RiceAtlas is a spatial database consisting of data on rice planting and harvesting dates by growing season and estimates of monthly production for all rice-producing countries.

This study contains grain yield data collected from IRRI's long term continuous cropping experiment, 1978

This study contains grain yield data collected from IRRI's long term continuous cropping experiment, 2014

This study contains grain yield data collected from IRRI's long term continuous cropping experiment, 1996

Description This database contains grain yield data collected from IRRI's Long Term Continuous Cropping Experiment (LTCCE; 1968-2016) and Rice-Upland Crop Rotation Experiment (RUCRE; 1993-2016).

The International Rice Testing Program (IRTP) for Latin America was sponsored by the CIAT and IRRI, with funds from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The testing program was formalized in 1976 with the object of evaluating at ClAT nurseries introduced from IRRI and the promising material developed by national programs in Latin America (during 1980 to 1993). From among this germplasm, the material considered most appropriate to the needs of the various Latin American countries la distributed through various specific nurseries.

Rice Monitoring Survey: South Asia (RMS-SA) Project was IRRI implemented with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to monitor rice system that captures varietal turnovers over time. The project consisted of (a) household surveys of about 9,000 rice farmers in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal, (b) rice seeds collection from 20 % of the sample households, and (c) DNA fingerprinting of the sampled rice seeds.

Investigation of genetic diversity and the relationships among varieties and breeding lines is of great importance to facilitate parental selection in the development of inbred and hybrid rice varieties and in the construction of heterotic groups. The technology of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is being advanced for the assessment of population diversity and genetic structures. We characterized 215 widely cultivated indica rice varieties developed in southern China and at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) using IRRI-developed SNP oligonucleotide pooled assay (OPA) to provide grouping information of rice mega-varieties for further heterotic pool study. The results revealed that the Chinese varieties were more divergent than the IRRI varieties. Two major subpopulations were clustered for the varieties using a model-based grouping method. The IRRI varieties were closely grouped and separated clearly from the majority of the Chinese varieties. The Chinese varieties were subclustered into three subgroups, but there was no clear evidence to separate the Chinese varieties into subgroups geographically, indicating a great degree of genetic integration of alleles and shared ancestries among those high-yielding modern varieties.

RICE-PRE, a concept for crop health syndrome model Adam Sparks and Serge Savary Background Plant disease management recommendations are a central premise of botanic epidemiology. Because many rice growers and their extension support systems are increasingly unable to accurately diagnose crop health issues it is important to find other ways to make recommen- dations which will be useful in preventing crop yield losses. RICE-PRE was inspired by the EPIPRE model created by Zadoks [1981]. The premise of RICE-PRE is based upon agroecologies of rice growing areas as defined by Andy Nelson (IRRI, SSD GIS and Remote Sensing Lab). For each agroecology there is a combination of two agricultural objectives from these three: a - maximum yield; b - maximum quality of grain; c - minimal environmental impact, and the season: wet or dry. The combination of these factors allows for the construction of a crop health syndrome profile for the production system whereby a “prescription” can be made. The prescription being field operations and crop protection strategies for what we predict to be the major causes of yield reductions. Statistical analysis of survey data from 456 lowland rice farmers’ fields in tropical and sub-tropical Asia indicate that despite a broad range of environments and possible yield- reducing factors, very strong statistical links were indicated between these syndromes and the production situations [Savary et al., 2011]. RICE-PRE is meant to be strategic (before the season starts), based on strong statistical bases making use of observational survey data collected in South and Southeast Asia in 450 rice fields, make use of prophylactic and preventive tools, especially resistant varieties, but can make use of preventive chemical protection as well, when the risks involved are too high to be accepted, based on the recently developed typology of rice ecologies developed at IRRI, which we combine with agricultural objectives and externalities (positive or negative). Bibliography Serge Savary, Asimina Mila, Laetitia Willocquet, Paul Esker, Odile Carisse, and Neil McRoberts. Risk factors for crop health under global change and agricul- tural shifts: a framework of analyses using rice in tropical and subtropical asia as a model. Phytopathology, (ja), 2011. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-07-10-0183. URL http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-07-10-0183. Jan C. Zadoks. EPIPRE: a disease and pest management system for winter wheat developed in the netherlands. EPPO Bulletin, 11(3):365–369, 1981. ISSN 1365-2338. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 2338.1981.tb01945.x. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1981.tb01945.x. Trials were conducted at IRRI starting in 2011 until current date of upload. Trials were also conducted in conjunction with PhilRice at their stations, Nueva Ecjia (NE), Agusan del Norte (ADN), and Negros (NEG).

