data-encoding oligonucleotide samples enabled by a microvalve network architecture. Our platform, equipped with individually addressable compartments, offers an orthogonal strategy of data partitioning and file indexing with respect to the molecular-based random access implementation, with each partition amounting to an equivalence of 9.5 TB data within a 4 × 2 mm2 area. We examined the functionality of the presented platform and its compatibility with the DNA storage workflow coupled with nanopore sequencing to fully recover the stored files, demonstrating a significantly enhanced degree of function integration and process automation compared to that of the existing microfluidic approach.
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The global partition management software market is booming, projected to reach $6.2 billion by 2033 with a 12% CAGR. Discover key trends, drivers, and restraints shaping this rapidly evolving sector, including cloud adoption, data management needs, and the rise of AI-powered tools. Learn about leading companies and regional market shares.
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As per our latest research, the global recovery partition management market size stood at USD 850 million in 2024, reflecting the increasing demand for robust data backup and disaster recovery solutions across industries. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% during the forecast period, reaching an estimated USD 1,853 million by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by the escalating need for efficient data management, rising cyber threats, and the proliferation of cloud computing technologies.
One of the primary growth factors fueling the recovery partition management market is the exponential rise in digital data generation across enterprises of all sizes. As organizations embrace digital transformation, the volume and complexity of data assets increase, making data protection and recovery more critical than ever. The surge in ransomware attacks and other forms of cybercrime has heightened awareness regarding the importance of recovery partition management solutions. Businesses are increasingly investing in advanced software and services that facilitate seamless data recovery, minimize downtime, and ensure business continuity in the event of data loss or system failure. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into these solutions is further enhancing their efficiency, enabling proactive monitoring and automated recovery processes.
Another significant driver is the widespread adoption of cloud-based deployment models. Cloud technology offers unparalleled scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency, making it an attractive option for organizations seeking to optimize their disaster recovery strategies. Cloud-based recovery partition management solutions allow for centralized management, remote access, and rapid deployment, which are particularly advantageous for organizations with distributed operations or remote workforces. Additionally, the growing trend of hybrid IT environments, where organizations leverage both on-premises and cloud infrastructure, is creating new opportunities for vendors to offer integrated recovery partition management platforms that cater to diverse deployment needs.
The market is also benefiting from stringent regulatory requirements and compliance mandates related to data protection and privacy. Sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, and government are subject to rigorous standards that necessitate robust data recovery mechanisms. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in severe financial penalties and reputational damage, prompting organizations to prioritize investment in comprehensive recovery partition management solutions. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of digital learning platforms in the education sector and the expansion of e-commerce in the retail industry are driving demand for reliable data recovery systems, as uninterrupted access to critical data becomes essential for operational success.
In this evolving landscape, the introduction of innovative tools such as the Recovery Studio is transforming how organizations approach data recovery and management. Recovery Studio offers a comprehensive suite of features designed to streamline the recovery process, making it more efficient and user-friendly. By integrating cutting-edge technologies, Recovery Studio provides businesses with the ability to quickly restore lost data, ensuring minimal disruption to operations. Its intuitive interface and robust functionality cater to both large enterprises and SMEs, offering scalable solutions that can be customized to meet specific organizational needs. As the demand for reliable recovery solutions continues to rise, Recovery Studio stands out as a pivotal tool that enhances data resilience and supports business continuity strategies.
From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the recovery partition management market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This leadership is attributed to the presence of major technology vendors, early adoption of advanced IT infrastructure, and a high incidence of cyberattacks. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth during the forecast period, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding enterprise sector, and increasing awareness about data security among businesses in emerging economies
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IntroductionModeling differences in biomass allocation between wheat and weeds—specifically to shoots (aboveground biomass), roots (belowground biomass), and seed mass (reproductive biomass)—enhances our understanding of sustainable weeds management. However, few studies have examined how fertilization and planting density influence biomass accumulation and allocation at both vegetative and reproductive stages within a wheat-weed community.MethodsTo address this gap, we conducted a greenhouse experiment growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.) under varying planting densities (4, 8, 12, and 16 individuals per pot) and fertilization treatments (1.018 g N per pot of urea). After six months of vegetative growth and one additional month at the reproductive stage, we measured aboveground and belowground biomass at both stages, and reproductive biomass during the reproductive stage.Results and DiscussionWe found that the biomass of wheat and weeds increased with fertilization but decreased with higher planting density, with no interactions between these factors. Wheat allocated more biomass to roots than shoots and more to reproductive than vegetative biomass, regardless of fertilization or planting density, following allometric allocation theory. In contrast, weeds distributed biomass similarly between shoots and roots at planting densities of 4 and 12 under fertilization or allocated more biomass to roots than to shoots at these densities. Additionally, some weeds achieved higher yields at both small and large sizes under planting densities of 12 and 16, respectively, suggesting greater phenotypic plasticity. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of biomass allocation differences between wheat and weeds throughout their life cycles, offering insights into plant adaptation strategies and practical applications for optimizing agricultural management.
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This repository is associated with Yang C, Han B, Tang J, Hu J, Qiu L, Cai W, Zhou X, Zhang X, Life history strategies complement niche partitioning to support the coexistence of closely related Gilliamella species in the bee gut, The ISME Journal, 2025; wraf016, https://doi.org/10.1093/ismejo/wraf016
This repository contains the raw data necessary to produce all associated figures behind the publication.
