A survey conducted in April and May 2023 revealed that around 55 percent of the companies that do business in the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) found it challenging to adapt to new or changing requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA). A further 45 percent of the survey respondents said it was challenging to increase the budget because of the changes in the data privacy laws.

A survey conducted in April and May 2023 found that 60 percent of the companies that do business in the United States find it challenging to track the status of the data privacy legislation and the differences between state laws when preparing for changes in the data privacy laws. The challenge for around 50 percent of the respondents were increasing their budget because of the changes.

Between 2020 and 2024, the data protection supervisory authorities in Cyprus had the highest change in budget among the European Union countries, as their authority's budget grew by 130 percent during the measured period. The second-highest increase in budget was recorded at the Austria's data protection authority.

According to a survey conducted in the United States in January 2021, 72 percent of respondents were aware of the new privacy changes in iOS and iPadOS updates that include App Store privacy labels. From the respondents, 28 percent were not aware of these changes to data protection policies.

The Privacy Management Software market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a substantial size by 2033. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.70% from 2025 to 2033 indicates significant market expansion driven by increasing data privacy regulations globally (like GDPR, CCPA, and others), rising cybersecurity threats, and the growing adoption of cloud-based technologies. Businesses across all sectors, particularly large enterprises and SMEs, are prioritizing data protection to mitigate risks and maintain customer trust. This demand is fueling the adoption of sophisticated privacy management solutions that automate data discovery, classification, and protection processes. The market is segmented by deployment type (on-premise and cloud-based) and organizational size, with cloud-based solutions gaining significant traction due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of integration. Competitive forces are driving innovation, with leading vendors continually enhancing their offerings to address evolving privacy challenges and customer needs. The North American market currently holds a significant share, followed by Europe, reflecting the early adoption of stringent data privacy regulations in these regions. However, Asia-Pacific is poised for significant growth fueled by increasing digitalization and regulatory changes. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established players like OneTrust, SAP, and Exterro competing with emerging innovators like Securiti and BigID. Strategic partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions are expected to shape the market further. While market expansion is significant, challenges remain, including the complexity of integrating privacy management solutions into existing IT infrastructure and the ongoing need for skilled professionals to manage these systems effectively. The increasing sophistication of cyberattacks and evolving privacy regulations will continue to drive innovation and market growth throughout the forecast period. Addressing these challenges will be key for vendors to successfully navigate this rapidly evolving market landscape and capitalize on the substantial growth opportunities. The market is projected to reach significant maturity levels by the end of the forecast period. Recent developments include: December 2022: Palo Alto Networks announced the launch of Medical IoT Security, which is a complete zero-trust security solution for medical devices. It will enable healthcare institutions to deploy and manage new connected technologies securely. Zero trust is a strategic process for cybersecurity that secures an organization by eradicating implicit trust by constantly verifying every user and device., October 2022: Securiti, a multi-cloud data protection, governance, and security company, announced the launch of DataControls Cloud. It creates a layer of unified data intelligence and controls across public clouds, SaaS, private clouds, and data clouds. The solution acts as a centralized data command center that helps businesses meet their basic privacy, security, governance, and compliance requirements.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in the number of Privacy Rules and Varied Privacy Laws, Rising Need to Achieve Compliance with Privacy Requirements. Potential restraints include: , Alternative Protocols, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Z-Wave, Among Others. Notable trends are: Rising Need to Achieve Compliance with Privacy Requirements.

The survey contains three topic complexes:

1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Election.

2. Attitudes to data protection.

3. Attitudes to technical progress.

Topics: 1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Election: behavior at the polls in the last Federal Parliament election; party preference (Sunday question); satisfaction with the policies of party voted for; perception of the election campaign for the European Election; judgement on the party election campaign; points of criticism of the party last elected in selected political areas; effects of developments in SPD-policies on one´s own attitude to the SPD.

