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Between 2012 and 2020, the number of self-inflicted deaths among white prisoners in public prisons in England and Wales went up from 49 to 57.
In 2024, there were 342 deaths in prison custody in England and Wales, compared with 311 in the previous year, and 371 in 2022, which was the most deaths reported during this time period.
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Analysis of the risk of suicide and drug-related deaths among prisoners, including the number of deaths, standarised mortality ratios and age-standardised rates, England and Wales, 2008 to 2019.
Safety in custody statistics cover deaths, self-harm and assaults in prison custody in England and Wales. This publication updates statistics on deaths to the end of March 2025 and assaults and self-harm up to December 2024.
The annual publication for assaults and self-harm in custody are published in the Safety in Custody up to December publication, published in April. Annual tables provide further breakdowns and at a more granular level. Quarterly provisional updates are then published every July, October and January. Deaths data are published three months ahead of self-harm and assaults, therefore, the annual deaths tables are published in the Safety in Custody up to September publication, published every January. Quarterly provisional updates to deaths in custody are published every April, July and October.
The bulletin is released by the Ministry of Justice and produced in accordance with arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
Between 2008/09 and 2018/19, 85 percent of deaths in police custody in England and Wales were white people, who make up 86 percent of the UK population. In the same time period, black people accounted for eight percent of the UK deaths in police custody, while only making up three percent of the total population.
This statistic shows the number of self-inflicted deaths among prisoners in custody in England and Wales in 2019, by nationality type. The highest number of such deaths was among UK nationals. It should of course be noted that there were more UK nationals as prisoners at this time than any other nationality type.
There were 89 self-inflicted deaths in prison custody in England and Wales in 2024, compared with 96 in the previous year. During the provided time period, 2017 had the highest number of prison suicides at 124.
In 2023/24 there were 186 police related fatalities in England and Wales, compared with 198 in the previous reporting year. Of these fatalities, 68 were suicides, 32 were road traffic fatalities, 24 were deaths in or following police custody, with two fatal shootings in this reporting year. A further 60 fatalities were defined as other deaths during or following police contact.
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These statistics provide details of the deaths reported on by the IPCC in each financial year, and also present figures on those suicides following release from police custody which were reported to the IPCC. Data can be updated annually, so please use the trend figures from the latest report.
This statistic shows the rate of self-inflicted female deaths during prison custody per 1,000 prisoners in England and Wales from 2010 to 2019. Between 2015 and 2016 the source reported a significant rise in self-inflicted deaths, with more than 2 female prisoners per 1,000 prisoners having died due to self-inflicted causes.
This is qualitative data collection of semi-structured interviews conducted between December 2019-October 2020 within a study that examined how the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman (seek to) effect change in prisons following prisoner suicides and how death investigations could have more impact on prison policy and practice. The study ran from 2019-2021. Internationally, prisoner mortality rates are up to 50% above those in the community. Although prisoner deaths are frequent and have significant implications across a broad range of stakeholder groups, these harms are rarely acknowledged. We address this by examining how the PPO (seek to) effect change in prisons following prisoner suicides and how death investigations could have more impact on prison policy and practice from semi-structured interviews with multisectoral stakeholders. Within this project, 46 semi-structured interviews were undertaken with multisectoral stakeholders: 17 PPO staff (who work across England and Wales from a base in London), 8 prison Governing Governors (representing 8 prisons), 11 regional SCGLs (representing all but two regions nationally) and 9 Coroners (who represent 9 of the 92 separate coroners’ jurisdictions in England and Wales) and bereaved family members (n=1). These professional groups have received limited consideration in previous research despite International laws, e.g. Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights, requiring that all deaths in state detention are independently investigated. In England and Wales, prisoner deaths are externally investigated by at least the police, PPO and Coroner. These police, ombudsman and coroner investigations can be very disruptive and cause uncertainty and anxiety for all involved. The research demonstrates how the harms of prisoner deaths and investigations are broadly unacknowledged and radiate widely. We sought to stimulate both i) more substantive support for all those caught up in prison suicides and death investigations and ii) reconsideration of how prisoner deaths are investigated. For data storage and analysis purposes, the participants were divided into four categories: 1) Prison and Probation Ombudsman staff (PPO); 2) Governing Governors (Governors); 3) Safer Custody Group Leads (SCGLs); 4) Coroners (coroners); 5) bereaved family members (prisoner family). Because of the sensitivity of this research 3 SCGL transcripts have been omitted due to the participants still being identifiable following transcript anonymisation.
