This data file contains clean data and information on variables related to fiscal decentralization, political regime, democracy, and various health outcomes, health and education spending. The dataset has been compiled by combining data from multiple sources, including IMF-GFS, World Development Indicators, and V-Dem, among others. This dataset has been used to examine the impact of fiscal decentralization on public health outcomes, considering the role of democracy as analyzed in our paper. Additionally, the influence of democratic transition has been explored. The dataset is an unbalanced panel spanning the period 1972–2019 for 68 countries. It is sufficient to replicate all the results presented in the study. Using this data, we tested our hypothesis and found a negative association between fiscal decentralization and public health outcomes, which is mitigated by a higher degree of democracy in a country.

Most contemporary decentralization has occurred at the local (district) rather than the regional (provincial) level. Why? The authors advance a theory highlighting the political incentives of central authorities to bypass the regional tier of government in favor of decentralizing to smaller, more fragmented units. Regional decentralization can capitalize on economies of scale and scope in public service provision, but it also enables political opposition to scale more effectively. Local decentralization provides some of the benefits of regional decentralization at less political risk, making it an imperfect but attractive substitute for central authorities. Drawing on cases from Africa and Latin America, this article discusses when and how strategic local decentralization can be an effective strategy to maintain political control in divided societies, why sometimes governments may instead opt for regional decentralization or (re)centralization, and how the choice of decentralization level depends on political geography and history as well as economic factors.

Replication data for Arzaghi, M., & Henderson, J. V. (2005). Why countries are fiscally decentralizing. Journal of Public Economics, 89(7), 1157-1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.10.009

The Fiscal decentralization database is a panel of data on indices of fiscal decentralization every ten years from 1975, 1985, and 1995 for about 100 countries. It includes measures of fiscal centralization and of federalism constructed for this paper as well as a collection of all the important socioeconomic characteristics of countries around the world from a variety of sources.

This dataset is part of the Global Research Program on Spatial Development of Cities funded by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund on Sustainable Urbanization of the World Bank and supported by the U.K. Department for International Development.

Collective action among public officials is necessary for the effective delivery of many social services, but relatively little is known about how it can be fostered through policy reforms. In this paper we compare cooperation among public officials within decentralized versus centrally-administered municipalities in Honduras. Leveraging a quasi-experiment in health-sector reform, coupled with behavioral games and social network surveys, we find strong evidence that decentralization is associated with greater cooperation. When they are able to communicate, bureaucrats working in decentralized municipalities contribute more to a public good than their centrally-administered counterparts. This increase in cooperative behavior results in part from the decentralization reform engendering greater numbers of interactions and stronger ties across different levels of government. These findings indicate that institutional reforms like decentralization can favorably reconfigure patterns of social interactions across public organizations, which is an important component of administrative capacity in developing countries.

Why do national governments choose to transfer some of their administrative, political, and fiscal powers to regional authorities? This article develops and tests a nationally focused strategic account: decentralization is a targeted means to bolster a governing party’s national-level electoral strength by appeasing the voters of threatening ethnoterritorial parties in national parliamentary elections. Statistical analyses of decentralization across the subnational regions of Western European countries confirm that governing parties transfer additional competencies to regions in which an ethnoterritorial party threat exists, when the government is legislatively vulnerable. In contrast, if a government is not dependent on a region for maintaining national parliamentary control, the presence of a strong ethnoterritorial opponent will not motivate the government to decentralize. These findings help to explain patterns of asymmetrical decentralization across regions within a country and why governing parties decentralize competencies to subnational governments that they do not expect to control.

Fiscal decentralization theory calls for enhanced local revenue and spending responsibilities in order to promote the efficiency of public service delivery. However, some have pointed to the danger of local capture canceling out these effects. I test the argument that organized crime violence intensifies as mafias fight for access to local governments’ resources which they consider to be an attractive income source. I regress violence on local spending in Mexican municipalities over the period 1995-2015. I find a significant relationship between local spending and the intensity of violence: higher levels of local spending per capita are strongly related to higher levels of homicide rates, conditional on them being positive. Local spending, however, does not determine the probability of organized crime violence taking place in the first place. The results suggest that caution should be exercised when initiating decentralization reforms in the context of local capture and organized crime violence.

This dataset contains the predicted prices of the asset Decentralization is a Process over the next 16 years. This data is calculated initially using a default 5 percent annual growth rate, and after page load, it features a sliding scale component where the user can then further adjust the growth rate to their own positive or negative projections. The maximum positive adjustable growth rate is 100 percent, and the minimum adjustable growth rate is -100 percent.