1. Attitudes to data protection: general attitude to data protection; knowledge of data deserving protection; importance of a data protection law; assumed motives for the federal data protection law of 1977; personal knowledge of data misuse; adequate data protection regulations; recommendations for an improvement of the law; perceived disturbance from storage of personal data by authorities and companies; situations in which the statement of personal conditions was particularly unpleasant; extent of need for information on citizens by the government as well as private enterprise; knowledge about areas in which the data protection law applies; statement of areas in which registration of personal information is considered harmless.

2. Attitudes to technical progress: interest in questions of technical change; expected advantages or disadvantages from technical changes in personal life; manner of expected changes of life from technology; particularly interesting technology areas; attitudes to technology, progress, computers, automation, government surveillance (scale); assessment of the advantageousness of modern technology in selected areas; attitude to various technical projects and plans, such as e.g. minitel, gene technology, automation, computerization in the office and at home.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; ages of children (classified); school education; occupation; occupational position; employment; household income; size of household; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; housing situation.

The global healthcare compliance software market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing regulatory pressures, stringent data privacy mandates (like HIPAA and GDPR), and the rising adoption of electronic health records (EHRs). The market's expansion is further fueled by the need for enhanced security measures to protect sensitive patient data from cyber threats and the growing demand for automated compliance solutions to streamline workflows and reduce administrative burdens. While the exact market size for 2025 is unavailable, a reasonable estimation, considering typical growth rates in the healthcare technology sector and the factors mentioned above, places it around $2.5 billion. This suggests a significant expansion from previous years and projects a strong Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) – conservatively estimated at 12% – through 2033, leading to a substantial market value. This growth trajectory is supported by the increasing number of healthcare providers adopting cloud-based solutions for their compliance needs, offering scalability, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. However, the market faces challenges, including high implementation costs, the complexity of integrating software with existing systems, and the need for ongoing training and support for healthcare professionals. The market segmentation reveals strong growth in both on-premise and cloud-based solutions, with cloud-based software gaining significant traction due to its inherent advantages. Hospitals and specialty clinics represent the largest application segments, reflecting the higher regulatory scrutiny and compliance needs within these sectors. Key players like Cerner, Change Healthcare, and ComplyAssistant are leading the market innovation, constantly developing new features and functionalities to address evolving regulatory landscapes and enhance data security. Geographic distribution shows significant market strength in North America, driven by stringent regulations and technological advancements, followed by Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. The continued expansion of healthcare IT infrastructure, coupled with increasing government initiatives promoting digital health, will be instrumental in shaping the future trajectory of the healthcare compliance software market.

Around 63 percent of respondent IT security practitioners based in France believe that their organization with make significant changes in cloud governance after the introduction of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR is aimed at providing a unified set of legal rules related to data protection which will apply to all EU member countries.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Protection population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of Protection across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2023, the population of Protection was 487, a 2.21% decrease year-by-year from 2022. Previously, in 2022, Protection population was 498, an increase of 1.63% compared to a population of 490 in 2021. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2023, population of Protection decreased by 67. In this period, the peak population was 560 in the year 2001. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2023

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2023)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the Protection is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in Protection population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Protection Population by Year. You can refer the same here

Success.ai’s B2B Email Data for US Financial Services offers businesses comprehensive access to verified email addresses and contact details of key decision-makers across the financial services industry in the United States.

Sourced from over 170 million verified professional profiles and enriched with detailed firmographic data, this dataset is ideal for sales teams, marketers, and strategic planners looking to engage with banking executives, wealth managers, insurance specialists, and fintech leaders.

Backed by our Best Price Guarantee, Success.ai ensures that your outreach is guided by accurate, continuously updated, and AI-validated data.

Why Choose Success.ai’s Financial Services Email Data?

1. Verified B2B Email Data for Precision Outreach

   • Access verified work emails of decision-makers in banking, insurance, wealth management, investment firms, and fintech startups.
   • AI-driven validation ensures 99% accuracy, reducing bounce rates and ensuring high deliverability for your campaigns.

2. Focus on the US Financial Market

   • Includes profiles of professionals across major US financial hubs like New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Miami, as well as regional banks, credit unions, and fintech disruptors.
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   • Adheres to GDPR, CCPA, and other global data privacy regulations, ensuring responsible data usage and legal compliance for your campaigns.