Description: This files contains all raw data for the figures in the main text and supplementary materials. Each sheet in the file is named after the figure of which it contains the raw data.
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The size of the Warehouse Mesh Partitioning market was valued at USD XXX million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of XX% during the forecast period.
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According to our latest research, the global Secure Partition Manager for Automotive market size reached USD 1.32 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust surge in demand for advanced automotive security technologies. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.8% from 2025 to 2033, with the forecasted market size projected to reach USD 4.17 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily fueled by the rapid proliferation of connected vehicles, the increasing sophistication of cyber threats targeting automotive systems, and the growing regulatory emphasis on vehicular data security and safety compliance worldwide.
A primary growth factor driving the Secure Partition Manager for Automotive market is the exponential rise in vehicle connectivity and digitalization. Modern vehicles are increasingly equipped with a multitude of interconnected systems such as infotainment, telematics, ADAS, and body electronics, all of which require robust security frameworks to ensure data integrity and operational reliability. Secure partition managers play a pivotal role in segmenting critical automotive functions, isolating safety-critical domains from less secure applications, and enforcing stringent access controls. As automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers intensify their focus on preventing unauthorized access and mitigating potential cyberattacks, the demand for advanced partition management solutions is surging across the industry. The heightened adoption of over-the-air (OTA) updates and the integration of third-party applications further underscore the necessity for secure partitioning, making it a cornerstone of next-generation automotive architectures.
Another significant factor propelling market growth is the evolving regulatory landscape and the introduction of stringent cybersecurity standards for automotive systems. Global regulatory bodies, including the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), have implemented comprehensive frameworks such as UNECE WP.29 and ISO/SAE 21434, mandating robust cybersecurity measures throughout the automotive supply chain. These regulations require automakers to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of vehicular data, compelling them to deploy secure partition managers as a fundamental component of their cybersecurity strategies. The convergence of regulatory compliance and consumer demand for safer, more secure vehicles is catalyzing investments in advanced security technologies, further accelerating market expansion.
The rapid evolution of electric and autonomous vehicles is also reshaping the Secure Partition Manager for Automotive market. Electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving platforms are inherently reliant on complex software ecosystems and high-speed data processing, making them particularly vulnerable to cyber threats. Secure partition managers enable the safe coexistence of multiple software domains, facilitate secure communication between vehicle subsystems, and provide effective containment mechanisms against potential breaches. As the automotive industry transitions toward software-defined vehicles and centralized electronic architectures, the integration of sophisticated partition management solutions is becoming a critical enabler of innovation, safety, and consumer trust.
Regionally, Asia Pacific is emerging as the dominant market for secure partition managers, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This leadership is attributed to the presence of major automotive manufacturing hubs in China, Japan, and South Korea, coupled with significant investments in connected and electric vehicle technologies. North America and Europe follow closely, driven by advanced automotive ecosystems, proactive regulatory frameworks, and strong consumer demand for technologically advanced vehicles. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to witness steady growth, supported by increasing vehicle penetration and gradual adoption of digital automotive solutions. The regional dynamics underscore the global nature of the market and highlight the diverse opportunities and challenges shaping its future trajectory.
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The numerical subscripts next to the capital P mean the number of data partitions. The number after COI, Cyt b and Rag2 (1 2 3) mean the first, second and third codon position, respectively.
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The explosive growth of molecular sequence data has made it possible to estimate species divergence times under relaxed-clock models using genome-scale datasets with many gene loci. In order both to improve model realism and to best extract information about relative divergence times in the sequence data, it is important to account for the heterogeneity in the evolutionary process across genes or genomic regions. Partitioning is a commonly used approach to achieve those goals. We group sites that have similar evolutionary characteristics into the same partition and those with different characteristics into different partitions, and then use different models or different values of model parameters for different partitions to account for the among-partition heterogeneity. However, how to partition data in practical phylogenetic analysis, and in particular in relaxed-clock dating analysis, is more art than science. Here, we use computer simulation and real data analysis to study the impact of the partition scheme on divergence time estimation. The partition schemes had relatively minor effects on the accuracy of posterior time estimates when the prior assumptions were correct and the clock was not seriously violated, but showed large differences when the clock was seriously violated, when the fossil calibrations were in conflict or incorrect, or when the rate prior was mis-specified. Concatenation produced the widest posterior intervals with the least precision. Use of many partitions increased the precision, as predicted by the infinite-sites theory, but the posterior intervals might fail to include the true ages because of the conflicting fossil calibrations or mis-specified rate priors. We analyzed a dataset of 78 plastid genes from 15 plant species with serious clock violation and showed that time estimates differed significantly among partition schemes, irrespective of the rate drift model used. Multiple and precise fossil calibrations reduced the differences among partition schemes and were important to improving the precision of divergence time estimates. While the use of many partitions is an important approach to reducing the uncertainty in posterior time estimates, we do not recommend its general use for the present, given the limitations of current models of rate drift for partitioned data and the challenges of interpreting the fossil evidence to construct accurate and informative calibrations.