Abstract In research about state and public administration, it is common to perform an analysis of its structure, function, form and type. However, on some occasions, these general categories do not reveal the distribution of attributions or real power in their different territorial levels. This report, through a historical-institutional review of the last 50 years in South American countries, proposes the existence of characteristic power structures that remain in time with gradual changes that maintains the essence of its historical origin and, others that are formed as a result of disruptive changes that modify the dominant paradigms. The existence of these structures shows three characteristic types that are called compound, integrated and simple.

These are the replication data and analysis file for the article "Does decentralisation turn minority parties into secessionists? Insights from Eastern and Western Europe" by Edina Szöcsik and Christina Isabel Zuber

In this world, just those countries have survived and contended with challenges which have a quality and sound training framework. The nature of training relies upon use of labor and inspiration level of organization and educators. The education system throughout the world has been changed by the passage of time. Unfortunately, Pakistan government not gives proper attention to the education sector. After the creation of fifty-four years of Pakistan the decentralization education system introduced by the military government and some power has been devolved to at local level. This study conducted in district Lodhran (Punjab). The qualitative study method and convenient sampling technique was used to get the data. The present study main aim to know how decentralization education system affects the teacher and school performance and what role of the politician is negative or positive. Finally, in conclusion putting some suggestions that how to make the performance of teachers fruitful for education system and how local representatives play their positive role to provide the standard education to people.

This dataset contains the predicted prices of the asset Decentralization obligatory, practicality essential over the next 16 years. This data is calculated initially using a default 5 percent annual growth rate, and after page load, it features a sliding scale component where the user can then further adjust the growth rate to their own positive or negative projections. The maximum positive adjustable growth rate is 100 percent, and the minimum adjustable growth rate is -100 percent.

I rely on data from 31,754 electoral districts in the United States from 1834 until 2016 to explore how the nationalization of politics occurs within districts. I argue that in the early stages of the American democracy local concerns were more prominent in the distant districts from the capital city than in the nearby districts, and therefore the number of parties was greater in the former than in the latter. However, these differences vanished after the New Deal, when authority was centralized. Nationalization reduced the number of parties everywhere, but above all in the most distant district from Washington, D.C.

The decentralized solutions market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for enhanced data security, improved transparency, and greater efficiency across various sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by the rising adoption of blockchain technology, which underpins many decentralized applications (dApps). This technology offers inherent security features, reducing reliance on centralized authorities and minimizing single points of failure. Furthermore, the growing awareness of data privacy concerns and the desire for greater user control over personal information are contributing significantly to the market's expansion. The integration of decentralized solutions into existing infrastructure is also a major driver, offering seamless transitions and scalability for businesses. While challenges remain, such as regulatory uncertainty and the need for improved interoperability between different decentralized systems, the overall market trajectory indicates strong future growth. The forecast period (2025-2033) is expected to witness substantial market expansion, propelled by continued technological advancements and wider industry adoption. Specific segments benefiting from decentralization include supply chain management, healthcare (with applications like secure data sharing and clinical trials management), finance (DeFi applications), and voting systems. Leading companies such as Microsoft (with its Azure Blockchain Service), Medidata (in clinical trials), and others are actively involved in developing and implementing decentralized solutions, signifying a strong commitment to this emerging technology. While the current market size is unavailable, assuming a CAGR of 25% (a reasonable estimate for a rapidly developing technology sector) and a 2025 market value of $5 billion, we can project significant growth over the forecast period. Geographic expansion will also be a key factor, with North America and Europe expected to maintain strong market shares, followed by increasing adoption in Asia-Pacific and other regions.

Decentralization is argued to create incentives for local and regional politicians to be more responsive and accountable to their constituents, but few studies have directly tested this claim. We use survey data from Colombia to examine individual-level evaluations of the degree to which decentralization prompts citizens to view department government as more accountable. We estimate the effect of administrative, fiscal, and political decentralization, controlling for participation, political knowledge, confidence in government, education, and income on perceptions of accountability. Our results indicate that administrative and fiscal decentralization improve perceptions of accountability, while political decentralization does not.

With the introduction of bitcoin, the world got not just a new currency, it also got evidence that a decentralized control structure could work in practice for institutional governance. This Commentary discusses the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized control structures by examining the features of the bitcoin payment system. We show that while the decentralized nature of the Bitcoin network democratizes payments, it is not obvious that the approach increases the equity or efficiency of markets or that the costs of the decentralized control structure won’t outweigh the benefits in the long run.