Data Highlights:

• 170M+ Verified Professional Profiles: Engage with executives, financial advisors, compliance officers, and analysts across the US financial services sector.
• 50M Work Emails: AI-validated email data ensures precise communication and minimized email bounce rates.
• Firmographic Insights: Understand company sizes, revenue ranges, service offerings, and geographic presence to refine your targeting strategies.
• Decision-Maker Contact Details: Connect directly with key influencers and leaders shaping the US financial landscape.

Key Features of the Dataset:

1. Decision-Maker Email Profiles

   • Identify and engage with CEOs, CFOs, financial planners, compliance managers, and marketing directors responsible for driving financial strategies and regulatory compliance.
   • Target professionals overseeing technology adoption, customer engagement, and portfolio growth.

2. Advanced Filters for Tailored Campaigns

   • Filter contacts by industry segment (banking, insurance, investment management), company size, geographic location, or revenue bracket.
   • Tailor outreach efforts to align with specific financial services challenges, regulatory pressures, or customer preferences.

3. AI-Driven Enrichment

   • Profiles enriched with actionable data provide deeper insights, enabling personalized messaging and improving engagement outcomes with financial services stakeholders.

Strategic Use Cases:

1. Sales and Lead Generation

   • Offer SaaS solutions, compliance tools, or digital transformation services to financial services providers aiming to modernize operations and enhance customer experiences.
   • Build relationships with decision-makers in charge of vendor selection, procurement, and operational strategies.

2. Marketing and Outreach Campaigns

   • Target marketing teams and customer experience professionals to promote data-driven marketing tools, CRM platforms, or loyalty programs tailored to financial clients.
   • Leverage verified email data for multi-channel campaigns, driving higher engagement rates and conversions.

3. Fintech and Innovation Partnerships

   • Engage with fintech executives and banking leaders exploring digital payments, blockchain, AI-driven financial products, or open banking solutions.
   • Foster partnerships that accelerate innovation and enhance competitive positioning.

4. Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management

   • Connect with compliance officers and risk managers to present regulatory reporting tools, fraud detection systems, or cybersecurity solutions.
   • Address key pain points related to evolving compliance requirements and risk mitigation.

Why Choose Success.ai?

1. Best Price Guarantee

   • Access premium-quality B2B email data at competitive rates, ensuring maximum ROI for your outreach, marketing, and sales campaigns in the US financial sector.

2. Seamless Integration

   • Incorporate verified email data into CRM systems or marketing automation platforms via APIs or downloadable formats, streamlining data management and campaign execution.