RTDP (Reversing Trends in Declining Productivity, 1997-2000) and RTOP (Reaching Toward Optimal Productivity in Intensive Rice Systems, 2001 to 2004) Mega-Projects are part of Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC, est. 1997) during its Phase I and Phase II implementation, respectively. The Mega-projects were funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Internatioal Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Potash and Phosphate Institute (PPI & PPIC), and International Potash Institute (IPI). The framework provided for a partnership between the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), NARES, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sectors in 10 Asian countries.The RTDP project focused on regional research needs in irrigated rice ecosystems and developed principles for site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), while RTOP focused on technology delivery and impact (continuing onto Phase III, 2005 to 2008).

In 2005 an overview was made of the field experiments that were conducted by the Water Science Group. This was done by an MSc student Matthijs Bouwknegt to get some preliminary ideas about the performance of aerobic rice under experimental conditions. Not all experiments were completed by then. The year 2005 has marked the end of a series of experiments conducted by the Water Science Group at IRRI. Most of these experiments were conducted for a second season. Thus the results of these experiments will help drawing conclusions. Some of the experiments have been taken over by other departments within IRRI. For this reason, they have not been included in this thesis.

Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) for a more effective use of fertilizers in rice production was developed and validated in the Red River Delta (RRD) of northern Vietnam through a partnership of the Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute (SFRI) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) beginning in 1997. The subsequent dissemination of validated SSNM practices involved collaboration of SFRI and IRRI with the extension system and Plant Protection Division (PPD). We review the development of SSNM in the RRD and estimate the impact of SSNM adoption at the farm level through a survey in 2007 of adopters and nonadopters of SSNM in Ha Nam and Ha Tay provinces. SSNM improved farmers' rice yield by 0.2 t ha-1 in Ha Nam and by 0.34 t ha-1 in Ha Tay in the spring season. SSNM adopters appeared to have improved fertilizer management. SSNM increased net annual income by US$57 ha-1 in Ha Tay and by $78 ha-1 in Ha Nam. Simple projections for the wide application of SSNM throughout the RRD indicate potential annual gains of 228,000 tons of additional unmilled rice. Based on frontier production functions, adopters achieved a slightly higher index of technical efficiency in rice production. SSNM improved farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and skills in rice farming.

The experiment was conducted in the Long-term experiment at IRRI. Experiment was carried out in a split plot design. This study focused on how we can achieve sustainable rice production under changing climatic conditions by managing N in soil.