Further information about the project and links to publications are available on the University of Nottingham SafeSoc project webpage https://www.safesoc.co.uk
In May 2019, Dutch courts refused to deport an English suspected drug smuggler, citing the potential for inhuman and degrading treatment at HMP Liverpool. This well publicised judgment illustrates the necessity of my FLF: reconceptualising prison regulation, for safer societies. It seeks to save lives and money, and reduce criminal reoffending.
Over 10.74 million people are imprisoned globally. The growing transnational significance of detention regulation was signalled by the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Torture/OPCAT. Its 89 signatories, including the UK, must regularly examine treatment and conditions. The quality of prison life affects criminal reoffending rates, so the consequences of unsafe prisons are absorbed by our societies. Prison regulation is more urgent than ever. England and Wales' prisons are now less safe than at any point in recorded history, containing almost 83,000 prisoners: virtually all of whom will be released at some point. In 2016, record prison suicides harmed prisoners, staff and bereaved families, draining ~£385 million from public funds. Record prisoner self-harm was seen in 2017, then again in 2018. Criminal reoffending costs £15 billion annually. Deteriorating prison safety poses a major moral, social, economic and public health threat, attracting growing recognition.
Reconceptualising prison regulation is a difficult multidisciplinary challenge. Regulation includes any activity seeking to steer events in prisons. Effective prison regulation demands academic innovation and sustained collaboration and implementation with practitioners from different sectors (e.g. public, voluntary), regulators, policymakers, and prisoners: from local to (trans)national levels. Citizen participation has become central to realising more democratic, sustainable public services but is not well integrated across theory-policy-practice. I will coproduce prison regulation with partners, including the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman, voluntary organisations Safe Ground and the Prison Reform Trust, and (former) prisoners.
This FLF examines three diverse case study countries: England and Wales, Brazil and Canada, developing multinational implications. This approach is ambitious and risky, but critical for challenging...
Safety in custody statistics cover deaths, self-harm and assaults in prison custody in England and Wales. This publication updates statistics on deaths to the end of December 2018 and assaults and self-harm up to September 2018. 皇冠体育app bulletin is released by the Ministry of Justice and produced in accordance with arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
Safety in Custody statistics is produced and handled by the Ministry of Justice鈥檚 (MOJ) analytical professionals and production staff. Pre-release access of up to 24 hours is granted to the following persons:
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State; Minister of State for Justice; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Minister for victims, youth and family justice; Permanent Secretary; Director General, Offender Reform and Commissioning Group; Director, Prison Reform Policy; Director, Communication and Information; Director, Analytical Services; Deputy Director, Prison Safety and Security Policy; Deputy Director, Head of Prison and Probation Analytical Services; Head of Prison Reform Policy; Head of Prison, Probation, Reoffending and PbR Statistics; Prison Statistics Team Lead; press officer (x7); private secretaries (x5); and relevant special advisors (x2).
Chief Executive Officer, HMPPS; Chief Operating Officer, HMPPS; Director, Security, Order & Counter Terrorism; Deputy Director, Head of Safer Custody and Public Protection Group; Head of Executive Management Team, HMPPS; Head of Safer Custody; Head of CEO鈥檚 Office; Operational Lead for the Safety Programme; Business Manager in Executive Management Team; Business Manager to CEO, HMPPS; and Prison Safety Team.
Data on the number of fatalities in or following police custody in England and Wales in the financial year 2019/20, by reason for detention shows that there were a total of 18 fatalities in the year. In three of these cases, the detainee was in custody due to drug or alcohol related offences.
This statistic depicts the rate of self-inflicted male deaths during prison custody per 1,000 prisoners in England and Wales from 2010 to 2019. According to the source, 1 per 1,000 prisoners died due to self-inflicted causes in 2019.
This statistic shows a distribution of hanging/self-strangulation self-inflicted deaths among prisoners in custody in England and Wales in 2019, by ligature used. The majority of such suicides were enabled by the use of bedding materials.
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Latest figures for death of offenders in the community supervised by National Probation Services (NPS) and Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRC) covers deaths of offenders in England and Wales for financial year 2020/21.
