The household budget survey (HBS) focuses on consumption expenditure behaviors of households residing in Italy. Such survey has replaced the old one. As deep changes have been introduced in every stage of the process, no comparison can be made using data prior to 2014. The survey deals with all expenditures incurred by the families to purchase goods and services for family consumption or to make gifts to people outside the family. That definition also includes goods coming from their own vegetable garden or farm directly consumed by the family (self-consumption) or donated, the goods and services provided by the employer to employees for wages or services, imputed rent of owner-occupied housings or dwellings provided without charge. Any other expenditure for purposes other than consumption is excluded from the survey. The collection of the expenditures is accompanied by the collection of the main socio-economic characteristics of the individuals within the family. The survey is conducted with two different techniques used in the three phases of data collection: an initial CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing) interview, through which the characteristics of the household and the dwelling, as well as some periodic housing expenditures, are recorded; the self-completion daily expenditure records, on which the family takes note of food, goods and services expenses for a period of 14 days; a final CAPI interview to collect other less frequent or exceptional family expenses. The observed phenomena include: - Socio-demographic information - Characteristics of the dwelling in which the family lives and other family owned dwellings - Means of transport and communication - Spending habits - Housing expenditures - Expenses over the past 12 months - Expenses over the last 3 months - Expenses over the last month - Personal or business travels The survey records expenditures with very different reference periods. The calculation of total expenditure therefore requires a time standardization of the collected data, i.e. a common reference period (the month), so that all the costs can be added up together. The survey also represents the basis for the official estimates of absolute and relative poverty in Italy. 15.013 families. Two-stage stratified random sample self-administered questionnaire Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

Key Table Information.Table Title.Annual Business Survey: Statistics for Employer Firms by Veteran Status for the U.S.: 2022.Table ID.ABSCS2022.AB00MYCSA01D.Survey/Program.Economic Surveys.Year.2022.Dataset.ECNSVY Annual Business Survey Company Summary.Release Date.2024-12-19.Release Schedule.The Annual Business Survey (ABS) occurs every year, beginning in reference year 2017.For more information about ABS planned data product releases, see Tentative ABS Schedule..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of employer firms that are in operation for at least some part of the reference year, are located in one of the 50 U.S. states, associated offshore areas, or the District of Columbia, have paid employees and annual receipts of $1,000 or more, and are classified in one of nineteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), except for NAICS 111, 112, 482, 491, 521, 525, 813, 814, and 92 which are not covered..Sponsor.National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, U.S. National Science Foundation.Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of employer firms (firms with paid employees)Sales and receipts of employer firms (reported in $1,000s of dollars)Number of employees (during the March 12 pay period)Annual payroll (reported in $1,000s of dollars)These data are aggregated by the following demographic classifications of firm for:All firms Classifiable (firms classifiable by sex, ethnicity, race, and veteran status) Veteran Status (defined as having served in any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces) Veteran Equally veteran/nonveteran Nonveteran Unclassifiable (firms not classifiable by sex, ethnicity, race, and veteran status) Definitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the ABS are employer companies or firms rather than establishments. A company or firm is comprised of one or more in-scope establishments that operate under the ownership or control of a single organization..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for the U.S. only.For information about geographies, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown for the total of all sectors ("00") NAICS code. Sector "00" is not an official NAICS sector but is rather a way to indicate a total for multiple sectors. Note: Other programs outside of ABS may use sector 00 to indicate when multiple NAICS sectors are being displayed within the same table and/or dataset.The following are excluded from the total of all sectors:Crop and Animal Production (NAICS 111 and 112)Rail Transportation (NAICS 482)Postal Service (NAICS 491)Monetary Authorities-Central Bank (NAICS 521)Funds, Trusts, and Other Financial Vehicles (NAICS 525)Office of Notaries (NAICS 541120)Religious, Grantmaking, Civic, Professional, and Similar Organizations (NAICS 813)Private Households (NAICS 814)Public Administration (NAICS 92)For information about NAICS, see North American Industry Classification System..Sampling.The ABS sample includes firms that are selected with certainty if they have known research and development activities, were included in the 2022 BERD sample, or have high receipts, payroll, or employment. Total sample size is 850,000 firms. The universe is stratified by state, industry group, and expected demographic group. Firms selected to the sample receive a questionnaire. For all data on this table, firms not selected into the sample are represented with administrative, 2022 Economic Census, or other economic surveys records.For more information about the sample design, see Annual Business Survey Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. P-7504866, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY24-0351).To protect confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses cell values to minimize the risk of identifying a particular business' data or identity.To comply with data quality standards, data rows with high relative standard errors (RSE) are not presented. Additionally, firm counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. More information on disclosure avoidance is available in the Annual Business Survey Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, and more, see Technical Documentation..Weights.For more information about weighting, see Annual Business Survey Methodology..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/abs/data/2022/.API Information.Annual Business Survey (ABS) data are housed in the Census Bureau Application Programming Interface (API)..Symbols.D - Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual c...

