United States - Deflation was 0.00000 Probability in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Deflation reached a record high of 0.89073 in January of 2009 and a record low of 0.00000 in January of 1997. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Deflation - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on December of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Deflation Probability (STLPPMDEF) from Jan 1990 to Sep 2025 about inflation and USA.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items (CPIAUCSL) is a price index of a basket of goods and services paid by urban consumers. Percent changes in the price index measure the inflation rate between any two time periods. The most common inflation metric is the percent change from one year ago. It can also represent the buying habits of urban consumers. This particular index includes roughly 88 percent of the total population, accounting for wage earners, clerical workers, technical workers, self-employed, short-term workers, unemployed, retirees, and those not in the labor force.

The CPIs are based on prices for food, clothing, shelter, and fuels; transportation fares; service fees (e.g., water and sewer service); and sales taxes. Prices are collected monthly from about 4,000 housing units and approximately 26,000 retail establishments across 87 urban areas. To calculate the index, price changes are averaged with weights representing their importance in the spending of the particular group. The index measures price changes (as a percent change) from a predetermined reference date. In addition to the original unadjusted index distributed, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also releases a seasonally adjusted index. The unadjusted series reflects all factors that may influence a change in prices. However, it can be very useful to look at the seasonally adjusted CPI, which removes the effects of seasonal changes, such as weather, school year, production cycles, and holidays.

The CPI can be used to recognize periods of inflation and deflation. Significant increases in the CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of inflation, and significant decreases in CPI within a short time frame might indicate a period of deflation. However, because the CPI includes volatile food and oil prices, it might not be a reliable measure of inflationary and deflationary periods. For a more accurate detection, the core CPI (CPILFESL (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPILFESL)) is often used. When using the CPI, please note that it is not applicable to all consumers and should not be used to determine relative living costs. Additionally, the CPI is a statistical measure vulnerable to sampling error since it is based on a sample of prices and not the complete average.

For more information on the CPI, see the Handbook of Methods (https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/cpi/), the release notes and announcements (https://www.bls.gov/cpi/), and the Frequently Asked Questions (https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm) (FAQs).

Index Time Series for Quadratic Deflation ETF. The frequency of the observation is daily. Moving average series are also typically included. The fund invests in Treasuries of various maturities directly or through other exchange-traded funds that invest in Treasuries. The "option strategies" used by the fund are options strategies of various maturities that are tied to the shape of the U.S. interest rate swap curve and structured to limit the loss to the fund and include long options, long spreads and butterflies. The fund is non-diversified.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung knüpft insbesondere an die Kölner Dissertation von Bernd Spengler (1982) an, die eine sehr verdienstvolle Aufarbeitung des problematischen statistischen Materials zur Geldmengenveränderung in Deutschland von 1835 bis 1913 leistete. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, ob die von Friedman/Schwartz und ihren Nachfolgern entwickelte monetaristische Analyse und Erklärung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Goldstandard, Goldangebot und säkularem Preisverfall in den Vereinigten Staaten auch auf Deutschland übertragen werden kann (Friedman, M./Schwartz, A.J., 1963: A Monetary History of the United States 1867-1960. Princeton). Nocken entwickelt eine theoretische Argumentation, nach der die deutsche Deflation zwischen den 70er und 90er Jahren auch durch das ungenügende internationale Goldangebot verursacht wurde. Diese theoretische Aussage wird mit ausgewählten Daten aus der Literatur für Deutschland empirisch überprüft. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die langfristigen Statistiken für Deutschland vielleicht ein noch eindeutigeres Bild für die Stützung dieser These aufweisen, als dies für die USA der Fall ist. Themen: Datentabellen in HISTAT: Zeitreihen zur Geldmenge, Preise und Volkseinkommen (1870-1913).

By April 2026, it is projected that there is a probability of ***** percent that the United States will fall into another economic recession. This reflects a significant decrease from the projection of the preceding month.

Tire Deflation Devices Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global tire deflation devices market size reached USD 52.4 million in 2024, reflecting robust demand across law enforcement, military, and commercial sectors. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 95.7 million by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by increasing security concerns, the rising need for non-lethal vehicle immobilization solutions, and technological advancements in tire deflation device design and deployment.