ICON Introducing non-flooded crops in rice-dominated landscapes: Impact on CarbOn, Nitrogen and water budgets Above ground foliar, stem and panicle injury observation and root nematode observation data collected for the ICON project. The relevant excerpt from the proposal, also included in .doc format, follows. Project 4 (Disease epidemics in rice-based systems affected by changes in water management; IRRI, Savary – no funding requested) will monitor disease progress - in particular sheath blight - in relation to the physical environment of the soil and of the canopy (microclimate), in both the rice and the maize crops (Project 3). The shift from flooded to non-flooded cropping systems directly affects the physical environment and occurrence of natural enemies of the soil-borne pathogens and this, indirectly, affects the physical environment of the canopy, where non soil-borne pathogens may develop (H.1). Rhizoctonia species are soil-borne fungi causing sheath blight in rice, a major disease in rice production, and there is indication that some of the R. solani sub-species can infect maize as well. In this project emphasis will be given to identify the responses of Rhizoctonia as well as other pathogens to (i) crop rotation and (ii) water management regime in order to develop functional relationships between cropping system and crop management and disease progress (H.3). Change in water management is a prerequisite for adaptation of rice-based agroecosystems in a context of climate change. While water-saving technologies, including supply of agricultural water (the largest user of water in tropical Asia), but also tillage and crop establishment is necessary, singignificant, and possibly considerable changes are to be expected with respect to the entire guild of yield-reducing organisms of rice, including pathogens (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), as well as insects (Savary et al., 2005). It is worth noting here that this work is congruent with large scale work IRRI has engaged in South Asia, under the umbrella of the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia. This project, among a series of objectives, aims at improving the performances of environmentally constrained – especially, water constrained – intensive cereal systems that must develop to feed South Asia for the decades to come; and this includes a series of heavily instrumented platforms where work similar to what is described below will be conducted. Over the years, IRRI has developed a set of methodologies – coupled standardized acquisition methods of injuries (IP) due to diseases and insects, as well as weeds; characterization of production situations (PS), including the physiological status of the crop; statistical multivariate, non-parametric methods to link IPs and PSs; and simulation modeling methods to analyze the effects of individual yield reducing organism of the guild within a community. A recent publication summarizes these methods and their applications (Savary et al, 2006). Project 4 of ICON will look at a series of attributes that will be changed with evolving water supply to rice crops: meso-climate (which will be monitored in the overall experiment); micro-climate, and I particular, leaf temperature and leaf wetness duration. We intend to implement the above methodology at successive development stages, including at least: Maximum tillering Booting Early dough where the levels of leaf diseases (esp., bacterial blight, sheath blight, blast, brown spot, narrow brown spot, bacterial leaf streak) tiller diseases (esp. sheath blight, sheath rot, stem rot) panicle diseases (esp. grain discoloration, false smut, bakanae) whole-plant diseases (esp. rice tungro) insect leaf injuries (esp. leaf folders, whorl maggots) insect tiller injuries (esp. stem borers – “dead hearts”) insect panicle injuries (esp. stem borers – “white heads”) sucking insect populations (brown plant hopper, white-back planthopper, and green leaf hopper) will be monitored. Groups a and e – leaf injury; b and f – tiller injury; c and g – panicle injury; d – systemic injury; and h – sucking injury represent the framework of the “sub-guilds” developed in the above approach to characterize yield-reducing yields. These also are the basis of RICEPEST (Willocquet et al., a generic, mechanistic, crop physiology-based simulation model which enables to explore the individual impact of specific yield-reducer, and their combined effects on systems’ performances. RIRCEPEST has been parameterized, tested, and validated in China, India, and the Philippines during several cropping seasons. IRRI’s inputs in Project 4 should thus be seen twofold. Quantification of the effects of varying levels of water management on the entire guild of yield-reducing organisms This component will make use of field data acquisition procedure that have been heavily tested and validated in China, India, Vietnam, and the Philippines, as well as in Laos and Cambodia. The main approach to analyze the...

These datasets contain many economic variables related to agriculture like crop output value, profit and several others. These datasets can be used for testing several hypotheses related to agricultural economics, both at plot level and household level.

Users can also reproduce these datasets using the STATA 14 do file ‘VDSA data management for agricultural performance’. This STATA program file uses the Village Dynamics in South Asia (VDSA) raw data files in excel format. The resulting output will be two data files in stata format, one at plot level and other at household level.

These plot level and household level data sets are also included in this repository. The word file ‘guidelines’ contain instructions to extract VDSA raw data from VDSA knowledge bank and use them as inputs to run the STATA do file ‘VDSA data management for agricultural performance’

The VDSA raw data files in excel format needed to run the stata do file are also available in this repository for users convenience

The raw VDSA data were generated by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in partnership with Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Institutes and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) (Grant ID: 51937). The data were acquired in surveys by resident field investigators. Data collection was mostly through paper based questionnaires and Samsung tablets were also used since 2012. The survey instruments used for different modules are available at http://vdsa.icrisat.ac.in/vdsa-questionaires.aspx

Study sites were selected using a stepwise purposive sampling covering agro-ecological diversity of the region. Three districts within each zone were selected based on soil, climate parameters as well as the share of agricultural land under ICRISAT mandate crops. On similar lines, one typical sub-district within each district and two villages within each sub-district were selected. Within each village, ten random households from four landholding groups were selected.

Selected farmers were visited by well trained, agriculture graduate, resident field investigators, once every three weeks to collect information related to various socioeconomic indicators. Some of the data modules like details on crop cultivation activities including plot wise input, output was collected every three weeks while others like general endowments were collected once at the beginning of every agricultural year.

The compiled data, source data, data descriptions and data management code are all published in a public repository at http://dataverse.icrisat.org/dataverse/socialscience at https://doi.org/10.21421/D2/HDEUKU]

Some of the several benefits of these data are:

Scientists, students, development practitioners can benefit from these data to track changes in the livelihood options of the rural poor as this data provides long-term, multi-generational perspective on agricultural, social and economic change in rural livelihoods.

