Void filled SRTM Digital Surface Model (DSM) and computed Digital Terrain Model (DTM) on the basis of OpenStreetMap data.

This digital elevation model (DEM) describes the topography of the active floodplain of the freeflowing parts of River Rhine between the weir Iffezheim and the German-Dutch border near Kleve with 1 m spatial resolution in coordinate reference system "ETRS 1989 UTM Zone 32 N" and 0.01 m resolution in the German height reference system "Deutsches Haupthöhennetz 1992 (DHHN92)". […]

This digital elevation model (DEM) describes the topography of the active floodplain of the middle reaches of River Elbe between the Czech-German border near Schmilka and the weir in Geesthacht with 1 m spatial resolution in coordinate reference system "ETRS 1989 UTM Zone 33 N" and 0.01 m resolution in the German height reference system "Deutsches Haupthöhennetz 1992 (DHHN92)". The dataset was generated through aerial laser scanning (ALS) for terrestrial parts of the floodplain between April 2003 and December 2006 and echo sounding for aquatic parts of the central water course by the local waterway and navigation authorities (WSV) throughout the year 2006. Parts not covered by any of the two data collection methods were filled through linear interpolation. A comparison between DEM and 7476 height reference points confirmed a high accuracy with a mean deviation of elevations of ± 5 cm. Depending on the data source 95% of all checked points show a vertical deviation of less than 15 cm to 50 cm. A small section of the model was updated later to incorporate the dike relocation area Lenzen which became connected to the floodplain in 2011 so that the dataset describes the state of 2011. Since the dataset has a large volume it was split into 49 tiles.

Computed Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from SRTM data on the basis of OpenStreetMap data (timestamp 3/2011)

TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurements) is an Earth observation radar mission that consists of a SAR interferometer built by two almost identical satellites flying in close formation. With a typical separation between the satellites of 120m to 500m a global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated. The main objective of the TanDEM-X mission is to create a precise 3D map of the Earth's land surfaces that is homogeneous in quality and unprecedented in accuracy. The data acquisition was completed in 2015 and production of the global DEM was completed in September 2016. The absolute height error is with about 1m an order of magnitude below the 10m requirement.

The TanDEM-X 30m DEM is a product variant of the global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired in the frame of the German TanDEM-X mission between 2010 and 2015, and has a reduced pixel spacing of 1 arcsecond (30m at the equator). It covers all Earth’s landmasses from pole to pole.

For more information concerning the TanDEM-X mission, the reader is referred to: https://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10378/

In Germany, the task of creating terrain models lies with the federal states. This has been solved in very different ways. Fortunately, all federal states now (June 2024) offer freely available high-resolution terrain models. Because only a low-resolution DTM is available nationwide, a standardised DTM is now provided. Products are GeoTiffs with 1m resolution and Contours with 10 m interval (shape file). Please Please note the licences of the data records!

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM, DTS-99) from February 11 to 22, 2000 was an US-German-Italian effort to produce a first global digital elevation model (DEM). The German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) complemented the US C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload of NASA/JPL with an additional X-SAR instrument. The SRTM X-SAR DEM was generated at DLR from this instrument’s data using radar interferometry technique. The data was acquired simultaneously from aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavor employing two SAR antennas, one inside the Space Shuttle’s cargo bay, the other at the end of a 60 m extension pole. A substantial portion of the global land surface between 60° northern and 58° southern latitude was covered. As the orbit flown and imaging period of the SRTM mission had been optimised for the US C-band system, the German-Italian X-SAR with narrower aperture angle imaged data only along roughly 50 km wide orbital ground traces. So, the dataset available shows a grid-like coverage. The original SRTM X-SAR DTED DEMs have been merged to 10° by 10° tiles, converted to GeoTIFF format and packaged into zip-archives. Each zip-file contains the DEM dataset, the corresponding height error map (HEM), a quicklook png-image, a kml-overlay and a readme document. The filename of the zip-archive specifies the bottom left coordinate of each tile. The zip-archives can be downloaded via the EOC Download Service.

