Datasets and sample/mock code for day-ahead electricity market modelling.

Link: github repository.

Url: https://github.com/josephanthonycollins/Day-Ahead-Electricity-Market-Modelling

In the week starting May 26th, 2025, the lowest day-ahead price of electricity traded on the NordPool spot market was recorded in Norway at 1.77 euros per megawatt-hour. The highest day-ahead price was also recorded in Norway at 53.62 euros per megawatt-hour. The Nordic spot market is divided into sub-regions to balance production and consumption, and avoid congestion of the electricity grid. Only a part of the electricity supplied to Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Norway is sold on the NordPool market, with the remainder exchanged through long-term or bilateral contracts.

Day-ahead Price in EUR / MWh. This data corresponds to the article 12.1.D of the ENTSO-E transparency regulation. Description of the data schema The data published in this dataset has been automatically crawled from the ENTSO-E Transparency Portal

The average wholesale electricity price in July 2025 in the United Kingdom is forecast to amount to****** British pounds per megawatt-hour, a decrease from the previous month. A record high was reached in August 2022 when day-ahead baseload contracts averaged ***** British pounds per megawatt-hour.
Electricity price stabilization in Europe Electricity prices increased in 2024 compared to the previous year, when prices stabilized after the energy supply shortage. Price spikes were driven by the growing wholesale prices of natural gas and coal worldwide, which are among the main sources of power in the region.

… and in the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom was one of the countries with the highest electricity prices worldwide during the energy crisis. Since then, prices have been stabilizing, almost to pre-energy crisis levels. The use of nuclear, wind, and bioenergy for electricity generation has been increasing recently. The fuel types are an alternative to fossil fuels and are part of the country's power generation plans going into the future.

As of June 2025, Denmark had the highest average day-ahead electricity price among Nordic countries, amounting to ***** euros per megawatt-hour. Over the past few years, electricity prices soared in the Nordic region, the result of a global energy crisis that affected fossil fuels and electricity prices. Price variations across Nordic countries While Denmark had the highest electricity prices in June 2025, other Nordic countries see varying rates. Norway, for instance, recorded the lowest day-ahead weekly price at just **** euros per megawatt-hour that same month. This stark contrast underscores the regional differences in electricity production and consumption patterns across the Nordic countries. Electricity traded outside of the NordPool market are not reflected in these prices. Factors influencing Nordic electricity prices The disparity in electricity prices across Nordic countries can be attributed to various factors, including reliance on different energy sources. Iceland, for example, benefits from its fully clean electricity sector, resulting in some of the lowest household electricity prices in the region. In contrast, countries like Denmark and Finland face higher prices due to their partial dependence on fossil fuels. For non-residential consumers, prices also vary significantly, with Iceland offering the lowest rates at **** euro cents per kilowatt-hour and Denmark the highest at **** euro cents per kilowatt-hour for annual consumption below ***** megawatt-hours. Despite having the highest industrial electricity prices among Nordic countries, Denmark's rates remain competitive compared to other European countries like Italy or Germany.

Daily data showing the System Price of electricity, and rolling seven-day average, in Great Britain. These are official statistics in development. Source: Elexon.

Germany Electricity decreased 28.96 EUR/MWh or 25.02% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Germany Electricity Price.

A comparative table of weekly UK wholesale market prices across key energy commodities, including gas, electricity, coal, EUA carbon, UKA carbon, and Brent crude oil. The table includes current, previous, and year-on-year values for both day-ahead and year-ahead contracts, as well as 12-month highs and lows.

Day-ahead electricity price and demand for CAISO between 2016 to 2021. Also included is net generation from solar for California (region) hourly.

https://zenodo.org/records/8409943

Context

On 1st September 2006, the Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market was launched in Russia. The nodal pricing system is applied to the wholesale market: each node gets an individual price value for a certain hour. For the price analysis and forecast problem, the analyst uses the weighted average of the nodal prices for certain territory such as price zone, united energy system and others. More details about the Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market of Russia you will find in my latest paper The Three-Headed Dragon: Electricity, Trading, Analysis.

Content

The data files include

1. the weighted average of the nodal day ahead prices for the European and Siberian price zones of the market;
2. the weighted average of the nodal day ahead prices for six United Energy Systems: NorthWest, Centre, Ural, South, Middle Volga and Siberia;
3. the day ahead scheduled volume for the European and Siberian price zones;
4. the weighted average of the nodal intraday prices for three United Energy Systems: NorthWest, Centre and Siberia

Acknowledgements

The present prices and volumes are available openly on the Power Exchange and the System Operator websites as a part of the market transparency policy.

Inspiration

Both the price and electricity consumption forecast problem is highly important on the Wholesale Electricity Market. Thus, the questions:

• What price should we expect tomorrow, next week, next year?
• What electricity consumption should we expect tomorrow, next week, next year?