3. Data Accuracy with AI Validation
   ...

NOTE: A more current version of the Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) is available: PAD-US 2.1 https://doi.org/10.5066/P92QM3NT. The USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) is the nation's inventory of protected areas, including public land and voluntarily provided private protected areas, identified as an A-16 National Geospatial Data Asset in the Cadastre Theme (https://communities.geoplatform.gov/ngda-cadastre/). The PAD-US is an ongoing project with several published versions of a spatial database including areas dedicated to the preservation of biological diversity, and other natural (including extraction), recreational, or cultural uses, managed for these purposes through legal or other effective means. The database was originally designed to support biodiversity assessments; however, its scope expanded in recent years to include all public and nonprofit lands and waters. Most are public lands owned in fee; however, long-term easements, leases, agreements, Congressional (e.g. 'Wilderness Area'), Executive (e.g. 'National Monument'), and administrative designations (e.g. 'Area of Critical Environmental Concern') documented in agency management plans are also included. The PAD-US strives to be a complete inventory of public land and other protected areas, compiling “best available” data provided by managing agencies and organizations. The PAD-US geodatabase maps and describes areas with over twenty-five attributes in nine feature classes to support data management, queries, web mapping services, and analyses. NOTE: A more current version of the Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) is available: PAD-US 2.1 https://doi.org/10.5066/P92QM3NT This PAD-US Version 2.0 dataset includes a variety of updates and changes from the previous Version 1.4 dataset. The following list summarizes major updates and changes: 1) Expanded database structure with new layers: the geodatabase feature class structure now includes nine feature classes separating fee owned lands, conservation (and other) easements, management designations overlapping fee lands, marine areas, proclamation boundaries and various 'Combined' feature classes (e.g. 'Fee' + 'Easement' + 'Designation' feature classes); 2) Major update of the Federal estate including data from 8 agencies, developed in collaboration with the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Federal Lands Working Group (FLWG, https://communities.geoplatform.gov/ngda-govunits/federal-lands-workgroup/); 3) Major updates to 30 States and limited additions to 16 other States; 4) Integration of The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) Secured Lands geodatabase; 5) Integration of Ducks Unlimited's (DU) Conservation and Recreation Lands (CARL) database; 6) Integration of The Trust for Public Land's (TPL) Conservation Almanac database; 7) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Lands database update: the national source of lands owned in fee or managed by TNC; 8) National Conservation Easement Database (NCED) update: complete update of non-sensitive (suitable for publication in the public domain) easements; 9) Complete National Marine Protected Areas (MPA) update: from the NOAA MPA Inventory, including conservation measure ('GAP Status Code', 'IUCN Category') review by NOAA; 10) First integration of Bureau of Energy Ocean Management (BOEM) managed marine lands: BOEM submitted Outer Continental Shelf Area lands managed for natural resources (minerals, oil and gas), a significant and new addition to PAD-US; 11) Fee boundary overlap assessment: topology overlaps in the PAD-US 2.0 'Fee' feature class have been identified and are available for user and data-steward reference (See Logical_Consistency_Report Section). For more information regarding the PAD-US dataset please visit, https://usgs.gov/gapanalysis/PAD-US/. For more information about data aggregation please review the “Data Manual for PAD-US” available at https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/science-analytics-and-synthesis/gap/pad-us-data-manual .

Attitudes towards the EU. Protection of online personal data.

Topics: 1. Attitudes towards the EU: life satisfaction; frequency of discussions about political matters on national, European, and local level; assessment of the current situation of the national economy; expected development of the national economy in the next twelve months; most important problems in the own country, personally, and in the EU; general direction things are going in the own country and in the EU; trust in selected institutions: national government, national parliament, European Union; EU image; attitude towards the following issues: European economic and monetary union with one currency, common European defence and security policy, free trade and investment agreement between the EU and the USA, common European migration policy, common European energy policy; optimism about the future of the EU.

1. Protection of online personal data: internet use at home, at work, at school; frequency of the following online activities: use social networks, buy goods or services, use instant messaging or chat websites, use peer-to-peer software or sites to exchange movies etc., make or receive phone or video calls, banking, play games; approval of the following statements: national government asks increasingly for personal information of citizens, feeling of obligation to provide personal information online, provision of personal information as a precondition for obtaining certain products or services, respondent does not bother much with the provision of personal information, provision of personal information as an increasing part of modern life, willingness to provide personal information in return for free online services; main reasons for providing personal information online; feeling of control over personal information provided online; extent of concern about not having complete control; awareness of recent revelations about government agencies collecting personal data for the purpose of national security; impact of these revelations on personal trust regarding the use of online personal data; most serious risks of providing personal information online; attempts made to change the privacy settings of the personal profile on an online social network; assessment of the changes as easy; reasons for not changing; preferred persons or authorities to ensure the safety of online personal data; concern about the recording of everyday life activities: on the internet, in public spaces, in private spaces, via mobile phone, via payment cards, via store or loyalty cards; awareness of the conditions of collection and the further use of personal data provided online; attention payed to privacy statements on the internet; reasons for not paying attention; feeling of discomfort regarding tailored advertisements or content based on personal online activity; attitude towards the requirement of an explicit personal approval before collecting or processing personal information; trust in selected institutions with regard to protecting personal information: national public authorities, European institutions, banks and financial institutions, health and medical institutions, shops and stores, online businesses, phone companies and internet service providers; concern about personal data being used for different purposes without personal consent; importance of the possibility to transfer personal data in the case of change of online service provider; desire to be informed if personal data are stolen; preferred authorities to inform users in case personal information are stolen; importance of equal rights and protections over personal data regardless of the country in which the authority or company is located; preferred level on which the enforcement of the rules on personal data protection should be dealt with: European, national, regional or local; knowledge of a public authority in the own country responsible for protecting citizens’ rights regarding personal data; preferred body to address a complaint to regarding problems concerning the protection of personal data; data most concerned about when lost or stolen: data stored on mobile phone or tablet, data stored online in the cloud, data stored on PC.

