The latest United Nations mid-year predictions for Population by Country (data) show India overtaking China as most populous nation in the world.

Credits: Design: David McCandless Research: Nell Simon-Batsford Code: Tom Evans, Paul Barton

Explore World Bank Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics dataset featuring a wide range of indicators such as School enrollment, UHC service coverage index, Fertility rate, and more from countries like Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.

School enrollment, tertiary, UHC service coverage index, Wanted fertility rate, People with basic handwashing facilities, urban population, Rural population, AIDS estimated deaths, Domestic private health expenditure, Fertility rate, Domestic general government health expenditure, Age dependency ratio, Postnatal care coverage, People using safely managed drinking water services, Unemployment, Lifetime risk of maternal death, External health expenditure, Population growth, Completeness of birth registration, Urban poverty headcount ratio, Prevalence of undernourishment, People using at least basic sanitation services, Prevalence of current tobacco use, Urban poverty headcount ratio, Tuberculosis treatment success rate, Low-birthweight babies, Female headed households, Completeness of birth registration, Urban population growth, Antiretroviral therapy coverage, Labor force, and more.

Bahrain, China, India, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia

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BackgroundLung cancer is a significant health concern in China. There is limited available data of its burden and trends. This study aims to evaluate the trends of lung cancer across different age groups and genders in China and the Group of Twenty (G20) countries, explore the risk factors, and predict the future trends over a 20-year period.MethodsThe data were obtained from the GBD study 2019. The number of cases, age standardized rate (ASR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were used to estimate the trend in lung cancer by age, gender, region and risk factor. The trend of lung cancer was predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model by the “xtarimau” command. The joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to identify periods with the highest changes in incidence and mortality. Additionally, the relationship between AAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) was explored.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, both the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China and G20 significantly increased, with China experiencing a higher rate of increase. The years with the highest increase in incidence of lung cancer in China were 1998-2004 and 2007-2010. Among the G20 countries, the AAPC in incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the Republic of Korea was the highest, followed closely by China. Although India exhibited similarities, its AAPC in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates was lower than that of China. The prediction showed that the incidence in China will continue to increase. In terms of risk factors, smoking was the leading attributable cause of mortality in all countries, followed by occupational risk and ambient particulate matter pollution. Notably, smoking in China exhibited the largest increase among the G20 countries, with ambient particulate matter pollution ranking second.ConclusionLung cancer is a serious public health concern in China, with smoking and environmental particulate pollution identified as the most important risk factors. The incidence and mortality rates are expected to continue to increase, which places higher demands on China’s lung cancer prevention and control strategies. It is urgent to tailor intervention measures targeting smoking and environmental pollution to contain the burden of lung cancer.

Purpose: The multi-country Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is run by the World Health Organization's Multi-Country Studies unit in the Innovation, Information, Evidence and Research Cluster. SAGE is part of the unit's Longitudinal Study Programme which is compiling longitudinal data on the health and well-being of adult populations, and the ageing process, through primary data collection and secondary data analysis. SAGE baseline data (Wave 0, 2002/3) was collected as part of WHO's World Health Survey http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html (WHS). SAGE Wave 1 (2007/10) provides a comprehensive data set on the health and well-being of adults in six low and middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa. Objectives: To obtain reliable, valid and comparable health, health-related and well-being data over a range of key domains for adult and older adult populations in nationally representative samples To examine patterns and dynamics of age-related changes in health and well-being using longitudinal follow-up of a cohort as they age, and to investigate socio-economic consequences of these health changes To supplement and cross-validate self-reported measures of health and the anchoring vignette approach to improving comparability of self-reported measures, through measured performance tests for selected health domains To collect health examination and biomarker data that improves reliability of morbidity and risk factor data and to objectively monitor the effect of interventions Additional Objectives: To generate large cohorts of older adult populations and comparison cohorts of younger populations for following-up intermediate outcomes, monitoring trends, examining transitions and life events, and addressing relationships between determinants and health, well-being and health-related outcomes To develop a mechanism to link survey data to demographic surveillance site data To build linkages with other national and multi-country ageing studies To improve the methodologies to enhance the reliability and validity of health outcomes and determinants data To provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decision-making processes about the health and well-being of older adults Methods: SAGE's first full round of data collection included both follow-up and new respondents in most participating countries. The goal of the sampling design was to obtain a nationally representative cohort of persons aged 50 years and older, with a smaller cohort of persons aged 18 to 49 for comparison purposes. In the older households, all persons aged 50+ years (for example, spouses and siblings) were invited to participate. Proxy respondents were identified for respondents who were unable to respond for themselves. Standardized SAGE survey instruments were used in all countries consisting of five main parts: 1) household questionnaire; 2) individual questionnaire; 3) proxy questionnaire; 4) verbal autopsy questionnaire; and, 5) appendices including showcards. A VAQ was completed for deaths in the household over the last 24 months. The procedures for including country-specific adaptations to the standardized questionnaire and translations into local languages from English follow those developed by and used for the World Health Survey. Content Household questionnaire 0000 Coversheet 0100 Sampling Information 0200 Geocoding and GPS Information 0300 Recontact Information 0350 Contact Record 0400 Household Roster 0450 Kish Tables and Household Consent 0500 Housing 0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers 0700 Assets and Household Income 0800 Household Expenditures 0900 Interviewer Observations Individual questionnaire 1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1500 Work History and Benefits 2000 Health State Descriptions and Vignettes 2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers 3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours 4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage 5000 Health Care Utilization 6000 Social Cohesion 7000 Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method) 8000 Impact of Caregiving 9000 Interviewer Assessment