This dataset presents information about total income distribution. The data covers the financial year of 2017-2018, and is based on Statistical Area Level 3 (SA3) according to the 2016 edition of the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). Total Income is the sum of all reported income derived from Employee income, Own unincorporated business, Superannuation, Investments and Other income. Total income does not include the non-lodger population. Government pensions, benefits or allowances are excluded from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) income data and do not appear in Other income or Total income. Pension recipients can fall below the income threshold that necessitates them lodging a tax return, or they may only receive tax free pensions or allowances. Hence they will be missing from the personal income tax data set. Recent estimates from the ABS Survey of Income and Housing (which records Government pensions and allowances) suggest that this component can account for between 9% to 11% of Total income. All monetary values are presented as gross pre-tax dollars, as far as possible. This means they reflect income before deductions and loses, and before any taxation or levies (e.g. the Medicare levy or the temporary budget repair levy) are applied. The amounts shown are nominal, they have not been adjusted for inflation. The income presented in this release has been categorised into income types, these categories have been devised by the ABS to closely align to ABS definitions of income. The statistics in this release are compiled from the Linked Employer Employee Dataset (LEED), a cross-sectional database based on administrative data from the Australian taxation system. The LEED includes more than 120 million tax records over seven consecutive years between 2011-12 and 2017-18. Please note: All personal income tax statistics included in LEED were provided in de-identified form with no home address or date of birth. Addresses were coded to the ASGS and date of birth was converted to an age at 30 June of the reference year prior to data provision.

AbstractTaxation Statistics 2014-15 is a continental dataset providing an overview of the income and tax status of Australian individuals, companies, partnerships, trusts and funds for the 2014-15 financial year.The dataset was compiled for the annual publication, Taxation Statistics, the ATO’s key statistical report. It provides a comprehensive statistical summary of information taxpayers report to the ATO.The income tax returns of individuals, companies, super funds, partnerships and trusts.Annual returns for fringe benefits tax (FBT) and goods and services tax (GST).Business activity statements (BAS) and instalment activity statements (IAS).Schedules for rental properties, capital gains tax (CGT) and international dealings.Superannuation member contribution statements (MCS).Other information reported to the ATO in relation to excise, the pay as you go (PAYG) system, and charitable institutions.Previous versions of this dataset are available on the Australian Government open government data portal data.gov.auCurrencyDate Published: 28 March 2017Date Updated: 12 June 2024Modification Frequency: As neededData ExtentGeocentric Datum of Australia 1994 (GDA94)Spatial ExtentNorth: -9.1°South: -43.6°East: 159.1°West: 96.8°Source InformationData and Metadata are available from Taxation Statistics 2014-15 - Dataset - data.gov.auThe data was obtained from the Australian Taxation Office.Catalog Entry: Taxation Statistics 2014-15 - Dataset - Data.gov.auLineage StatementThis layer was put together using two datasets. Australian taxation and income data provided by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), was joined to the 2011 Postal Areas shapefile provided by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).Postal AreasPostal Areas (POA) are an ABS Mesh Block approximation of a general definition of postcodes. They enable comparison of ABS data with other data collected using postcodes as the geographic reference. ABS approximations of administrative boundaries do not match official legal boundaries exactly and should only be used for statistical purposes.Data and geography referencesSource data publication:Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 3 - Non ABS Structures, July 2011Further information: Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 3 - Non ABS Structures, July 2011 – Explanatory NotesSource: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)Data PreparationThe CSV was joined to the POA geographies using the 4 digit postcode. For the CSV, it was exported as a file geodatabase and a new field assigned where postcodes were entered as text data to maintain the leading zeroes. The new text postcode field was then joined to the ABS POA_Name field.All data manipulations, joins, and spatial operations were performed using ArcGIS Pro 3.4.3.Data dictionaryAttribute nameDescriptionAREA_SQKMThe area in square kilometres of the postcodeCount taxable income or lossThe number of individuals reporting taxable income or loss in the postcodeAverage taxable income or lossThe average taxable income or loss of the postcodeMedian taxable income or lossThe median taxable income or loss of the postcodeCount of salary or wagesThe number of individuals reporting salary or wages in the postcodeAverage salary and wagesThe average salary or wages of the postcodeMedian salary and wagesThe median salary or wages of the postcodeCount net rentThe number of individuals reporting net rent in the postcodeAverage net rentThe average net rent in the postcodeMedian net rentThe median net rent in the postcodeCount total income or lossThe number of individuals reporting total income or loss in the postcodeAverage total income or lossThe average total income or loss of the postcodeMedian total income or lossThe median total income or loss of the postcodeCount total deductionsCount of individuals reporting total deductions in the postcodeAverage total deductionsThe average total deductions of the postcodeMedian total deductionsThe median total deductions of the postcodeCount total business incomeThe number of individuals reporting business income in the postcodeAverage total business incomeThe average total business income in the postcodeMedian total business incomeThe median total business income in the postcodeCount total business expensesThe number of individuals reporting business expenses in the postcodeAverage total business expensesThe average business expenses in the postcodeMedian total business expensesThe median business expenses in the postcodeCount net taxThe number of individuals with net tax in the postcodeAverage net taxThe average net tax in the postcodeMedian net taxThe median net tax in the postcodeCount super total accounts balanceThe total number of super accounts in the postcodeAverage super total accounts balanceThe average balance of super accounts in the postcodeMedian super total accounts balanceThe median balance of super accounts in the postcodePostcodesThe postcode affiliated with that areaSHAPE_LengthLength of polygon outlineSHAPE_AreaArea of the polygon.ContactAustralian Taxation Office, taxstats@ato.gov.au