A primary growth factor for the tire deflation devices market is the escalating emphasis on public safety and the need for effective vehicle interception tools among law enforcement agencies worldwide. Incidents involving high-speed chases have become more frequent, necessitating reliable and safe solutions to immobilize suspect vehicles without causing collateral damage or risking civilian lives. Modern tire deflation devices, such as spike strips and remote-controlled units, offer law enforcement officers a tactical edge, enabling them to stop vehicles swiftly and efficiently. The integration of advanced materials and remote deployment capabilities has further enhanced the operational effectiveness of these devices, making them indispensable tools for police and security operations. As governments continue to prioritize public safety and invest in law enforcement modernization, the demand for advanced tire deflation devices is expected to increase significantly.

Another key driver is the growing adoption of tire deflation devices in the military and border security sectors. Military agencies and border patrol units are increasingly utilizing these devices to prevent unauthorized vehicle crossings, safeguard sensitive installations, and enhance perimeter security. The versatility of tire deflation devices allows for their deployment in diverse scenarios, ranging from routine checkpoint operations to high-risk military engagements. Additionally, the rising concerns over cross-border smuggling, illegal immigration, and terrorism have prompted governments to strengthen their border security measures, further boosting the demand for robust and reliable tire deflation solutions. The continuous development of portable, durable, and rapidly deployable devices is also contributing to broader market adoption in these sectors.

Technological innovation is another crucial factor propelling market growth. Manufacturers are focusing on the development of next-generation tire deflation devices that offer improved safety, ease of use, and effectiveness. Remote-controlled and automated deployment mechanisms, lightweight and high-strength construction materials, and integration with surveillance and communication systems are some of the trends shaping the market. These advancements not only enhance device performance but also reduce the risk to operators during deployment. The increasing availability of such technologically advanced products is expected to attract new end-users from commercial security firms and critical infrastructure operators, thereby expanding the market’s reach and application scope.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the tire deflation devices market, driven by substantial investments in law enforcement and border security infrastructure. The United States, in particular, accounts for a significant share of global demand, supported by robust government funding and a high incidence of vehicle-related criminal activities. Europe follows closely, with countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France actively deploying these devices in both urban and rural areas. The Asia Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth, fueled by rising security concerns and increasing government expenditure on public safety. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging markets, characterized by growing awareness and gradual adoption of tire deflation technologies. Regional market dynamics are expected to evolve as local security challenges and regulatory frameworks continue to shape demand patterns.

Tire Deflation Roadway Modules Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Tire Deflation Roadway Modules market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $2.5 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 8.4% during 2024–2033. This robust growth trajectory is primarily driven by the escalating need for advanced vehicular threat mitigation solutions among law enforcement, military, and border security agencies worldwide. The increased frequency of high-speed vehicle pursuits, rising cross-border smuggling activities, and heightened concerns over vehicular terrorism have collectively underscored the importance of deploying effective tire deflation systems. Additionally, ongoing technological advancements in remote-controlled and automated modules are further fueling market expansion by enhancing operational safety and efficiency.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share of the global Tire Deflation Roadway Modules market, accounting for approximately 38% of the total revenue in 2024. The dominance of this region can be attributed to its mature law enforcement infrastructure, high adoption rate of advanced security technologies, and strong governmental emphasis on public safety. The United States, in particular, has been at the forefront, consistently investing in research and development to introduce innovative solutions such as remote-controlled and automated modules. Stringent regulatory mandates and frequent vehicular threats have further necessitated the widespread deployment of these modules across highways, border checkpoints, and sensitive installations. Additionally, the presence of leading manufacturers and solution providers in North America has facilitated the rapid commercialization and deployment of cutting-edge tire deflation technologies.

Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region in the Tire Deflation Roadway Modules market, projected to register a CAGR of 10.2% from 2024 to 2033. This rapid growth is primarily driven by substantial investments in border security, urban safety initiatives, and military modernization programs across countries such as China, India, and Japan. The rising incidence of cross-border smuggling and the need to manage increasingly congested urban roadways have prompted governments to adopt advanced vehicular control mechanisms. Furthermore, the influx of international players and increasing local manufacturing capabilities are enabling the region to bridge technology gaps and offer cost-effective solutions. Strategic collaborations between regional governments and global security solution providers are also accelerating technology transfer and deployment, thereby boosting market growth in Asia Pacific.