For more information see: https://geoservice.dlr.de/resources/licenses/srtm_xsar/DLR_SRTM_XSAR_ReadMe.pdf

Overview: The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. The original GLO-30 provides worldwide coverage at 30 meters (refers to 10 arc seconds). Note that ocean areas do not have tiles, there one can assume height values equal to zero. Data is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs. Note that the vertical unit for measurement of elevation height is meters.

The Copernicus DEM for Europe at 1000 meter resolution (EU-LAEA projection) in COG format has been derived from the Copernicus DEM GLO-30, mirrored on Open Data on AWS, dataset managed by Sinergise (https://registry.opendata.aws/copernicus-dem/).

Processing steps: The original Copernicus GLO-30 DEM contains a relevant percentage of tiles with non-square pixels. We created a mosaic map in VRT format and defined within the VRT file the rule to apply cubic resampling while reading the data, i.e. importing them into GRASS GIS for further processing. We chose cubic instead of bilinear resampling since the height-width ratio of non-square pixels is up to 1:5. Hence, artefacts between adjacent tiles in rugged terrain could be minimized:

gdalbuildvrt -input_file_list list_geotiffs_MOOD.csv -r cubic -tr 0.000277777777777778 0.000277777777777778 Copernicus_DSM_30m_MOOD.vrt

In order to reproject the data to EU-LAEA projection while reducing the spatial resolution to 1000 m, bilinear resampling was performed in GRASS GIS (using r.proj and the pixel values were scaled with 1000 (storing the pixels as Integer values) for data volume reduction. In addition, a hillshade raster map was derived from the resampled elevation map (using r.relief, GRASS GIS). Eventually, we exported the elevation and hillshade raster maps in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, along with SLD and QML style files.

Projection + EPSG code: ETRS89-extended / LAEA Europe (EPSG: 3035)

Spatial extent: north: 6874000 south: -485000 west: 869000 east: 8712000

Spatial resolution: 1000 m

Pixel values: meters * 1000 (scaled to Integer; example: value 23220 = 23.220 m a.s.l.)

Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.proj; r.relief)

Original dataset license: https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf

Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (https://www.mundialis.de/)

United States Spot Exchange Rate: German Mark to US Dollar data was reported at 1.721 DEM/USD in Nov 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.702 DEM/USD for Oct 2018. United States Spot Exchange Rate: German Mark to US Dollar data is updated monthly, averaging 1.775 DEM/USD from Jan 1971 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 575 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.637 DEM/USD in Jan 1971 and a record low of 1.241 DEM/USD in Jul 2008. United States Spot Exchange Rate: German Mark to US Dollar data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M015: Spot Exchange Rate.

The TanDEM-X PolarDEM is a project developed by the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) within the activities of the TanDEM-X mission. It is a framework for the provision of derivatives of the global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the TanDEM-X mission for Polar Regions. The TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica is a gap-free and edited version of the TanDEM-X 90 m digital elevation model (DEM). The TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica is provided in Antarctic Polar Stereographic projection (EPSG:3031) with a pixel spacing of 90 meters. The DEM elevation values represent ellipsoidal heights relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid. The majority of the data were acquired between April 2013 and October 2014. The TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica is split into four tiles.

For more information about the TanDEM-X PolarDEM, the reader is referred to: https://www.dlr.de/eoc/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-11882/20871_read-66374/

This is the Web Map Server of DWD.:Contains in the form of vector data the river network in Germany, hierarchically broken down according to the Radiator Water Order. Source DGM: European Digital Elevation Model (EU-DEM) version 1.1

Germany Imports: Democratic Republic of Congo data was reported at 15,317.000 EUR th in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,231.000 EUR th for Jan 2025. Germany Imports: Democratic Republic of Congo data is updated monthly, averaging 2,277.500 EUR th from Jan 2000 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 302 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52,851.000 EUR th in Mar 2023 and a record low of 108.000 EUR th in Nov 2001. Germany Imports: Democratic Republic of Congo data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.JA005: Trade Statistics: By Country.

The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. This DSM is derived from an edited DSM named WorldDEM, where flattening of water bodies and consistent flow of rivers has been included. In addition, editing of shore- and coastlines, special features such as airports, and implausible terrain structures has also been applied.