Electricity prices in Europe are expected to remain volatile through 2025, with Italy projected to have some of the highest rates among major European economies. This trend reflects the ongoing challenges in the energy sector, including the transition to renewable sources and the impact of geopolitical events on supply chains. Despite efforts to stabilize the market, prices in countries like Italy are forecasted to reach ****** euros per megawatt hour by February 2025, indicating persistent pressure on consumers and businesses alike. Natural gas futures shaping electricity costs The electricity market's future trajectory is closely tied to natural gas prices, a key component in power generation. Dutch TTF gas futures, a benchmark for European natural gas prices, are projected to be ***** euros per megawatt hour in April 2025. This represents an increase of about ** euros compared to the previous year, suggesting that gas prices will continue to influence electricity rates across Europe. The reduced output from the Groningen gas field and increased reliance on imports further complicate the pricing landscape, potentially contributing to higher electricity costs in countries like Italy. Regional disparities and global market influences While European electricity prices remain high, significant regional differences persist. For instance, natural gas prices in the United States are expected to be roughly one-third of those in Europe by March 2025, at **** U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This stark contrast highlights the impact of domestic production capabilities on global natural gas prices. Europe's greater reliance on imports, particularly in the aftermath of geopolitical tensions and the shift away from Russian gas, continues to keep prices elevated compared to more self-sufficient markets. As a result, countries like Italy may face sustained pressure on electricity prices due to their position within the broader European energy market.

UK Electricity decreased 27.25 GBP/MWh or 26.60% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Electricity Price.

In April 2025, the average wholesale electricity price in Romania amounted to 87.21 euros per megawatt-hour. Wholesale electricity prices in the country peaked in August 2022, surpassing 490 euros per megawatt-hour.

The dataset contains the data and software code to replicate Beran et al (2023) - Multi-day-ahead Electricity Price Forcasting: A Comparison of fundamental, econometric and hybrid Models.

In the observed period, weighted average monthly electricity prices on the day-ahead market in Poland increased from ****** zloty/MWh in January 2018 to over *** zloty/MWh (***** EUR/MWh) in April 2025. The record weighted average price occurred in August 2022, exceeding ***** zloty. Consumption of electricity in Poland Electricity is essential to modern life and vital to every country’s economy. Starting from 1990, the final annual electricity consumption reached a value of ***** terawatt-hours. It eventually grew to *** tWh in 2023, which happened to be a *** percent decrease compared to the previous year. Consumption of solar photovoltaic power has become popular in recent years, but also the capacity of solar photovoltaic per inhabitant in Poland has significantly increased, rising from just *** watts per inhabitant in 2013 to ***** W/inhab in 2023. In 2023, **** million customers in Poland used electricity with consumption lower than ** megawatt-hours. Electricity production from renewables Throughout the years, there have been different methods and sources of electricity production worldwide. Starting in 2012, the electricity production from solar photovoltaic power generated only *** gigawatt-hours. In 2023, Poland's electricity production volume from solar photovoltaic power reached a peak of over ** terawatt hours. Another source of electricity production was the wind. Where the production of electricity from wind steadily increased from **** gigawatt-hours in 2000 to ****** gigawatt-hours in 2023. Biogas and biomass also play a significant role in the production of electricity. In 2012, electricity production from biogas and biomass was the highest at around ****** gigawatt-hours. However, in 2022, the production decreased, reaching ***** GWh.

Electricity Day ahead Spot Prices Data

In Nord Pool Spot market players can buy and sell electricity for delivery the following day in their own area - Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark or Germany. The day-ahead prices indicate the balance between supply and demand.

Data is from 2024-02-22 to 2015-02-01

Hour UTC: A date and time (interval), shown in UTC time zone, where the values are valid. 00:00 o’clock is the first hour of a given day interval 00:00 - 00:59 and 01:00 covers the second hour (interval) of the day and so forth. Please note: The naming is based on the length of the interval of the finest grain of the resolution.

Hour DK: A date and time (interval), shown in Danish time zone, where the values are valid. 00:00 o’clock is the first hour of a given day, interval 00:00 - 00:59, and 01:00 covers the second hour period (interval) of the day and so forth.

Price area: Same as bidding zone. Denmark is divided in two price areas (bidding zones) divided by the Great Belt. DK1 is west of the Great Belt and DK2 is east of the Great Belt.

Note: The SYSTEM price is the unlimited balancing price at the Nordic electricity market irrespective of capacity congestions in the individual interconnections between the areas. The system price therefore serves as a reference price to which the area prices can be compared.

If Price area is “DK”, the data covers all Denmark. (Some datasets contain a limited number of price areas.)

Spot price (DKK): Day ahead spot price in the price area. (The day-ahead prices indicate the balance between supply and demand.)

Spot price (EUR): Day ahead spot price in the price area. (The day-ahead prices indicate the balance between supply and demand.)

https://www.energidataservice.dk/tso-electricity/Elspotprices

Snapshot img

Electricity Trading Market Size 2025-2029

The electricity trading market size is forecast to increase by USD 123.5 billion at a CAGR of 6.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is witnessing significant growth due to several key trends. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels and wind turbines, into the grid is a major driver. Energy storage systems are increasingly being adopted to ensure a stable power supply from these intermittent sources. Concurrently, the adoption of energy storage systems addresses key challenges like intermittency, enabling better integration of renewable sources, and bolstering grid resilience. Self-generation of electricity by consumers through microgrids is also gaining popularity, allowing them to sell excess power back to the grid. The entry of new players and collaborations among existing ones are further fueling market growth. These trends reflect the shift towards clean energy and the need for a more decentralized and efficient electricity system.