Decentralized Energy Data Marketplace Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Decentralized Energy Data Marketplace market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting robust growth driven by digitalization and the proliferation of distributed energy resources. The market is expected to expand at a strong CAGR of 23.6% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted market size of USD 11.86 billion by 2033. This surge is fueled by increasing demand for real-time, transparent, and secure energy data exchanges, as well as the integration of blockchain and advanced analytics into energy systems.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the Decentralized Energy Data Marketplace is the accelerating adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage. As more consumers and businesses deploy these assets, the complexity of energy flows and transactions has increased, necessitating advanced platforms for seamless data sharing. Decentralized energy data platforms enable real-time visibility and secure data exchanges, which are critical for balancing supply and demand, optimizing grid operations, and facilitating peer-to-peer energy trading. The decentralization trend, coupled with regulatory support for grid modernization and renewable integration, is further amplifying the need for robust data marketplaces that can handle vast volumes of diverse energy data.

Another significant driver is the rapid advancement of digital technologies, particularly blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), within the energy sector. Blockchain technology, in particular, offers tamper-proof data records and automated smart contracts, which enhance trust and transparency among market participants. AI and IoT devices generate and process granular consumption, generation, and grid data, enabling predictive analytics and automated decision-making. These technologies collectively foster a more efficient and resilient energy ecosystem, where decentralized data marketplaces act as the backbone for data monetization, grid management, and real-time energy trading. The synergy between digitalization and decentralization is expected to unlock new business models and revenue streams, driving sustained market growth.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on energy democratization and consumer empowerment is reshaping the landscape of the Decentralized Energy Data Marketplace. Consumers are no longer passive energy users but active participants who generate, store, and trade energy. This shift necessitates transparent and accessible platforms where diverse stakeholders—utilities, producers, prosumers, and aggregators—can securely exchange data and value. Regulatory frameworks in regions such as Europe and North America are increasingly mandating open data access and interoperability standards, further accelerating market adoption. The convergence of policy support, technological innovation, and changing consumer behavior is creating a fertile environment for the proliferation of decentralized energy data platforms.

Regionally, Europe has emerged as the frontrunner in the Decentralized Energy Data Marketplace, accounting for approximately 38% of the global market share in 2024. This leadership is attributed to progressive regulatory mandates, high renewable penetration, and strong investments in digital grid infrastructure. North America follows closely, driven by a mature energy sector and early adoption of blockchain-based energy solutions. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing the fastest growth, propelled by rapid urbanization, expansion of smart grids, and government initiatives to boost renewable integration. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing decentralized energy data solutions, albeit from a smaller base, as they invest in grid modernization and distributed energy projects.

Platform Analysis

The platform segment constitutes the technological foundation of the Decentr

The article discusses the decentralization and regionalization of the Spanish health system from 1980 to 2012. Considering the historical institutionalism approach, the study analyzed the trajectory, characteristics and conditions of these processes, in broader the context of democratization and reform of the State. The results suggest different degrees of power between the central and subnational governments in the political, administrative and fiscal/financial dimension. It is concluded that the return to democracy, the regionalist pressures, the politicalterritorial decentralization and the antecedent of the health system were the main factors that influenced the configuration of the health system in Spain.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the impact of decentralization on the recruiting standards for the position of municipal health secretary, aiming to understand the extent to which local power has been democratized, as a consequence of the Unified Health System (SUS) implementation. Municipal health secretaries all over the country answered a questionnaire at two different times in the decentralization process - 1996 and 2006 - achieving representative results. The goal was to collect data about their socioeconomic, professional profile, political trajectory and public life. Results show that there are more women, brown (‘pardos’) and low-income people holding the position, and that the qualification of municipal health secretary improved in the period between the two surveys. However, this does not apply to the larger cities and more developed regions, where competition for this position has led to a recruiting standard that combines high levels of professionalism with restricted access for disadvantaged groups. We also found that municipal health secretary are now more politically engaged in manager’s associations than in their previous insertion in civil society networks.

This dataset contains the predicted prices of the asset Evolving Neural Decentralization over the next 16 years. This data is calculated initially using a default 5 percent annual growth rate, and after page load, it features a sliding scale component where the user can then further adjust the growth rate to their own positive or negative projections. The maximum positive adjustable growth rate is 100 percent, and the minimum adjustable growth rate is -100 percent.

Allows for replication of three models presented in Table 1: Cross-Sectional Time-Series-Forced Generalized Least Squares Models of the Share of the Vote Won by Regional Parties in National Elections in Italy, 1946–2008. Dependent variable is share of the vote won by regional parties in Italian National Elections. Key independent variable is whether the Italian region was decentralized at the time of the election.