The bulletin is released by the Ministry of Justice and produced in accordance with arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
Death of Offenders in the Community statistics is produced and handled by the Ministry of Justice’s (MOJ) analytical professionals and production staff. Pre-release access of up to 24 hours is granted to the following persons:
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Minister for Prisons and Rehabilitation; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Minister for victims, youth and family justice; Permanent Secretary; Director of Communications; Director of Analytical Services; Deputy Director, Head of Prison and Probation Analytical Services; relevant special advisors (x2); press officers (x3); and private secretaries (x4).
Chief Executive Officer, HMPPS; Head of Executive Management Team, HMPPS; Head of CEO’s Office, HMPPS; Executive Director Probation and Women; Deputy Director, Head of Safer Custody and Public Protection Group; Head of Safer Custody; Prison Safety Team; Lead on approved premises.
The HM Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) COVID-19 statistics provides monthly data on the HMPPS response to COVID-19. It addresses confirmed cases of the virus in prisons and the Youth Custody Service sites, deaths of those individuals in the care of HMPPS and mitigating action being taken to limit the spread of the virus and save lives.
Data includes:
Deaths where prisoners, children in custody or supervised individuals have died having tested positive for COVID-19 or where there was a clinical assessment that COVID-19 was a contributory factor in their death.
Confirmed COVID-19 cases in prisoners and children in custody (i.e. positive tests).
Narrative on capacity management data for prisons.
The bulletin was produced and handled by the ministry’s analytical professionals and production staff. For the bulletin pre-release access of up to 24 hours is granted to the following persons:
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice; Minister of State for Prisons and Probation; Permanent Secretary; Second Permanent Secretary; Private Secretaries (x6); Deputy Director of Data and Evidence as a Service and Head of Profession, Statistics; Director General for Policy and Strategy Group; Deputy Director Joint COVID 19 Strategic Policy Unit; Head of News; Deputy Head of News and relevant press officers (x2)
Director General Chief Executive Officer; Private Secretary - Chief Executive Officer; Director General Operations; Deputy Director of COVID-19 HMPPS Response; Deputy Director Joint COVID 19 Strategic Policy Unit
Prison estate expanded to protect NHS from coronavirus risk
Measures announced to protect NHS from coronavirus risk in prisons
Latest figures for death of offenders supervised in the community by the Probation Service in England and Wales for financial year 2023/24.
The bulletin is released by the Ministry of Justice and produced in accordance with arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
Deaths of offenders supervised in the community statistics are produced and handled by the Ministry of Justice’s (MoJ) analytical professionals and production staff. Pre-release access of up to 24 hours is granted to the following persons:
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice; Minister for Prisons, Parole and Probation; Permanent Secretary; Deputy Director, Probation Policy; Deputy Director, Prisons, Probation and Reoffending and Head of Profession for Statistics; relevant private secretaries (x2); special advisors (x1); press officers (x4); analysts (x6).
Director General Chief Executive of HMPPS; Deputy Director, Office of Director General Chief Executive of HMPPS; Regional Probation Director; Deputy Director, Estates, Safety and Litigation; Deputy Director, Substance Misuse Group; Executive Director, Reducing Reoffending, Partnerships and Accommodation; and policy officials (x10).
Latest figures for death of offenders in the community supervised by National Probation Services (NPS) and Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRC) covers deaths of offenders in England and Wales for financial year 2019/20.
The bulletin is released by the Ministry of Justice and produced in accordance with arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
Death of Offenders in the Community statistics is produced and handled by the Ministry of Justice’s (MOJ) analytical professionals and production staff. Pre-release access of up to 24 hours is granted to the following persons:
Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Minister for Prisons and Rehabilitation; Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Minister for victims, youth and family justice; Permanent Secretary; Director of Communications; Director of Analytical Services; Deputy Director, Head of Prison and Probation Analytical Services; relevant special advisors (x2); press officers (x3); and private secretaries (x4).
Chief Executive Officer, HMPPS; Head of Executive Management Team, HMPPS; Head of CEO’s Office, HMPPS; Executive Director Probation and Women; Deputy Director, Head of Safer Custody and Public Protection Group; Head of Safer Custody; Prison Safety Team; Lead on approved premises.
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Between 2012 and 2020, the number of self-inflicted deaths among white prisoners in public prisons in England and Wales went up from 49 to 57.