In emerging economies across Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, the adoption of tire deflation roadway modules is gaining momentum, albeit at a relatively slower pace. These regions are characterized by unique challenges such as limited budget allocations, lack of standardized deployment protocols, and infrastructural constraints. However, localized demand is on the rise due to growing concerns over vehicle-borne crimes, illicit trafficking, and the need to secure critical public infrastructure. Policy reforms and international aid programs aimed at enhancing law enforcement capabilities are gradually fostering market penetration. Nevertheless, the variability in procurement cycles and the need for tailored solutions to address region-specific threats continue to pose adoption challenges, necessitating a more nuanced approach from both vendors and policymakers.

Report Scope

Tire Deflation Roadway Modules Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global tire deflation roadway modules market size reached USD 1.21 billion in 2024, driven by rising security concerns and the growing need for effective vehicle immobilization solutions. The market is expanding at a robust CAGR of 6.8% and is forecasted to reach USD 2.16 billion by 2033. Key growth factors include increased adoption by law enforcement and military agencies, technological advancements in product design, and heightened focus on border security and public safety.

One of the primary growth drivers for the tire deflation roadway modules market is the escalating demand for advanced vehicular threat mitigation tools among law enforcement agencies worldwide. With the surge in high-speed pursuits, vehicle-borne threats, and the need for non-lethal intervention, police departments and security forces are increasingly investing in innovative tire deflation solutions. These modules ensure rapid and safe immobilization of vehicles, minimizing collateral damage and reducing risks to both officers and civilians. The market is further buoyed by government mandates and funding for public safety infrastructure, which is accelerating procurement cycles and encouraging research and development in this sector.

Technological innovation is another significant catalyst propelling the tire deflation roadway modules market. Manufacturers are focusing on developing modular, reusable, and remotely operated systems that can be deployed swiftly in diverse scenarios. Integration of smart sensors, wireless communication, and automated activation mechanisms is transforming traditional spike strips and barriers into sophisticated, intelligence-driven systems. These advancements not only enhance operational efficiency but also improve officer safety by enabling remote deployment and real-time monitoring. As a result, the market is witnessing increased interest from both established players and new entrants, fostering a competitive landscape that prioritizes product reliability, ease of use, and adaptability.

The global threat landscape, particularly in terms of border security and counter-terrorism, is also fueling demand for tire deflation roadway modules. Border control agencies and military organizations are deploying these systems to prevent unauthorized vehicle crossings, intercept smuggling attempts, and deter potential terrorist activities. In regions with porous borders or heightened geopolitical tensions, these modules serve as critical components of multi-layered security strategies. Their ability to provide a non-lethal, yet highly effective, means of vehicle immobilization makes them indispensable in safeguarding sensitive installations, checkpoints, and critical infrastructure.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the tire deflation roadway modules market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, is a major contributor due to its extensive law enforcement infrastructure and significant investments in homeland security. However, the Asia Pacific region is projected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period, driven by rising security concerns, increasing cross-border activities, and government initiatives to modernize policing and border management systems. Europe, with its focus on counter-terrorism and migration control, is also a key market for advanced tire deflation technologies, while the Middle East and Africa are emerging as potential growth areas due to ongoing security challenges and infrastructure development.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the tire deflation roadway modules market encompasses spike strips, net-based systems, modular barriers, and other innovative solutions. Spike strips remain the most widely adopted product, favored for their simplicity, reliability, and proven effectiveness in rapidly disabling vehicle tires during high-speed pursuits. Law enforcement agencies across the globe have relied on spike strips for decades, and recent enhancements—such as retractable designs and reinforced materials—have further improved their safety and durability. The market for spike strips is expected to maintain steady growth, particularly in regions with high incidences of vehicular crime and pursuits.