Background and aimHepatitis C virus infection can lead to an enormous health burden worldwide. Investigating the changes in HCV-related burden between different countries could provide inferences for disease management. Hence, we aim to explore the temporal tendency of the disease burden associated with HCV infection in China, India, the United States, and the world.MethodsDetailed data on the total burden of disease related to HCV infection were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Joinpoint regression models were used to simulate the optimal joinpoints of annual percent changes (APCs). Further analysis of the age composition of each index over time and the relationship between ASRs and the socio-demographic Index (SDI) were explored. Finally, three factors (population growth, population aging, and age-specific changes) were deconstructed for the changes in the number of incidences, deaths, and DALYs.ResultsIt was estimated that 6.2 million new HCV infections, 0.54 million HCV-related deaths, and 15.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2019, with an increase of 25.4, 59.1, and 43.6%, respectively, from 1990, are mainly due to population growth and aging. China experienced a sharp drop in age-standardized rates in 2019, the United States showed an upward trend, and India exhibited a fluctuating tendency in the burden of disease. The incidence was increasing in all locations recently.ConclusionHCV remains a global health concern despite tremendous progress being made. The disease burden in China improved significantly, while the burden in the United States was deteriorating, with new infections increasing recently, suggesting more targeted interventions to be established to realize the 2030 elimination goals.

The Crops Dataset contains nineteen variables which represent different crops sown in China. For each crop (variable) the number of hectares of that crop sown are given. The following crops are represented: Cereal Grains, Corn, Cotton, Double Season Rice, Green Manure, Potatoes, Rapeseed, Rice and Rapeseed, Single Season Rice, Spring Wheat, Sorghum, Soybeans, Sugarbeets, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Vegetables, Winter Wheat, Winter Wheat and Corn, Winter Wheat and Rice.

See the references for the sources of these data.

China County Data collection contains seven datasets which were compiled in the early 1990s for use as inputs to the DNDC (Denitrification-Decomposition) model at UNH. DNDC is a computer simulation model for predicting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemistry in agricultural ecosystems. The datasets were compiled from multiple Chinese sources and all are at the county scale for 1990. The datasets which comprise this collection are listed below.

1) Agricultural Management 2) Crops 3) N-Deposition 4) Geography and Population 5) Land Use 6) Livestock 7) Soil Properties