Demography: nationality; left-right self-placement; marital status; family situation; age at end of education; sex; age; occupation; professional position; type of community; household composition and household size; possession of durable goods (entertainment electronics,...

During a 2024 survey among advertising decision-makers at brands, agencies, and publishers from the United States, more than half of respondents indicated that they had already made adjustments to their digital advertising strategy due to data privacy laws; 15 percent stated that the changes were significant.

This dataset contains data and software for the following paper: Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron. (2015) “Page Protection: Another Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research.” In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration (OpenSym 2015). ACM Press. doi: 10.1145/2788993.2789846 This is an archival version of the data and software released with the paper. All of these data were (and, at the time of writing, continue to be) hosted at: https://communitydata.cc/wiki-proetection/ Page protection is a feature of MediaWiki software that allows administrators to restrict contributions to particular pages. For example, a page can be “protected” so that only administrators or logged-in editors with a history of good editing can edit, move, or create it. Protection might involve “full protection” where a page can only be edited by administrators (i.e., “sysops”) or “semi-protection” where a page can only be edited by accounts with a history of good edits (i.e., “autoconfirmed” users). Although largely hidden, page protection profoundly shapes activity on the site. For example, page protection is an important tool used to manage access and participation in situations where vandalism or interpersonal conflict can threaten to undermine content quality. While protection affects only a small portion of pages in English Wikipedia, many of the most highly viewed pages are protected. For example, the “Main Page” in English Wikipedia has been protected since February, 2006 and all Featured Articles are protected at the time they appear on the site’s main page. Millions of viewers may never edit Wikipedia because they never see an edit button. Despite it's widespread and influential nature, very little quantitative research on Wikipedia has taken page protection into account systematically. This page contains software and data to help Wikipedia researchers do exactly this in their work. Because a page's protection status can change over time, the snapshots of page protection data stored by Wikimedia and published by Wikimedia Foundation in as dumps is incomplete. As a result, taking protection into account involves looking at several different sources of data. Much more detail can be found in our paper Page Protection: Another Missing Dimension of Wikipedia Research. If you use this software or these data, we would appreciate if you cite the paper.

The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) commissioned Phoenix Strategic Perspectives (Phoenix SPI) to conduct quantitative research with Canadian businesses on privacy‐related issues. To address its information needs, the OPC conducts surveys with businesses every two years to inform and guide outreach efforts. The objectives of this research were to collect data on the type of privacy policies and practices businesses have in place; on businesses’ compliance with the law; and on businesses’ awareness and approaches to privacy protection. The findings will be used to help the OPC provide guidance to both individuals and organizations on privacy issues; and enhance its outreach efforts with small businesses, which can be an effective way to achieve positive change for privacy protection. A 13‐minute telephone survey was administered to 1,003 companies across Canada between November 29 and December 19, 2019. The target respondents were senior decision makers with responsibility and knowledge of their company’s privacy and security practices. Businesses were divided by size for sampling purposes: small (1 to 19 employees); medium (20 to 99 employees); and large (100 employees or more). The results were weighted by size, sector and region using Statistics Canada data to ensure that they reflect the actual distribution of businesses in Canada. Based on a sample of this size, the results can be considered accurate to within ±3.1%, 19 times out of 20.