Net-based systems represent a

Of the major developed and emerging economies, China was the only one to register deflation at **** percent in September 2025. On the other end of the spectrum, the inflation rate in Russia stood at ***** percent. The country's inflation rate increased sharply after the country's President, Vladimir Putin, decided to invade Ukraine, declined somewhat in 2023, before increasing slowly again since. The rate of inflation reflects changes in the cost of a specified basket containing a representative selection of goods and services. It is derived from the consumer price index (CPI).

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, also known as TIPS, are securities whose principal is tied to the Consumer Price Index. With inflation, the principal increases. With deflation, it decreases. When the security matures, the U.S. Treasury pays the original or adjusted principal, whichever is greater.

Tire Deflation Devices Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global tire deflation devices market size reached USD 54.2 million in 2024, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% projected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of the forecast period, the market is expected to achieve a value of USD 101.3 million, driven by increasing security concerns and the rising adoption of advanced vehicular control measures worldwide. The market’s expansion is primarily attributed to heightened investments in law enforcement and border security, coupled with technological advancements in remote and portable tire deflation solutions.

A significant growth factor for the tire deflation devices market is the escalating global focus on public safety and crime prevention. Law enforcement agencies across developed and developing regions are increasingly deploying tire deflation devices—such as spike strips and remote-controlled systems—to safely and effectively halt fleeing vehicles during high-speed pursuits. The integration of intelligent sensors and rapid deployment mechanisms has enhanced the operational reliability and safety of these devices, making them an essential tool for police departments and border security agencies. Additionally, the surge in criminal activities involving vehicular escapes and cross-border smuggling has further propelled the demand for advanced tire deflation technologies, ensuring that security forces can respond swiftly and decisively in critical situations.

Another key driver is the technological innovation within the tire deflation devices sector. Manufacturers are focusing on the development of portable and remotely controlled devices that offer greater flexibility, ease of use, and reduced risk to operators. These advancements are not only improving the effectiveness of tire deflation systems but are also expanding their applications beyond traditional law enforcement. For instance, private security firms and commercial security providers are increasingly utilizing these devices to protect high-value assets, manage crowd control, and secure sensitive facilities. The growing adoption of tire deflation solutions in commercial security and private enterprise sectors is contributing to the market’s sustained growth trajectory.

Furthermore, the market is benefiting from favorable regulatory frameworks and increased funding for security infrastructure, particularly in regions with heightened geopolitical tensions and cross-border threats. Governments are allocating substantial budgets for the procurement and deployment of advanced tire deflation devices, recognizing their critical role in national security and public order. This trend is especially pronounced in North America and Europe, where ongoing investments in law enforcement modernization and border protection are fueling steady market expansion. Moreover, the proliferation of e-commerce platforms and online retail channels is making tire deflation devices more accessible to a broader range of end-users, further supporting market growth.

Regionally, North America dominates the tire deflation devices market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, has emerged as a key market, driven by robust law enforcement initiatives and the presence of leading manufacturers. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is witnessing the fastest growth, propelled by increasing security concerns, rapid urbanization, and government investments in public safety infrastructure. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady demand, albeit at a more moderate pace, as local authorities and private firms adopt tire deflation technologies to address evolving security challenges.

Product Type Analysis

The tire deflation devices market is segmented by product type into spike strips, remote-controlled deflation devices, portable tire deflation devices, and others. Spike strips remain the most widely used product, accounting for a substantial portion of the market’s revenue in 2024. Their effectiveness, simplicity, and cost-efficiency make them the preferred choice for law enforcement agencies worldwide. Spike strips are designed to puncture vehicle tires rapidly and safely, enabling authorities to bring fleeing vehicles to a controlled stop without endangering personnel or bystanders. The continued reliance on spike strips is supported by ongoing pr

In 2020, the consumer price index (CPI) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was the highest for beverages and tobacco, amounting to nearly ***. Since 2016, the consumer price index for beverages and tobacco has significantly increased from *** to ***. Consumer price index and inflation The consumer price index is an economic indicator that measures the average changes in the price of consumer goods and services over time. The consumer price index helps in identifying periods of inflation and deflation. In 2020, the inflation rate in the Gulf Cooperation Council varied among member states; the United Arab Emirates had a negative inflation rate of *** percent. Inflation in the United Arab Emirates The negative inflation rate in the UAE resulted from consumers' high purchase power due to the low unemployment rate and the government's effectiveness in trade and policy. In 2021, the United Arab Emirates had one of the lowest inflation rates in the world.

