Objectives The slow progress of pharmacovigilance (PV) in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) raises questions about core challenges on the growth of PV, and the appropriateness of strategies used so far to develop PV. Therefore, this scoping review aims to describe strategies and interventions to strengthen PV in LMIC and to propose recommendations for future investments in PV capacity building.

Inclusion criteria Publications included were primary studies, articles, and policy and guideline papers, describing interventions to strengthen PV in LMIC.

Methods The review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines on conducting scoping reviews. Literature searches were performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PDQ-evidence, CINAHL and relevant websites from 1990 to January 2021. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full-texts. One reviewer performed data extraction and descriptive analysis, which were reviewed by tw...

We study the impact of demand and supply factors on bottlenecks and inflation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial policy interventions, from lockdowns to fiscal stimuli, triggered shifts in consumer spending and supply chain disruptions. The reopening of economies normalized consumption patterns, but attributing bottlenecks to specific factors remains challenging due to diverse policy responses. The paper empirically integrates fiscal spending, mobility measures, and supply constraints to analyze interconnected factors influencing bottlenecks and inflation internationally. We find an important role of fiscal shocks and international propagation of demand and supply forces in shaping bottlenecks and inflation dynamics.