The secure data disposal market, valued at $345.7 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing concerns around data privacy regulations (like GDPR and CCPA) and the rising frequency of cyberattacks. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion, fueled by the growing adoption of cloud storage and the proliferation of data-generating devices. Hardware solutions currently dominate the market share, but software and service segments are expected to witness substantial growth due to the increasing demand for comprehensive data sanitization and remote data destruction capabilities. Industries heavily reliant on sensitive data, such as finance, healthcare, and government, are key drivers, pushing the demand for secure and compliant data disposal methods. Geographic expansion is also expected, with North America and Europe maintaining significant market shares initially, while Asia-Pacific is projected to showcase the fastest growth driven by increasing digitalization and rising awareness of data security risks. Competition is expected to intensify as new players enter the market, pushing innovation in data destruction technologies and service offerings. The market segmentation reveals diverse needs and approaches. The application segments, encompassing optical media, USB storage, hard drives, and cloud storage, reflect the wide variety of data storage methods needing secure disposal. This diversity highlights the market's adaptability to technological advancements. The hardware, software, and service typology reflects the diverse solutions available to customers, ranging from physical destruction of hard drives to software-based data sanitization and remote wiping services. Companies are focusing on developing sophisticated solutions to meet the increasingly complex data security landscape. The restraints on market growth may include the high initial investment costs associated with some secure data disposal technologies, especially for smaller businesses, and the potential for regulatory changes to affect the market. However, the overall trend favors growth as the cost of data breaches far outweighs the investment in secure data disposal.

A. SUMMARY This dataset contains sales tax collected in San Francisco for calendar years 2018 through 2023 (CY 2018 to 2023). Sales tax is aggregated, or summed, at the census block level. However, some census blocks have been combined to maintain the anonymity of businesses based on Taxation Code Section 7056. See “How to use this dataset” below for more details on how the data has been aggregated. Sales tax is collected by businesses on many types of transactions and regulated by the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. B. HOW THE DATASET IS CREATED Data is collected by HDL. The data is then aggregated based on the criteria outlined in the "How to use this dataset" section. C. UPDATE PROCESS This dataset will be updated annually. D. HOW TO USE THIS DATASET This dataset can be used to analyze sales tax data over time across census blocks in San Francisco. Due to data privacy protection regulations for businesses, sales tax data is not available for all census blocks. Census blocks where there are less than 4 businesses paying sales tax or a single business that pays 80% or more of the total sales tax have been combined with neighboring Census Blocks to protect the confidentiality of affected businesses. Because of this aggregation, some Census Block groups in this dataset may change in future years as the number of businesses in a particular Census Block changes. The historical data changes based on audit findings and amended returns. If census block groupings change, it will happen when the dataset is updated - on an annual basis. These new blocks will be backfilled to previous years. Additionally, business payers with multiple locations (for example chain stores) are excluded because sales tax cannot be tied back to the location where it was collected. Finally, census blocks in the area field are from 2010 (GEOID10) and not from 2020. A map of this dataset can be viewed here.

Input files for the ForClim model (version 4.0.1) used in the associated paper. They can be used to to reproduce results of the simulation study.

The ForClim model, including the source code, executable and documentation, is freely available under an Open Access license from the website of the original developers at https://ites-fe.ethz.ch/openaccess/. The original climatic dataset used to generate the ForClim input climate files at each site in South Tyrol is freely available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.924502 while the CHELSA climate data for future scenarios are available at https://www.chelsa-climate.org.

If interested in using this dataset for a research study or a project, please contact Marco Mina

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Hillebrand L, Marzini S, Crespi A, Hiltner U & Mina M (2023) Contrasting impacts of climate change on protection forests of the Italian Alps. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6, 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1240235

ABSTRACT.