Why suffered Germany a crisis of unprecedented scale after a promising stabilization of the Mark in 1923/24 and the subsequent increase, and which factors are linked to the disaster?The study ties in with one of the most controversy in the German economic history of the last decades. In the so-called ‘Borchardt controversy’ the researcher Knut Borchardt questioned the traditional interpretation of the seriousness of the global economic crisis of 1929. The usual interpretation was that the depression and finally the following establishment of the Nazi - regime was due by unforced errors in the economic policies of the last Weimar governments, especially the ‘Brüning deflation policy’. This Keynesian-influenced interpretation was opposed by Borchardts supply side inspired view that even before the global economic crisis the German economy had been sick and that the deflation and a balanced budget policy of Bruning resulted from a dilemma. A central objection to Borchard’s interpretation was the question, why only a year after Bruning´s resignation a dramatic shift to an expansionary monetary and fiscal policies could be initiated. A new interpretation of Brünings deflationary policy is presented in shifting the focal point of criticism of the German economic policy in the period of the ‘Dawes-Plan’. This new focus of criticism leads to a new interpretation of the Borchardt-theses on German’s economic policy in recent years of the Weimar Republic. Germany’s undamped foreign indebtedness since 1924 plays a key role in explaining Germany’s crisis and economic situation between the Dawes-Plan and the transfer stop. The central thesis of the investigation is: “The interdependence between Reparation payments and Germany’s economic trend is the lack of stimulus compatibility of the different reparationregimes. There was no reparation arrangement before the Young Plan fo 1929/30, which gave the German side an incentive for a net transfer of resources. Germany underwent systematical the reparation transfer of the Dawes plan by massive foreign indebtedness. The previous impacts of the German balance of payment by foreign debt contributed causative to the heaviness of Germany’s crisis.” (see: Ritschl, A., 2002: Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur 1924-1934. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, S. 17). In Ritschl’s opinion the reparations has not been disastrous for the German development. But fateful German attempt to deny reparation payments with maneuvers, leads to Germany’s crisis in the interwar period.

Datatables in HISTAT:

A-Tables: Data of the German Empire’s budget and of the public sector as a whole. B-Tables: Draft of a national accounting for the years 1925 to 1938 (social product and it’s components). C-Tables: Quarterly interpolation of further timeseries (e.g. paid employment)

Topics of the Study: - The Empire’s revenues by financial years (Mio. RM) - Job creation bills of exchange and armor bills of exchange by financial years (Mio. RM) - Net borrowing of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM) - Interest payments on the debt of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM) - Expenses, revenues and deficit of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM) - Quarterly revenues and expenses of the German Empire. - Quarterly circulation of job creation bills of exchange. - Estimated quarterly interest and principal payment of the German Empire. - Expenses and revenues of the German Empire by calendar years. - Expenses and revenues of German states and municipalities by financial years. - Expenses and revenues of the public sector by calendar years. - National income 1913 and 1925 to 1938. - Reallocation of the national income. - Aggregated investments. - Balance of payment. - Expenditure side of the social product. - Foreign trade. - Public and privat consum. - Use of social product. - Paid employment.

Territory of investigation: Germany in the borders of Weimar Republic, 1924 – 1934.

Survey Method, used sources: - Unpublished archival sources (Federal Archive in Koblenz und Potsdam, Main-Archive of the German Federal Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank), Archive of the Institute for Contemporary History IfZ, Munich.) - Published sources (files of the Reich Chancellery, AdR; proceedings of the Reichstag, 5th term, vol. 448, 456; Foreign Relations of the United States, FRUS, born 1931) - Official Statistics - Other literature (selected scientific publications).