The WorldDEM product is based on the radar satellite data acquired during the TanDEM-X Mission, which is funded by a Public Private Partnership between the German State, represented by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and Airbus Defence and Space. OpenTopography is providing access to the global GLO-90 Defence Gridded Elevation Data (DGED) 2023_1 version of the data hosted by ESA via the PRISM service. Details on the Copernicus DSM can be found on this ESA site.

Important Notes:

• Previous to July 23rd 2024, OpenTopography was providing access to the Copernicus data through the public AWS S3 bucket established by Sinergise. As of July 23rd 2024, Opentopography is providing the DGED 2023_1 version of GLO-90 as downloaded directly from ESA
• The original gridded data from ESA is in geographic coordinates where the longitudinal cell spacing increases as a function of latitude for regions north of 50N and south of 50S. For more details see the Grid Spacing section of the Copernicus DEM handbook. In order to keep the pixel dimensions uniform, OpenTopography resamples data north of 50 degrees latitude and south of -50 degrees latitude in order to output a consistent 3 Arc-second product for data accessed through the web-interface or API. Users who need data north of 50N or south of 50S, and prefer to use the original, longitude-varying grid spacing can download cloud optimized geotiff (COG) versions of the tiles from our bulk download interface, or download the original data directly from ESA.
• The GLO-90 datasets are available on a free basis for the general public under the terms and conditions of the Copernicus license found here.

The area of the Ville in western Germany is of particular importance for studying anthropogenic induced relief changes, as it belongs to the largest and oldest historic lignite mining areas worldwide. Comparison of topographic data from the first geodetic mapping in 1893 to 2015 allows the quantification of relief changes in a completed example of a post-mining landscape. The dataset "Digital Elevation Model "Ville" from 1893" is computed based on the digitized contour lines of the historic map Preußische Neuaufnahme, which is the first geodetic mapping in the area. The DEM has a spatial resolution of 30 m.

In 2024, around ** percent of people in Germany say the AfD as more on the fringes of right-wing extremism rather a democratic party. In contrast, 10 years ago only ** percent of people felt that way.

The digital elevation model market is valued at US$ 2,021.20 million in 2024. It is crucial to note that the market valuation could reach US$ 9,444.70 million by 2034. With a projected CAGR of 16.70%, this signifies growth opportunities for industries operating in this market.

Attributes	Details
Market Value for 2024	US$ 2,021.20 million
Projected Market Value for 2034	US$ 9,444.70 million
Value-based CAGR of Market for 2024 to 2034	16.70%

Category-wise Outlook

Attributes	Details
Top Tool	Digital Elevation Model Software
Market Share (2024)	73.10%

Attributes	Details
Top Industry	Planning and Construction
Market Share (2024)	23.20%

Country-wise Analysis

Countries	CAGR (2024 to 2034)
United State	13.50%
Germany	12.10%
Japan	11.40%
China	17.20%
Australia	20.20%

Culminating more than four years of processing data, NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) have completed Earth's most extensive global topographic map. The mission is a collaboration among NASA, NGA, and the German and Italian space agencies. For 11 days in February 2000, the space shuttle Endeavour conducted the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) using C-Band and X-Band interferometric synthetic aperture radars to acquire topographic data over 80% of the Earth's land mass, creating the first-ever near-global data set of land elevations. This data was used to produce topographic maps (digital elevation maps) 30 times as precise as the best global maps used today. The SRTM system gathered data at the rate of 40,000 per minute over land. They reveal for the first time large, detailed swaths of Earth's topography previously obscured by persistent cloudiness. The data will benefit scientists, engineers, government agencies and the public with an ever-growing array of uses. The SRTM radar system mapped Earth from 56 degrees south to 60 degrees north of the equator. The resolution of the publicly available data is three arc-seconds (1/1,200th of a degree of latitude and longitude, about 295 feet, at Earth's equator). The final data release covers Australia and New Zealand in unprecedented uniform detail. It also covers more than 1,000 islands comprising much of Polynesia and Melanesia in the South Pacific, as well as islands in the South Indian and Atlantic oceans. SRTM data are being used for applications ranging from land use planning to "virtual" Earth exploration. Currently, the mission's homepage "http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm" provides direct access to recently obtained earth images. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission C-band data for North America and South America are available to the public. A list of complete public data set is available at "http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/dataprod.htm" The data specifications are within the following parameters: 30-meter X 30-meter spatial sampling with 16 meter absolute vertical height accuracy, 10-meter relative vertical height accuracy, and 20-meter absolute horizontal circular accuracy. From the JPL Mission Products Summary, "http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/dataprelimdescriptions.html". The primary products of the SRTM mission are the digital elevation maps of most of the Earth's surface. Visualized images of these maps are available for viewing online. Below you will find descriptions of the types of images that are being generated:

• Radar Image
• Radar Image with Color as Height
• Radar Image with Color Wrapped Fringes
  -Shaded Relief
• Perspective View with B/W Radar Image Overlaid
• Perspective View with Radar Image Overlaid, Color as Height
• Perspective View of Shaded Relief
• Perspective View with Landsat or other Image Overlaid
• Contour Map - B/W with Contour Lines
• Stereo Pair
• Anaglypgh

The SRTM radar contained two types of antenna panels, C-band and X-band. The near-global topographic maps of Earth called Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are made from the C-band radar data. These data were processed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and are being distributed through the United States Geological Survey's EROS Data Center. Data from the X-band radar are used to create slightly higher resolution DEMs but without the global coverage of the C-band radar. The SRTM X-band radar data are being processed and distributed by the German Aerospace Center, DLR.

The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. This DSM is derived from an edited DSM named WorldDEM, where flattening of water bodies and consistent flow of rivers has been included. In addition, editing of shore- and coastlines, special features such as airports, and implausible terrain structures has also been applied.

The WorldDEM product is based on the radar satellite data acquired during the TanDEM-X Mission, which is funded by a Public Private Partnership between the German State, represented by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and Airbus Defence and Space. OpenTopography is providing access to the global 30m (GLO-30) DSM through the public AWS S3 bucket established by Sinergise.

Note:

• GLO-30 coverage is not entirely global because a small subset of tiles covering specific countries are not yet released to the public by the Copernicus Programme. See the AWS landing page for details on which countries are excluded.
• In the original datasets (available via OpenTopography bulk download or the Sinergise aws bucket), the longitudinal spacing of cells increases as a function of latitude for latitudes north of 50N and south of 50S. See the original documentation for details. However, in order to keep the pixel dimensions uniform, OpenTopography resamples data north of 50 degrees latitude and south of -50 degrees latitude in order to output a consistent 30m or 90m product for data accessed through the web-interface or API.
• GLO-30 is available on a free basis for the general public under the terms and conditions of the License found here

Key information about Germany Exchange Rate against USD

• Germany Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.920 (USD/EUR) in May 2023, compared with 0.912 USD/EUR in the previous month.
• Germany Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 2.147 in Feb 1961 and a record low of 0.635 in Jul 2008.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Germany joined the Euro zone on January 1st, 1999 with fixed conversion rate of 1 EUR = 1.95583 DEM. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1999 is re-calculated using the fixed conversion rate. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1971 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Germany Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Germany Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.573 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Germany: ECB Harmonised ) was reported at 2.340 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 3.750 % pa in May 2023.

This study presents a new in situ method to explore the impact of macrofauna on seafloor microtopography and corresponding microroughness based on underwater laser line scanning. The local microtopography was determined with mm-level accuracy at three stations colonised by the tubeworm Lanice conchilega offshore of the island of Sylt in the German Bight (south-eastern North Sea), covering approximately 0.5 m**2 each. Ground truthing was done using underwater video data. Two stations were populated by tubeworm colonies of different population densities, and one station had a hydrodynamically rippled seafloor. Tubeworms caused an increased skewness of the microtopography height distribution and an increased root mean square roughness at short spatial wavelengths compared with hydrodynamic bedforms. Spectral analysis of the 2D Fourier transformed microtopography showed that the roughness magnitude increased at spatial wavelengths between 0.020 and 0.003 m independently of the tubeworm density. This effect was not detected by commonly used 1D roughness profiles but required consideration of the complete spectrum. Overall, the results reveal that new indicator variables for benthic organisms may be developed based on microtopographic data. An example demonstrates the use of local slope and skewness to detect tubeworms in the measured digital elevation model.