Protection forests play a key role in protecting settlements, people, and infrastructures from gravitational hazards such as rockfalls and avalanches in mountain areas. Rapid climate change is challenging the role of protection forests by altering their dynamics, structure, and composition. Information on local- and regional-scale impacts of climate change on protection forests is critical for planning adaptations in forest management. We used a model of forest dynamics (ForClim) to assess the succession of mountain forests in the Eastern Alps and their protective effects under future climate change scenarios. We investigated eleven representative forest sites along an elevational gradient across multiple locations within an administrative region, covering wide differences in tree species structure, composition, altitude, and exposition. We evaluated protective performance against rockfall and avalanches using numerical indices (i.e., linker functions) quantifying the degree of protection from metrics of simulated forest structure and composition. Our findings reveal that climate warming has a contrasting impact on protective effects in mountain forests of the Eastern Alps. Climate change is likely to not affect negatively all protection forest stands but its impact depends on site and stand conditions. Impacts were highly contingent to the magnitude of climate warming, with increasing criticality under the most severe climate projections. Forests in lower-montane elevations and those located in dry continental valleys showed drastic changes in forest structure and composition due to drought-induced mortality while subalpine forests mostly profited from rising temperatures and a longer vegetation period. Overall, avalanche protection will likely be negatively affected by climate change, while the ability of forests to maintain rockfall protection depends on the severity of expected climate change and their vulnerability due to elevation and topography, with most subalpine forests less prone to loosing protective effects. Proactive measures in management should be taken in the near future to avoid losses of protective effects in the case of severe climate change in the Alps. Given the heterogeneous impact of climate warming, such adaptations can be aided by model-based projections and high local resolution studies to identify forest stand types that might require management priority for maintaining protective effects in the future.

Network Security Sandbox Market Outlook

In 2023, the global network security sandbox market size was estimated at approximately USD 2.8 billion, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5% expected to propel the market to USD 7.1 billion by 2032. A primary growth factor in this market includes the increasing need for advanced threat detection methods due to the rising frequency and sophistication of cyber attacks. The expansion of digital infrastructures, along with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in cybersecurity solutions, is also acting as a catalyst for market expansion. Furthermore, the increasing regulatory requirements and compliance mandates are pushing organizations across various sectors to invest heavily in advanced security solutions, including network security sandboxes.

A significant factor contributing to the growth of the network security sandbox market is the escalating cyber threats that have become more sophisticated and harder to detect with traditional security measures. Advanced persistent threats (APTs) and zero-day exploits are continually evolving, necessitating a more robust and dynamic security approach. Network security sandboxes provide an isolated environment to test and analyze suspicious code and behaviors, thus preventing potential malware from infiltrating the core network. This heightened awareness around cybersecurity and the tangible risk of data breaches are pushing organizations to invest more heavily in sophisticated security solutions like sandboxes that offer real-time threat intelligence and comprehensive threat mitigation capabilities.

Another driver is the rapid adoption of cloud-based solutions across various industries. As enterprises transition to cloud environments, the security landscape changes, presenting new vulnerabilities and challenges. Cloud-based network security sandboxes provide scalable, flexible, and cost-effective solutions, making them particularly appealing to organizations of all sizes. The cloud deployment model is gaining traction because of its ability to provide seamless integration, automatic updates, and remote accessibility, which are critical for maintaining robust security postures in dynamic IT environments. Furthermore, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which traditionally have limited resources, find cloud-based sandboxes to be a viable option due to their affordability and ease of implementation.

Additionally, regulatory compliance and data protection laws are compelling organizations to enhance their network security frameworks. As compliance requirements become more stringent, sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, and government, which handle sensitive data, are increasingly adopting network security sandboxes to ensure compliance and protect against data breaches. The need to adhere to regulations such as GDPR, CCPA, and HIPAA is driving the demand for advanced security solutions that can provide detailed threat analysis and reporting capabilities. This regulatory environment is not just a challenge but also an opportunity for security solution providers to innovate and offer products that meet these complex requirements.

Regionally, North America is expected to dominate the network security sandbox market due to the presence of numerous cybersecurity firms and a high level of cyber threat awareness among businesses. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth, driven by increasing investments in digital transformation, rising incidences of cyber attacks, and growing awareness about cybersecurity in countries like China and India. Europe, while also experiencing growth, is propelled by stringent regulatory norms and a focus on enhancing national cybersecurity frameworks. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are showing promising growth potential due to increased government initiatives and rising digitalization efforts across various sectors.

Components Analysis

The network security sandbox market is broadly categorized into solutions and services. Solutions refer to the technological tools and platforms that provide sandboxing capabilities to detect and analyze malicious activities within a network. These solutions are crucial in isolating and examining potential threats in a controlled environment, preventing them from accessing the main network infrastructure. The demand for these solutions is driven by the need for enhanced security measures capable of handling complex and evolving cyber threats. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into sandbox solutions has significantly enhanced their efficacy, enabling real-time