Why suffered Germany a crisis of unprecedented scale after a promising stabilization of the Mark in 1923/24 and the subsequent increase, and which factors are linked to the disaster?The study ties in with one of the most controversy in the German economic history of the last decades. In the so-called ‘Borchardt controversy’ the researcher Knut Borchardt questioned the traditional interpretation of the seriousness of the global economic crisis of 1929. The usual interpretation was that the depression and finally the following establishment of the Nazi - regime was due by unforced errors in the economic policies of the last Weimar governments, especially the ‘Brüning deflation policy’. This Keynesian-influenced interpretation was opposed by Borchardts supply side inspired view that even before the global economic crisis the German economy had been sick and that the deflation and a balanced budget policy of Bruning resulted from a dilemma. A central objection to Borchard’s interpretation was the question, why only a year after Bruning´s resignation a dramatic shift to an expansionary monetary and fiscal policies could be initiated.A new interpretation of Brünings deflationary policy is presented in shifting the focal point of criticism of the German economic policy in the period of the ‘Dawes-Plan’. This new focus of criticism leads to a new interpretation of the Borchardt-theses on German’s economic policy in recent years of the Weimar Republic. Germany’s undamped foreign indebtedness since 1924 plays a key role in explaining Germany’s crisis and economic situation between the Dawes-Plan and the transfer stop.The central thesis of the investigation is: “The interdependence between Reparation payments and Germany’s economic trend is the lack of stimulus compatibility of the different reparationregimes. There was no reparation arrangement before the Young Plan fo 1929/30, which gave the German side an incentive for a net transfer of resources. Germany underwent systematical the reparation transfer of the Dawes plan by massive foreign indebtedness. The previous impacts of the German balance of payment by foreign debt contributed causative to the heaviness of Germany’s crisis.” (see: Ritschl, A., 2002: Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur 1924-1934. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, S. 17). In Ritschl’s opinion the reparations has not been disastrous for the German development. But fateful German attempt to deny reparation payments with maneuvers, leads to Germany’s crisis in the interwar period. Datatables in HISTAT: A-Tables: Data of the German Empire’s budget and of the public sector as a whole.B-Tables: Draft of a national accounting for the years 1925 to 1938 (social product and it’s components).C-Tables: Quarterly interpolation of further timeseries (e.g. paid employment) Topics of the Study:- The Empire’s revenues by financial years (Mio. RM)- Job creation bills of exchange and armor bills of exchange by financial years (Mio. RM)- Net borrowing of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM)- Interest payments on the debt of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM)- Expenses, revenues and deficit of the German Empire by financial years (Mio. RM)- Quarterly revenues and expenses of the German Empire.- Quarterly circulation of job creation bills of exchange.- Estimated quarterly interest and principal payment of the German Empire.- Expenses and revenues of the German Empire by calendar years.- Expenses and revenues of German states and municipalities by financial years.- Expenses and revenues of the public sector by calendar years.- National income 1913 and 1925 to 1938.- Reallocation of the national income.- Aggregated investments.- Balance of payment.- Expenditure side of the social product.- Foreign trade.- Public and privat consum.- Use of social product.- Paid employment. Territory of investigation: Germany in the borders of Weimar Republic, 1924 – 1934. Survey Method, used sources: - Unpublished archival sources (Federal Archive in Koblenz und Potsdam, Main-Archive of the German Federal Bank (Deutsche Bundesbank), Archive of the Institute for Contemporary History IfZ, Munich.)- Published sources (files of the Reich Chancellery, AdR; proceedings of the Reichstag, 5th term, vol. 448, 456; Foreign Relations of the United States, FRUS, born 1931)- Official Statistics- Other literature (selected scientific publications).

Central topic of the study “The Reichsbank and Public Finance in Germany 1924 – 1933. A Study of the Politics of Economics during the Great Depression“, is the German Reichsbank’s monetary policy in the period from 1924 to 1933. The author, who supports the “revisionist” direction of the researcher Borchardt, identifies the expanding monetary policy of the United States as main reason for Germany’s inflationary symtoms in the second half of the nineteen-twenties. The foreign – mainly American – bonds, connected with the Daws-Agreement of 1924, affected and determined the spending policy of the state. The German Reichsbank had only restricted influence on this development. According to James the Reichsbank conducted a strong and rigid deflation policy under the leadership of the Reichsbank-President Hans Luther during the period of the great crisis. Instead, there has been a remarkable expansion of credits since summer 1931 and after the start of the reparations moratorium, aimed mainly at the promotion of certain private investments and less at job creation programs. In this context the so called “Russian businesses”, i.e. the crediting of export orders from the Soviet Union, have been the most important credit item. In the framework of the Russian businesses 150.000 more jobs had been created and some companies had been kept from closure.