The household budget survey (HBS) focuses on consumption expenditure behaviors of households residing in Italy. Such survey has replaced the old one. As deep changes have been introduced in every stage of the process, no comparison can be made using data prior to 2014. The survey deals with all expenditures incurred by the families to purchase goods and services for family consumption or to make gifts to people outside the family. That definition also includes goods coming from their own vegetable garden or farm directly consumed by the family (self-consumption) or donated, the goods and services provided by the employer to employees for wages or services, imputed rent of owner-occupied housings or dwellings provided without charge. Any other expenditure for purposes other than consumption is excluded from the survey. The collection of the expenditures is accompanied by the collection of the main socio-economic characteristics of the individuals within the family. The survey is conducted with two different techniques used in the three phases of data collection: an initial CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing) interview, through which the characteristics of the household and the dwelling, as well as some periodic housing expenditures, are recorded; the self-completion daily expenditure records, on which the family takes note of food, goods and services expenses for a period of 14 days; a final CAPI interview to collect other less frequent or exceptional family expenses. The observed phenomena include: - Socio-demographic information - Characteristics of the dwelling in which the family lives and other family owned dwellings - Means of transport and communication - Spending habits - Housing expenditures - Expenses over the past 12 months - Expenses over the last 3 months - Expenses over the last month - Personal or business travels The survey records expenditures with very different reference periods. The calculation of total expenditure therefore requires a time standardization of the collected data, i.e. a common reference period (the month), so that all the costs can be added up together. The survey also represents the basis for the official estimates of absolute and relative poverty in Italy. 15.409 families. Two-stage stratified random sample self-administered questionnaire Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