The file contains the dataset used for the empirical analysis of the study titled "Economic Growth and Corruption in Emerging Markets: Does Economic Freedom Matter?”. The dataset includes annual data from 19 countries of Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, and Venezuela), 9 countries of Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam), and 2 countries of Oceania (Australia and New Zealand). The investigation period spans 2000 through 2017. The data consists about economic, social, demographic, corruption, political e freedom related indexes and variables [Natural logarithm of Gross Domestic Product per capita; Corruption Perception Index; Economic Freedom Index; Economic Freedom of the World; Foreign Direct Investment as % of GDP (net inflows); Gross fixed capital formation as % of GDP; Inflation Rate as ∆% of consumer price indices; Schooling as average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older; % of the population living in urban areas; Number of years a newborn infant would live; Number of births per woman (average); Annual population growth rate (%); Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression/media; Index that reflects perceptions of the likelihood of political instability or politically motivated violence, including terrorism; Index that reflects perceptions of the quality of public and civil services; Index that reflects perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement policies and regulations that promote the development of the private sector; Index that reflects perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society (contract enforcement, property rights, police and justice); Index that measures a mature and internally coherent democracy vs. autocracies sharply restrict that suppress competitive political participation; HDI_dummy: Human Development Index related; Tropical_Dummy: related to country’s geographic position (located between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn)].

Abstract

The multi-country Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is run by the World Health Organization's Multi-Country Studies unit in the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster. SAGE is part of the unit's Longitudinal Study Programme which is compiling longitudinal data on the health and well-being of adult populations, and the ageing process, through primary data collection and secondary data analysis. SAGE baseline data (Wave 0, 2002/3) was collected as part of WHO's World Health Survey http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html (WHS). SAGE Wave 2 (2014/15) provides a comprehensive data set on the health and well-being of adults in six low and middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa.

Objectives: To obtain reliable, valid and comparable health, health-related and well-being data over a range of key domains for adult and older adult populations in nationally representative samples To examine patterns and dynamics of age-related changes in health and well-being using longitudinal follow-up of a cohort as they age, and to investigate socio-economic consequences of these health changes To supplement and cross-validate self-reported measures of health and the anchoring vignette approach to improving comparability of self-reported measures, through measured performance tests for selected health domains To collect health examination and biomarker data that improves reliability of morbidity and risk factor data and to objectively monitor the effect of interventions

Additional Objectives: To generate large cohorts of older adult populations and comparison cohorts of younger populations for following-up intermediate outcomes, monitoring trends, examining transitions and life events, and addressing relationships between determinants and health, well-being and health-related outcomes To develop a mechanism to link survey data to demographic surveillance site data To build linkages with other national and multi-country ageing studies To improve the methodologies to enhance the reliability and validity of health outcomes and determinants data To provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decision-making processes about the health and well-being of older adults

Methods: SAGE's first full round of data collection included both follow-up and new respondents in most participating countries. The goal of the sampling design was to obtain a nationally representative cohort of persons aged 50 years and older, with a smaller cohort of persons aged 18 to 49 for comparison purposes. In the older households, all persons aged 50+ years (for example, spouses and siblings) were invited to participate. Proxy respondents were identified for respondents who were unable to respond for themselves. Standardized SAGE survey instruments were used in all countries consisting of five main parts: 1) household questionnaire; 2) individual questionnaire; 3) proxy questionnaire; 4) verbal autopsy questionnaire; and, 5) appendices including showcards. A VAQ was completed for deaths in the household over the last 24 months. The procedures for including country-specific adaptations to the standardized questionnaire and translations into local languages from English follow those developed by and used for the World Health Survey.

Content: - Household questionnaire 0000 Coversheet 0100 Sampling Information 0200 Geocoding and GPS Information 0300 Recontact Information 0350 Contact Record 0400 Household Roster 0450 Kish Tables and Household Consent 0500 Housing 0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers 0700 Assets and Household Income 0800 Household Expenditures 0900 Interviewer Observations

• Verbal Autopsy questionnaire Section 1: Information on the Deceased and Date/Place of Death Section 1A7: Vital Registration and Certification Section 2: Information on the Respondent Section 3A: Medical History Associated with Final Illness Section 3B: General Signs and Symptoms Associated with Final Illness Section 3E: History of Injuries/Accidents Section 3G: Health Service Utilization Section 4: Background Section 5A: Interviewer Observations

• Individual questionnaire 1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1500 Work History and Benefits 2000 Health State Descriptions 2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers 3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours 4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage 5000 Health Care Utilisation 6000 Social Networks 7000 Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method) 8000 Impact of Caregiving 9000 Interviewer Assessment

• Proxy Questionnaire Section1 Respondent Characteristics and IQ CODE Section2 Health State Descriptions Section4 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage Section5 Health Care Utilisation