What will be the Size of the Electricity Trading Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market, a critical component of the global energy industry, functions as a dynamic interplay between wholesale energy markets and traditional financial markets. As a commodity, electricity is bought and sold through various trading mechanisms, including equities, bonds, and real-time auctions. The market's size and direction are influenced by numerous factors, such as power station generation data, system operator demands, and consumer usage patterns. Participants in the market include power station owners, system operators, consumers, and ancillary service providers. Ancillary services, like frequency regulation and spinning reserves, help maintain grid stability. Market design and news reports shape the market's evolution, with initiatives like the European Green Paper and the Lisbon Strategy influencing the industry's direction towards increased sustainability and competition.
Short-term trading, through power purchase agreements and power distribution contracts, plays a significant role in the market's real-time dynamics. Power generation and power distribution are intricately linked, with the former influencing the availability and price of electricity, and the latter affecting demand patterns. Overall, the market is a complex, ever-evolving system that requires a deep understanding of both energy market fundamentals and financial market dynamics.

How is this Electricity Trading Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Day-ahead trading
  Intraday trading


Application

  Industrial
  Commercial
  Residential


Source

  Non-renewable energy
  Renewable energy


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy
    Spain


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  North America

    US


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Type Insights

The day-ahead trading segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Day-ahead trading refers to the voluntary, financially binding forward electricity trading that occurs in exchanges such as the European Power Exchange (EPEX Spot) and Energy Exchange Austria (EXAA), as well as through bilateral contracts. This process involves sellers and buyers agreeing on the required volume of electricity for the next day, resulting in a schedule for everyday intervals. However, this schedule is subject to network security constraints and adjustments for real-time conditions and actual electricity supply and demand. Market operators, including ISOs and RTOs, oversee these markets and ensure grid reliability through balancing and ancillary services. Traders, including utilities, energy providers, and professional and institutional traders, participate in these markets to manage price risk, hedge against price volatility, and optimize profitability.

Key factors influencing electricity prices include weather conditions, fuel prices, availability, construction costs, and physical factors. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, also play a growing role in these markets, with the use of Renewable Energy Certificates and net metering providing consumer protection and incentives for homeowners and sustainable homes. Electricity trading encompasses power generators, power suppliers, consumers, and system operators, with contracts, generation data, and power station dispatch governed by market rules and regulations.

Get a glance at the Electricity Trading Industry report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

The day-ahead tra

The global electricity trading market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $314.45 billion in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.6% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, necessitates sophisticated trading mechanisms to manage their intermittent nature and optimize grid stability. Furthermore, deregulation and liberalization of electricity markets in many regions are fostering competition and creating opportunities for new market participants. The growing demand for electricity across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, particularly in rapidly developing economies in Asia-Pacific, is fueling market growth. Day-ahead and intraday trading are key segments, with day-ahead trading currently dominating due to its established infrastructure and predictability, while intraday trading is experiencing rapid growth as smart grids and real-time data analytics become more prevalent. Technological advancements, including the development of advanced trading platforms and data analytics tools, are further enhancing market efficiency and transparency. However, challenges remain, including grid infrastructure limitations in some regions, regulatory uncertainties, and price volatility associated with fluctuating energy sources. The geographical distribution of the market reveals significant regional variations. North America and Europe currently hold substantial market shares, driven by mature electricity markets and established trading infrastructure. However, the Asia-Pacific region is projected to exhibit the most significant growth in the forecast period due to rapid economic expansion and increasing energy demand in countries like China and India. The Middle East and Africa are also witnessing growth, albeit at a slower pace, driven by ongoing infrastructure development and investments in renewable energy projects. Competitive dynamics are intense, with a mix of established energy giants, specialized trading companies, and emerging players vying for market share. Strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, and technological innovation are key competitive strategies employed by market participants. The long-term outlook for the electricity trading market remains positive, fueled by continued growth in renewable energy, deregulation, and technological advancements. However, companies need to navigate regulatory changes, price volatility, and cyber security risks to maintain a strong market position.

Hourly price data both day-ahead and real time for PJM and MISO electricity markets, going from 00:00 of 1st January 2014 to 23:00 of 9th March. The data has been collected, cleaned and provided by Invenia Technical Computing Corporation; when a price was not available, it has been replaced with a NaN value. The file contains a dataset in Matlab 2012 .mat file extension and a readme text file. The dataset contains day-ahead price data for the MCC, MEC and LMP time series for both markets. Each time series is in a matrix format - Node x Time - with variable names da_(mcc/mec/lmp)_(miso/pjm).

Day-Ahead Prices for Denmark and Neighboring Countries

This dataset provides day-ahead electricity prices for Denmark (DK1 and DK2) and neighboring countries in the Nord Pool market, including Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Germany. In the day-ahead market, participants buy and sell electricity for delivery the following day within their respective bidding zones.

The day-ahead prices reflect the balance between supply and demand and serve as a key indicator of market dynamics across the Nordic and European power systems.