Release Date: 2017-07-13.[NOTE: Includes firms with payroll at any time during 2015. Employment reflects the number of paid employees during the March 12 pay period. Data are based on Census administrative records, and the estimates of business ownership by gender, ethnicity, race, and veteran status are from the 2015 Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs. Detail may not add to total due to rounding or because a Hispanic firm may be of any race. Moreover, each owner had the option of selecting more than one race and therefore is included in each race selected. Respondent firms include all firms that responded to the characteristic(s) tabulated in this dataset and reported gender, ethnicity, race, or veteran status or that were publicly held or not classifiable by gender, ethnicity, race, or veteran status. Percentages are for respondent firms only and are not recalculated when the dataset is resorted. Percentages are always based on total reporting (defined above) within a gender, ethnicity, race, veteran status, and/or industry group for the characteristics tabulated in this dataset. Firms with more than one domestic establishment are counted in each geographic area and industry in which they operate, but only once in the U.S. and state totals for all sectors. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see Survey Methodology.]..Table Name. . Statistics for U.S. Employer Firms by Record-keeping for Budgeting and Finance Activities by Sector, Gender, Ethnicity, Race, Veteran Status, and Years in Business for the U.S., States, and Top 50 MSAs: 2015. ..Release Schedule. . This file was released in July 2017.. ..Key Table Information. . These data are related to all other 2015 ASE files.. Refer to the Methodology section of the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs website for additional information.. ..Universe. . The universe for the 2015 Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs (ASE) includes all U.S. firms with paid employees operating during 2015 with receipts of $1,000 or more which are classified in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) sectors 11 through 99, except for NAICS 111, 112, 482, 491, 521, 525, 813, 814, and 92 which are not covered. Firms with more than one domestic establishment are counted in each geographic area and industry in which they operate, but only once in the U.S. total.. In this file, "respondent firms" refers to all firms that reported gender, ethnicity, race, or veteran status for at least one owner or returned a survey form with at least one item completed and were publicly held or not classifiable by gender, ethnicity, race, and veteran status.. ..Geographic Coverage. . The data are shown for:. . United States. States and the District of Columbia. The fifty most populous metropolitan areas. . ..Industry Coverage. . The data are shown for the total of all sectors (00) and the 2-digit NAICS code level.. ..Data Items and Other Identifying Records. . Statistics for U.S. Employer Firms by Record-keeping for Budgeting and Finance Activities by Sector, Gender, Ethnicity, Race, Veteran Status, and Years in Business for the U.S., States, and Top 50 MSAs: 2015 contains data on:. . Number of firms with paid employees. Sales and receipts for firms with paid employees. Number of employees for firms with paid employees. Annual payroll for firms with paid employees. Percent of respondent firms with paid employees. Percent of sales and receipts of respondent firms with paid employees. Percent of number of employees of respondent firms with paid employees. Percent of annual payroll of respondent firms with paid employees. . The data are shown for:. . Gender, ethnicity, race and veteran status of respondent firms. . All firms. Female-owned. Male-owned. Equally male-/female-owned. Hispanic. Equally Hispanic/non-Hispanic. Non-Hispanic. White. Black or African American. American Indian and Alaska Native. Asian. Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. Some other race. Minority. Equally minority/nonminority. Nonminority. Veteran-owned. Equally veteran-/nonveteran-owned. Nonveteran-owned. All firms classifiable by gender, ethnicity, race, and veteran status. Publicly held and other firms not classifiable by gender, ethnicity, race, and veteran status. . . Years in business. . All firms. Firms less than 2 years in business. Firms with 2 to 3 years in business. Firms with 4 to 5 years in business. Firms with 6 to 10 years in business. Firms with 11 to 1...