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households and individuals

Universe

The household section of the survey covered all households in 31 of the 32 federal states in Mexico. Colima was excluded. Institutionalised populations are excluded. The individual section covered all persons aged 18 years and older residing within individual households. As the focus of SAGE is older adults, a much larger sample of respondents aged 50 years and older was selected with a smaller comparative sample of respondents aged 18-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In Mexico strata were defined by locality (metropolitan, urban, rural). All 211 PSUs selected for wave 1 were included in the wave 2 sample. A sub-sample of 211 PSUs was selected from the 797 WHS PSUs for the wave 1 sample. The Basic Geo-Statistical Areas (AGEB) defined by the National Institute of Statistics (INEGI) constitutes a PSU. PSUs were selected probability proportional to three factors: a) (WHS/SAGE Wave 0 50plus): number of WHS/SAGE Wave 0 50-plus interviewed at the PSU, b) (State Population): population of the state to which the PSU belongs, c) (WHS/SAGE Wave 0 PSU at county): number of PSUs selected from the county to which the PSU belongs for the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 The first and third factors were included to reduce geographic dispersion. Factor two affords states with larger populations a greater chance of selection.

All WHS/SAGE Wave 0 individuals aged 50 years or older in the selected rural or urban PSUs and a random sample 90% of individuals aged 50 years or older in metropolitan PSUs who had been interviewed for the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 were included in the SAGE Wave 1 ''primary'' sample. The remaining 10% of WHS/SAGE Wave 0 individuals aged 50 years or older in metropolitan areas were then allocated as a ''replacement'' sample for individuals who could not be contacted or did not consent to participate in SAGE Wave 1. A systematic sample of 1000 WHS/SAGE Wave 0 individuals aged 18-49 across all selected PSUs was selected as the ''primary'' sample and 500 as a ''replacement'' sample.

This selection process resulted in a sample which had an over-representation of individuals from metropolitan strata; therefore, it was decided to increase the number of individuals aged 50 years or older from rural and urban strata. This was achieved by including individuals who had not been part of WHS/SAGE Wave 0 (which became a ''supplementary'' sample), although the household in which they lived included an individual from WHS/SAGE Wave 0. All individuals aged 50 or over were included from rural and urban ''18-49 households'' (that is, where an individual aged 18-49 was included in WHS/SAGE Wave 0) as part of the ''primary supplementary'' sample. A systematic random sample of individuals aged 50 years or older was then obtained from urban and rural households where an individual had already been selected as part of the 50 years and older or 18-49 samples. These individuals then formed part of the ''primary supplementary'' sample and the remainder (that is, those not systematically selected) were allocated to the ''replacement supplementary'' sample. Thus, all individuals aged 50 years or older who lived in households in urban and rural PSUs obtained for SAGE Wave 1 were selected as either a primary or replacement participant. A final ''replacement'' sample for the 50 and over age group was obtained from a systematic sample of all individuals aged 50 or over from households which included the individuals already selected for either the 50 and over or 18-49. This sampling strategy also provided participants who had not been included in WHS/SAGE Wave 0, but lived in a household where an individual had been part of WHS/SAGE Wave 0 (that is, the ''supplementary'' sample), in addition to follow-up of individuals who had been included in the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 sample.

Strata: Locality = 3 PSU: AGEBs = 211 SSU: Households = 6549 surveyed TSU: Individual = 6342 surveyed

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f], CAPI

Research instrument

The questionnaires were based on the SAGE Wave 1 Questionnaires with some modification and new additions, except for verbal autopsy. SAGE Wave 2 used the 2012 version of the WHO Verbal Autopsy Questionnare. SAGE Wave 1 used an adapted version of the Sample Vital Registration iwth Verbal Autopsy (SAVVY) questionnaire. A Household questionnaire was administered to all households eligible for the study. A Verbal Autopsy questionnaire was administered to 50 plus households only. In follow-up 50 plus household if the death occured since the last wave of the study and in a new 50 plus household if the death occurred in the

Abstract

This study provides an update on measures of educational attainment for a broad cross section of countries. In our previous work (Barro and Lee, 1993), we constructed estimates of educational attainment by sex for persons aged 25 and over. The values applied to 129 countries over a five-year intervals from 1960 to 1985.

