From 1990 and up until 2010, South America was the region in the world with the highest rate of forest loss, with an estimated 5.2 million hectares of net forest lost per year in the first decade of this century. Since then, the destruction of South American forests has slowed down to an average of 2.6 million hectares per year, the second largest forest loss rate in the world after Africa. The figures suggest that, despite reforestation efforts, forest areas in South America continue to be endangered by massive deforestation and wildfires.

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Every year the world loses around 5 million hectares of forest. 95% of this occurs in the tropics. At least three-quarters of this is driven by agriculture – clearing forests to grow crops, raise livestock and produce products such as paper.1

If we want to tackle deforestation we need to understand two key questions: where we’re losing forests, and what activities are driving it. This allows us to target our efforts towards specific industries, products, or countries where they will have the greatest impact.

In a study published in Global Environmental Change, Florence Pendrill and colleagues addressed both of these questions.2 They quantified how much and where deforestation occurs from the expansion of croplands, pasture and tree plantations (for logging), and what products are grown on this converted land. They also combined this with global trade flows to assess how much of this deforestation was driven by international trade – we look at the role of trade specifically in a related article.

Here we’ll look at both where tropical deforestation is happening and what products are driving it.

Brazil and Indonesia account for almost half of tropical deforestation The study by Pendrill et al. (2019) found that, between 2005 and 2013, the tropics lost an average of 5.5 million hectares of forest per year to agricultural land. That was a decade ago, but the world is still losing a similar amount today: using satellite data, researchers at Global Forest Watch estimate that global deforestation in 2019 was around 5.4 million hectares.3 95% of this was in the tropics. But where in the tropics did we lose this forest?

In the chart we see the share of tropical deforestation by country and region. It's measured as the annual average between 2010 and 2014.

One-third of tropical deforestation happened in Brazil. That was 1.7 million hectares each year. The other single country where large forest areas are lost is Indonesia – it accounted for 14%. This means around half (47%) of tropical deforestation took place in Brazil and Indonesia. Again, if we look at more recent satellite data we find that this is still true today: in 2019, the world lost 5.4 million hectares to deforestation, with Brazil and Indonesia accounting for 52% of it.4 As we will see later, the expansion of pasture for beef production, croplands for soy and palm oil, and increasingly conversion of primary forest to tree plantations for paper and pulp have been the key drivers of this.

The expansion of pasture lands have also had a major impact on land use in the rest of the Americas – outside of Brazil, Latin America accounted for around one-fifth of deforestation.

The expansion of agricultural land in Africa accounted for around 17.5% of deforestation. This may slightly underestimate the loss of forests in Africa, for two reasons. Much of Africa’s deforestation has been driven by subsistence agricultural activities, which are not always fully captured in national statistics. Secondly, depending on the permanence of agricultural activities such as slash-and-burn farming, some of this forest loss might be classified as temporary forest degradation rather than permanent deforestation.

In 2023, the deforested area in the Legal Amazon in Brazil amounted to approximately 802,300 hectares. Just a year earlier, the Amazon deforested area surpassed 1.2 million hectares. What is behind the growing Amazon deforestation in Brazil? Illegal logging, expansion of agricultural areas for soybean cultivation, and an increase in wildfire outbreaks are all among the leading causes of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Politics, however, has also played an important role. For example, the authorized budget for Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment has been on a mostly downward trend since 2013, when it reached a decade-long peak of nearly seven billion Brazilian reals. How big is the Brazilian deforestation issue? In 2023, Brazil registered by far the largest area of primary forest loss in the world, amounting to more than one million hectares. This was roughly the same area as the remaining top nine countries combined. As the country with the second-largest forest area worldwide, these developments are cause for concern amidst the conversation on climate change mitigation. With the global tree cover loss annually increasing, and the emission of greenhouse gases from forest areas along with it, reaching net-zero emissions targets by 2050 grows ever more challenging.

Network of 41 papers and 61 citation links related to "Environmental and landscape changes drive medium- to large-bodied mammal species composition across an Amazon-Cerrado ecotone amid the deforestation expansion".

Network of 42 papers and 72 citation links related to "Deforestation and child diet diversity: A geospatial analysis of 15 Sub-Saharan African countries".

In August 2024, around 660 square kilometers of forest in the Brazilian Amazon were destroyed, the highest monthly figure recorded that year. In 2024, in total, almost 3,800 square kilometers were deforested in the region. This represents a decline of over seven percent in comparison to the same period in the previous year. Most of the deforested area in the Brazilian Amazon occurs in private land areas.

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. The Forest management and disturbances indicator includes information on the management of Canadian forests, disturbances to Canadian forests, and planting and seeding of trees in Canada. Specific measures included in this indicator look at the annual timber harvest, number of forest fires, areas burned by forest fires, defoliation by insects, deforestation, and seeding and planting. Information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including: charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables, and downloadable reports. See the supplementary documentation for the data sources and details on how the data were collected and how the indicator was calculated. Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators

Land use modelling is increasingly used by archaeologists and palaeoecologists seeking to quantify and compare the changing influence of humans on the environment. In Southeast Asia, the intensification of rice agriculture and the arrival of European colonizers have both been seen as major catalysts for deforestation, soil erosion, and biodiversity change. Here we consider the Tuwali-Ifugao people of the Cordillera Central (Luzon, Philippines), who resisted Spanish colonial subjugation from the 16th to the mid-nineteenth century, in part through the development of a world-renowned system of intensive wet-rice terrace agriculture. To quantify changes in how the Tuwali-Ifugao used their environment, we model land use in Old Kiyyangan Village, a long-inhabited settlement, at two timepoints: circa 1570 CE, prior to the Spanish arrival in Luzon, and circa 1800 CE, before the village was sacked by Spanish military expeditions. Our model demonstrates that between 1570 and 1800 the adoption of rice as a staple and the corresponding expansion in terrace agriculture, along with a general diversification of diet and land use, enabled the village’s population to double without increasing total land use area. Further, this major intensification led to the solidification of social hierarchies and occurred without a proportional increase in deforestation.