Datatables in HISTAT (Topic: Geld (= Money and Currency, Financial Sector)):

Information on the new version:

Version 2.0.0: Revision date : 01.01.2013.

Table section A: - Change of Table numbering from old version (1.a; 1.b; and 2.0) into A.01.01; A.01.02 and A.02. - Data description of the A-Tables: In case for the German language study-offer the Titles and Variables have been translated into German with mentioning the English Version in brackets.

Table section B: Completely new entered part B; Information: Datatable B.03 is not included into the download-database histat – cross-sectional data, B.03 can be ordered via e-mail (histat@gesis.org).

At the end of 2024, Zimbabwe had the highest inflation rate in the world, at 736.11 percent change compared to the previous year. Inflation in industrialized and in emerging countries Higher inflation rates are more present in less developed economies, as they often lack a sufficient central banking system, which in turn results in the manipulation of currency to achieve short term economic goals. Thus, interest rates increase while the general economic situation remains constant. In more developed economies and in the prime emerging markets, the inflation rate does not fluctuate as sporadically. Additionally, the majority of countries that maintained the lowest inflation rate compared to previous years are primarily oil producers or small island independent states. These countries experienced deflation, which occurs when the inflation rate falls below zero; this may happen for a variety of factors, such as a shift in supply or demand of goods and services, or an outflow of capital.

This statistic shows the total personal income in the United States from 1990 to 2023. The data are in current U.S. dollars not adjusted for inflation or deflation. According to the BEA, personal income is the income that is received by persons from all sources. It is calculated as the sum of wage and salary disbursements, supplements to wages and salaries, proprietors' income with inventory valuation and capital consumption adjustments, rental income of persons with capital consumption adjustment, personal dividend income, personal interest income, and personal current transfer receipts, less contributions for government social insurance. Personal income increased to about 23 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023.Personal income Personal income in the United States has risen steadily over the last decades from 5.07 trillion U.S. dollars in 1991 to 23 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. Personal income includes all earnings including wages, investments, and other sources. Personal income also varied widely across the U.S., where those living in the District of Columbia, on the higher scale, earned an average of 96,873 U.S. dollars per capita and on the lower end of the spectrum, people in Mississippi earned 45,438 U.S. dollars per capita. In the District of Columbia, disposable income averaged some 81,193 U.S. dollars. In total, California earned the most personal income followed by Texas, receiving three trillion U.S. dollars and 1.76 trillion U.S. dollars, respectively. Income tends to vary widely between demographics in the United States. Those with higher education levels tend to earn more money. However, only 25.7 percent of persons with a disability that had a Bachelor's degree or higher were employed in 2020. The Social Security and Supplemental Security Income disability programs provide monetary benefits to the disabled and certain family members.

The statistic shows the growth rate of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, Japan's GDP increased by 0.1 percent compared to the previous year. For comparison, the GDP growth rate of China had reached about five percent that same year.Gross domestic product growth rate in JapanGDP serves as one of the most heavily relied upon indicators to gauge the state and health of a country’s economy. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services that have been produced within a nation’s borders in a given period of time, usually a year. GDP figures allow a more fundamental understanding of a country’s economy. Year-on-year GDP growth acts as a helpful and clear sign of the direction in which a country is moving in economic terms. Real GDP is especially useful and insightful as it takes price changes (inflation and deflation) into account.The gross domestic product growth rate in Japan has been shaky since the recession of 2008 struck the world economy like a bolt out of the blue and Japan is still yet to gain a solid foothold. Despite its ongoing financial predicament however, Japan remains one of the world’s most highly developed economies. The economy of Japan is the third largest worldwide by nominal GDP and the nation has a very active manufacturing sector. It is active in the auto manufacturing sector, the third largest in the world after the United States and China, and has an electronics industry that is counted among the worlds most innovative. Japan can boast many titles, but perhaps the most significant to its future stability is that which relates to its astronomical national debts, currently running at over 200 percent of GDP, roughly 10.5 trillion US dollars.