The present study adds census information for 1985 and 1990 and updates the estimates of educational attainment to 1990. We also have been able to add a few countries, notably China, which were previously omitted because of missing data.

Dataset:

Educational attainment at various levels for the male and female population. The data set includes estimates of educational attainment for the population by age - over age 15 and over age 25 - for 126 countries in the world. (see Barro, Robert and J.W. Lee, "International Measures of Schooling Years and Schooling Quality, AER, Papers and Proceedings, 86(2), pp. 218-223 and also see "International Data on Education", manuscipt.) Data are presented quinquennially for the years 1960-1990;

Educational quality across countries. Table 1 presents data on measures of schooling inputs at five-year intervals from 1960 to 1990. Table 2 contains the data on average test scores for the students of the different age groups for the various subjects.Please see Jong-Wha Lee and Robert J. Barro, "Schooling Quality in a Cross-Section of Countries," (NBER Working Paper No.w6198, September 1997) for more detailed explanation and sources of data.

Geographic coverage

The data set cobvers the following countries: - Afghanistan - Albania - Algeria - Angola - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Bahamas, The - Bahrain - Bangladesh - Barbados - Belgium - Benin - Bolivia - Botswana - Brazil - Bulgaria - Burkina Faso - Burundi - Cameroon - Canada - Cape verde - Central African Rep. - Chad - Chile - China - Colombia - Comoros - Congo - Costa Rica - Cote d'Ivoire - Cuba - Cyprus - Czechoslovakia - Denmark - Dominica - Dominican Rep. - Ecuador - Egypt - El Salvador - Ethiopia - Fiji - Finland - France - Gabon - Gambia - Germany, East - Germany, West - Ghana - Greece - Grenada - Guatemala - Guinea - Guinea-Bissau - Guyana - Haiti - Honduras - Hong Kong - Hungary - Iceland - India - Indonesia - Iran, I.R. of - Iraq - Ireland - Israel - Italy - Jamaica - Japan - Jordan - Kenya - Korea - Kuwait - Lesotho - Liberia - Luxembourg - Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Mali - Malta - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mexico - Morocco - Mozambique - Myanmar (Burma) - Nepal - Netherlands - New Zealand - Nicaragua - Niger - Nigeria - Norway - Oman - Pakistan - Panama - Papua New Guinea - Paraguay - Peru - Philippines - Poland - Portugal - Romania - Rwanda - Saudi Arabia - Senegal - Seychelles - Sierra Leone - Singapore - Solomon Islands - Somalia - South africa - Spain - Sri Lanka - St.Lucia - St.Vincent & Grens. - Sudan - Suriname - Swaziland - Sweden - Switzerland - Syria - Taiwan - Tanzania - Thailand - Togo - Tonga - Trinidad & Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - U.S.S.R. - Uganda - United Arab Emirates - United Kingdom - United States - Uruguay - Vanuatu - Venezuela - Western Samoa - Yemen, N.Arab - Yugoslavia - Zaire - Zambia - Zimbabwe

BackgroundWith global aging, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias have emerged as significant health threats to the older adults, garnering considerable attention due to their impact on public health. Despite the substantial burden of dementia in Asia, targeted research remains limited. This study aims to assess the current burden, future trends, risk factors, and inequalities in Asia.MethodThe GBD 2021 study was utilized to evaluate the numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of AD and other dementias from 1990 to 2021. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to assess the trends during this period, while the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was employed to predict future trends. Additionally, the relationship between disease burden and sociodemographic index (SDI) was also analyzed.ResultsIn 2021, Asia experienced a 250.44% increase in prevalent cases, a 297.34% rise in mortality, and a 249.54% surge in DALYs for AD and other dementias compared to 1990. Meanwhile, the age-standardized prevalence rate, age-standardized mortality rate, and age-standardized DALY rate also exhibited varying degrees of rise from 1990 to 2021. Demographically, the disease burden was higher in women and those aged 65 and above. Regionally, the burden was highest in East Asia and relatively low in South and Central Asia. Nationally, China, India, Japan, and Indonesia reported the most cases. Over the next 15 years, the age-standardized prevalence rate in Asia is expected to peak in 2028 before declining, while the age-standardized mortality rate is anticipated to keep rising. An overall “V” shaped association was found between sociodemographic index (SDI) and the age-standardized DALY rate in Asia. Only smoking, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and high BMI were identified as causal risk factors within the GBD framework.ConclusionThe burden of AD and other dementias in Asia has significantly increased over the past three decades and is expected to persistently impact Asian populations, particularly in developing countries experiencing rapid demographic shifts. Women and the older adult should be a focus of attention. It is imperative to implement targeted prevention and intervention strategies, enhance chronic disease management, and control risk factors.