Key Table Information.Table Title.Wholesale Trade: Gross Margin, Gross Profit, and their Components for Merchant Wholesalers for the U.S.: 2022.Table ID.ECNGRMARGPROF2022.EC2242GRMARGPROF.Survey/Program.Economic Census.Year.2022.Dataset.ECN Sector Statistics Sector 42: Wholesale Trade.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, Sector Statistics.Release Date.2025-07-31.Release Schedule.The Economic Census occurs every five years, in years ending in 2 and 7.The data in this file come from the 2022 Economic Census data files released on a flow basis starting in January 2024 with First Look Statistics. Preliminary U.S. totals released in January 2024 are superseded with final data shown in the releases of later economic census statistics through March 2026.For more information about economic census planned data product releases, see 2022 Economic Census Release Schedule..Dataset Universe.The dataset universe consists of all establishments that are in operation for at least some part of 2022, are located in one of the 50 U.S. states, associated offshore areas, or the District of Columbia, have paid employees, and are classified in one of nineteen in-scope sectors defined by the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)..Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Number of establishmentsSales, value of shipments, or revenue ($1,000)Sales on own account ($1,000)Purchases ($1,000)Total inventories, beginning of year ($1,000)Total inventories, end of year ($1,000)Cost of goods sold ($1,000)Gross margin ($1,000)Gross margin as percent of sales on own account (%)Commissions received for sales made on the account of others ($1,000)Operating expenses ($1,000)Gross profit ($1,000)Gross profit as percent of total sales (%)Definitions can be found by clicking on the column header in the table or by accessing the Economic Census Glossary..Unit(s) of Observation.The reporting units for the economic census are employer establishments. An establishment is generally a single physical location where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed. A company or firm is comprised of one or more in-scope establishments that operate under the ownership or control of a single organization. For some industries, the reporting units are instead groups of all establishments in the same industry belonging to the same firm..Geography Coverage.The data are shown for the U.S. level only. For information about economic census geographies, including changes for 2022, see Geographies..Industry Coverage.The data are shown at the 2- through 7-digit and selected 8-digit 2022 NAICS code levels where type of operation is Merchant wholesalers, except manufacturers’ sales branches and offices. For information about NAICS, see Economic Census Code Lists..Business Characteristics.For Wholesale Trade (42), data are presented by Type of Operation (Merchant wholesalers, except manufacturers’ sales branches and offices) only..Sampling.The 2022 Economic Census sample includes all active operating establishments of multi-establishment firms and approximately 1.7 million single-establishment firms, stratified by industry and state. Establishments selected to the sample receive a questionnaire. For some data on this table, estimates come only from the establishments selected into the sample. For more information about the sample design, see 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Confidentiality.The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data (Project No. 7504609, Disclosure Review Board (DRB) approval number: CBDRB-FY23-099).To protect confidentiality, the U.S. Census Bureau suppresses cell values to minimize the risk of identifying a particular business’ data or identity.To comply with disclosure avoidance guidelines, data rows with fewer than three contributing firms or three contributing establishments are not presented. Additionally, establishment counts are suppressed when other select statistics in the same row are suppressed. More information on disclosure avoidance is available in the 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Technical Documentation/Methodology.For detailed information about the methods used to collect data and produce statistics, survey questionnaires, Primary Business Activity/NAICS codes, NAPCS codes, and more, see Economic Census Technical Documentation..Weights.For some data on this table, estimates come only from the establishments selected into the sample. For these estimates, selected establishments have sampling weights equal to the inverse of their selection probability, generally between 1 and 40. There is further weighting to account for nonresponse and to ensure that detailed estimates sum to basic statistics where applicable. For more information on weighting, see 2022 Economic Census Methodology..Table Information.FTP Download.https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys...

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The Quarterly Acquisitions and Disposals of Capital Assets Survey (QCAS) is the new name for a more detailed Quarterly Survey of Capital Expenditure (available from the UK Data Archive under Secure Access conditions from SN 6708 (1998-2014). From quarter one 2015, this new survey will collect the value of capital assets bought and sold, which is important information for the UK National Accounts. It is a statutory survey with a stratified random sample of approximately 27,000 businesses selected from the Inter-Departmental Business Register, where the strata are defined by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 2007 and employment size of the business. Results from the survey provide essential information for the UK National Accounts and feed into the compilation of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF). GFCF is a major component of the expenditure measure of UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which shows the total economic activity taking place in the country. It is used to monitor the UK's financial health and prosperity over time and in comparison to other countries. The main reasons for the changes to the survey are to move to the updated European System of Accounts (ESA) 2010 manual, the international guidance for national accounts. Several presentational issues have been addressed but the main changes to the survey are:new questions have been added (increase from 11 to around 30) to improve the quality of estimates and to meet the latest European legislation requirements (ESA 2010) the lower limit of £500 for the value of reported assets has been removed, so all relevant assets (even those below businesses’ Asset Register threshold) should be reported small tools used in production have been included within the definition of GFCFimprovements have been made to the questionnaire’s layout with new sections and headings, designed to make completing the questionnaire easier The data from the new questions will not be included in estimates of GFCF and its components until 2017, when 2 years of data will be available for quality assurance. Linking to other business studies These data contain Inter-Departmental Business Register reference numbers. These are anonymous but unique reference numbers assigned to business organisations. Their inclusion allows researchers to combine different business survey sources together. Researchers may consider applying for other business data to assist their research. For the third edition (April 2020), data for quarter 2, 2016 to quarter 1, 2020 have been added, along with a data dictionary covering the same time period.