The survey sites provide a socio-economic field laboratory for teaching and training students and researchers

This dataset can be used for diverse agricultural, development and socio-economic analysis and to better understand the dynamics of Indian agriculture.

The data helps to provide feedback for designing policy interventions, setting research priorities and refining technologies.

Shed light on the pathways in which new technologies, policies, and programs impact poverty, village economies, and societies

Drought is a major abiotic threat in rice production; thus, there is a need to develop adaptable rice varieties that can withstand drought stress and still produce high yield in non-stressed environments. Green Super Rice (GSR) cultivars address this issue. These cultivars are bred through an innovative introgression breeding strategy that requires less irrigation water and chemical inputs without compromising grain quality and yield. This study verified the physiological efficiency and performance of newly developed GSR cultivars that previously showed favorable response to drought during advanced yield trials. Five drought tolerant GSR cultivars and two checks were subjected to continuously flooded (CF) and drought-stressed environments during the dry seasons of 2011 and 2012 at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) experimental farms in Los Ba˜nos, Philippines. The cultivars’ ability to allocate assimilates and accumulate biomass under drought stress during the reproductive stage was verified. Leaf area index (LAI), biomass dry weight, and panicle yield were measured at the panicle initiation (PI), flowering (FL), and physiological maturity (PM) of the sample cultivars. All the cultivars performed satisfactorily in the CF environment with grain yield ranging from 5 to 11.5 tons ha−1. Water stress during the reproductive stage significantly reduced grain yield by 75–88% in the moderate drought (soil water tension between 100 and 300 kPa in upper 15 cm soil layer) and 77–96% in the severe drought (soil water tension >300 kPa in upper 15 cm soil layer) experiments. The shortened reproductive duration mainly contributed to the significant reduction in yield under drought stress. Two GSR cultivars, GSR IR1-5-S10-D1-D1 and IR83142-B19-B, responded well in severe drought environments, with grain yield almost similar to the drought check (1.79 tons ha−1). Under moderate drought stress, there was a relative yield advantage of 25% and 40% for the two GSR cultivars over the drought check, respectively. Yield advantage across environments, varying from fully irrigated to drought-stressed, was 31–36%. These two GSR cultivars were effective in mobilizing stored carbohydrates from the vegetative organs to the panicles and not shortening the duration from flowering to maturity, to allow all reserved carbohydrates be allocated to storage organs as a mechanism to cope with drought stress. Lower leaf area index (LAI), which allowed balanced biomass accumulation and lower transpiration, without a significant decrease in grain filling duration, was another drought-coping strategy. These physiological responses and characteristics apparently enabled the GSR cultivars to withstand drought stress; these are key indicators for varietal selection in drought-prone environments, particularly in severe drought stress in the reproductive stage. Despite the poor ability of some cultivars to cope with severe drought, three out of five selected GSR cultivars produced grain yield (2.0–2.9 tons ha−1) that was the same or higher than the drought check in moderate drought stress. The introgression breeding technique applied in the newly developed drought-tolerant cultivars through the GSR breeding strategy was found to be effective. It could produce high yields in both CF and water-limited environments, and thus, it could serve as a model for other breeding programs to adopt.

One of the technology options that can help farmers cope with water scarcity at the field level is alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Limited information is available on the varietal responses to nitrogen, AWD, and their interactions. Field experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) farm in 2009 dry season (DS), 2009 wet season (WS), and 2010 DS to determine genotypic responses and water use efficiency of rice under two N rates and two water management treatments. Grain yield was not significantly different between AWD and continuous flooding (CF) across the three seasons. Interactive effects among variety, water management, and N rate were not significant. The high yield was attributed to the significantly higher grain weight, which in turn was due to slower grain filling and high leaf N at the later stage of grain filling of CF. AWD treatments accelerated the grain filling rate, shortened grain filling period, and enhanced whole plant senescence. Under normal dry-season conditions, such as 2010 DS, AWD reduced water input by 24.5% than CF; however, it decreased grain yield by 6.9% due to accelerated leaf senescence. The study indicates that proper water management greatly contributes to grain yield in the late stage of grain filling, and it is critical for safe AWD technology.