Abstract

The survey was conducted in Ghana between December 2012 and July 2014 as part of the Africa Enterprise Survey 2013 roll-out, an initiative of the World Bank. The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

Data from 720 establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses. The data was collected using face-to-face interviews.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs and labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90 percent of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

The primary sampling unit of the study is an establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural private economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors. Companies with 100% government ownership are not eligible to participate in the Enterprise Surveys.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample for Ghana was selected using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in this country: firm sector, firm size, and geographic region.

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into four manufacturing industries (food, textiles and garments, chemicals and plastics, other manufacturing) and two service sectors (retail and other services).

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees).

Regional stratification for the Ghana ES was defined in four regions: Accra, North (Kumasi and Tamale), Takoradi, and Tema.

For the Ghana ES, several sample frames were used. The first was supplied by the World Bank and consists of enterprises interviewed in Ghana 2007. The World Bank required that attempts should be made to re-interview establishments responding to the Ghana 2007 survey where they were within the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. Due to the fact that the previous round of surveys seemed to have utilized different stratification criteria (or no stratification at all) and due to the prevalence of small firms and firms located in the capital city in the 2007 sample the following convention was used. The presence of panel firms was limited to a maximum of 50% of the achieved interviews in each cell. That sample is referred to as the Panel.

The second frame was constructed using different lists acquired from relevant institutions in Ghana. The main lists used were obtained from the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS). These include: 1) The 2012 Firm Registry. The registry lacked information on firm employee size. 2) The list of firms paying VAT. The VAT dataset included a variable on firms; turnover. The VAT dataset and Firm Registry were merged by using the firms' identification number (TIN). VAT information was not available for all firms in the Firm Registry. 3) The list of Large Tax Payers. The Large Tax Payers file also lacked information on firm employee size.

Since firm size was missing from all lists mentioned above, after having discussed with GSS and with the local contractor the following methods were used to predict firm size. - All firms who were in the Firm Registry but not in the VAT dataset were considered to be micro firms and therefore not use in the current survey. - Firms who were in the Firm Registry and in the VAT dataset were considered to be small firms. - Firms in the Large Tax Payers dataset were considered medium or large firms. The original design was divided into two size groups: small firms and medium and large firms.

During fieldwork the GSS lists proved to be very inaccurate and not sufficient to reach the target sample design, As such they were complemented with additional lists of firms from the Ghana Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Business Associations. The list from the Ghana Chamber of Commerce lacked information on firm employee size or firm turnover. Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 1.3% (26 out of 1,990 establishments).

Finally, a block enumeration was also undertaken in order to build an additional list. The block enumeration allowed to physically creating a list of establishments from which to sample from. A total of 41 blocks were enumerated in the four locations included in the project out of the total 804 blocks identified. The enumeration was conducted without major problems in the time planned. The list of enumerated firms contained 958 records eligible for main Enterprise Survey.

Note: Unlike the standard ES, the universe for the Ghana ES is characterized by the presence of 5 size categories. The category medium&large was added as stratum in order to sample from the GSS large payers list, while the category "unknow size" was included in order to sample the firms in the Chamber of Commerce and Industry list.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments are available: - Manufacturing Module Questionnaire - Services Module Questionnaire

The survey is fielded via manufacturing or services questionnaires in order not to ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

There is a skip pattern in the Service Module Questionnaire for questions that apply only to retail firms.

Cleaning operations

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate

Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies: a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect "Refusal to respond" (-8) as a different option from "Don't know" (-9). b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary.

Survey non-response was addressed by maximizing efforts to contact establishments that were initially selected for interview. Attempts were made to contact the establishment for interview at different times/days of the week before a replacement establishment (with similar strata characteristics) was suggested for interview. Survey non-response did occur but substitutions were made in order to potentially achieve

CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data was reported at 58.372 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 57.863 % for 2021. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data is updated yearly, averaging 58.117 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2022, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.588 % in 2008 and a record low of 26.729 % in 1991. CN: Business Enterprise Researchers: % of National Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.

CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data was reported at 11.148 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 9.205 % for 2021. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 8.624 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.409 % in 2005 and a record low of -9.143 % in 1998. CN: Total R&D Personnel: Compound Annual Growth Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Number of Researchers and Personnel on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.

The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.

The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.

From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher. Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of “scientist and engineer”.

In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.

Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.

Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.