Increased root numbers of rice genotypes have been attributed to its tolerance to Zn deficiency. However, its role in soil Zn uptake by plants and productivity in Zn deficient soils remains unclear. Here, we examined the root numbers of rice genotypes (Zn-efficient, Zn-inefficient and popular variety) at different soil depths (soil surface, 0-2, 2-4 and 4 cm below) including their role in soil Zn uptake , yield or productivity and grain Zn biofortification grown under Zn deficient soil at the IRRI experimental station. The root numbers at each soil depth [soil surface (P<0.05), 0-2 (P<0.01), 2-4 (P<0.0001) and below 4cm (P<0.001)] were significantly different among genotypes and the Zn-efficient (IR55179) genotype showed the highest root numbers among genotypes on the soil surface and at 0-2cm soil depth. Results showed that root numbers present on the soil surface (P <0.001) and at 0-2 cm soil depth (P <0.001) revealed significant correlations with grain Zn concentration/uptake. Moreover, root numbers from all soil depths were significantly correlated with the mean soil DTPA-extractable Zn, while root numbers from 0-2 and 2-4 cm were significantly correlated with plant parts biomass during flowering and maturity. Overall, the increased root numbers of Zn-efficient genotypes at the top layer of soils play a pivotal role in soil Zn availability, plant Zn uptake and productivity, highlighting that increased root numbers are good indicator of Zn deficiency tolerance in rice. Location: IRRI Demoplot Years: 2015-2016

In 2010, the Africa-wide Rice Breeding Task Force was launched by AfricaRice involving National Agricultural Research System (NARS) from about 30 countries. The objectives of the network are to evaluate the stability of traits incorporated in breeding processes and to identify varieties best fit to growth conditions in target regions and to markets. The Task Force also accumulates data on the performance of new elite lines, thereby facilitating varietal release procedures. Furthermore, by exposing breeders from NARS and farmers to these elite lines during the testing phase, dissemination will be facilitated. The activities conducted by the Task Force consists of a series of consecutive trials. Promising breeding lines developed by AfricaRice or by national and international partners, such as IRRI, CIAT and the NARS are nominated for evaluation in one or several rice cultivation environments: rainfed lowland, irrigated lowland, rainfed upland, high elevation and mangrove. All nominated lines should be fixed and accompanied by supporting data on traits incorporated during the breeding process and with information on yield performance. These characteristics are checked at AfricaRice before incorporation into the network. Further details are in the “2018-Mangrove-protocol.pdf”

Soil Zn availability and supply determine the success of rice grain Zn biofortification program. In flooded rice production system however, soil Zn availability is limited due to immobilization of Zn into unavailable forms. The present study investigated the effects of genotypes and planting density on soil Zn forms and distribution and plant Zn uptake under Zn-deficient and Zn-sufficient field soils during maturity. Rice genotypes with differing tolerance to Zn deficiency [Zn –biofortified (ZnB), Zn-efficient (ZnT) and Zn-inefficient (ZnS)] were grown at two planting densities [D1 (one plant per hill) and D5 (five plants per hill)] in BAY (Zn-deficient) and IRRI (Zn-sufficient) soils in the Philippines. Results revealed that Zn forms were significantly altered by genotypes rather than planting density where water-extractable Zn (W-Zn) and exchangeable Zn (Exc-Zn) in soils grown with ZnB had significantly higher concentrations than ZnS. This was translated into better (P<0.01) Zn concentrations and Zn uptake in the plant parts of ZnB compared with both ZnS and ZnT genotypes. Moreover, W-Zn showed significantly positive correlations with plant parts Zn concentration and Zn uptake, suggesting that W-Zn can effectively predict plant Zn uptake across soils. Interestingly, carbonate bound Zn (Car-Zn) and organic bound Zn (Org-Zn) consistently showed negative correlations with W-Zn, plant parts Zn concentration and Zn uptake suggesting that ZnB and ZnT genotypes can solubilize strongly bound Zn such as carbonates and organic matter to meet the demand for Zn during flowering or maturity. These results highlight the significance of understanding soil Zn mobility, composition and supply for an effective and sustainable agronomic management of high grain Zn rice genotypes towards a successful grain Zn biofortification program. Location: Bay and IRRI Years: 2015 Season Wet Season