Abstract

Purpose: The multi-country Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is run by the World Health Organization's Multi-Country Studies unit in the Innovation, Information, Evidence and Research Cluster. SAGE is part of the unit's Longitudinal Study Programme which is compiling longitudinal data on the health and well-being of adult populations, and the ageing process, through primary data collection and secondary data analysis. SAGE baseline data (Wave 0, 2002/3) was collected as part of WHO's World Health Survey http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html (WHS). SAGE Wave 1 (2007/10) provides a comprehensive data set on the health and well-being of adults in six low and middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa. Objectives: To obtain reliable, valid and comparable health, health-related and well-being data over a range of key domains for adult and older adult populations in nationally representative samples To examine patterns and dynamics of age-related changes in health and well-being using longitudinal follow-up of a cohort as they age, and to investigate socio-economic consequences of these health changes To supplement and cross-validate self-reported measures of health and the anchoring vignette approach to improving comparability of self-reported measures, through measured performance tests for selected health domains To collect health examination and biomarker data that improves reliability of morbidity and risk factor data and to objectively monitor the effect of interventions Additional Objectives: To generate large cohorts of older adult populations and comparison cohorts of younger populations for following-up intermediate outcomes, monitoring trends, examining transitions and life events, and addressing relationships between determinants and health, well-being and health-related outcomes To develop a mechanism to link survey data to demographic surveillance site data To build linkages with other national and multi-country ageing studies To improve the methodologies to enhance the reliability and validity of health outcomes and determinants data To provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decision-making processes about the health and well-being of older adults Methods: SAGE's first full round of data collection included both follow-up and new respondents in most participating countries. The goal of the sampling design was to obtain a nationally representative cohort of persons aged 50 years and older, with a smaller cohort of persons aged 18 to 49 for comparison purposes. In the older households, all persons aged 50+ years (for example, spouses and siblings) were invited to participate. Proxy respondents were identified for respondents who were unable to respond for themselves. Standardized SAGE survey instruments were used in all countries consisting of five main parts: 1) household questionnaire; 2) individual questionnaire; 3) proxy questionnaire; 4) verbal autopsy questionnaire; and, 5) appendices including showcards. A VAQ was completed for deaths in the household over the last 24 months. The procedures for including country-specific adaptations to the standardized questionnaire and translations into local languages from English follow those developed by and used for the World Health Survey. Content Household questionnaire 0000 Coversheet 0100 Sampling Information 0200 Geocoding and GPS Information 0300 Recontact Information 0350 Contact Record 0400 Household Roster 0450 Kish Tables and Household Consent 0500 Housing 0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers 0700 Assets and Household Income 0800 Household Expenditures 0900 Interviewer Observations Individual questionnaire 1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1500 Work History and Benefits 2000 Health State Descriptions and Vignettes 2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers 3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours 4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage 5000 Health Care Utilization 6000 Social Cohesion 7000 Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method) 8000 Impact of Caregiving 9000 Interviewer Assessment

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households and individuals

Universe

The household section of the survey covered all households in all nine provinces in South Africa. Institutionalised populations are excluded. The individual section covered all persons aged 18 years and older residing within individual households. As the focus of SAGE is older adults, a much larger sample of respondents aged 50 years and older were selected with a smaller comparative sample of respondents aged 18-49 years.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

South Africa used a stratified multistage cluster sample design. Strata were defined by the nine provinces:(Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, Kwa-Zulu Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape and Western Cape), locality (urban or rural), and predominant race group (African/Black, White, Coloured and Indian/Asian), as not all combinations of stratification variables were possible, there were 50 strata in total. The Human Science Research Council's master sample was used as the sampling frame which comprised 1000EAs. A sample of 600 EAs was selected as the primary sampling units(PSU). The number of EAs to be selected from each strata was based on proportional allocation (determined by the number of EAs in each strataspecified on the Master Sample). EAs were then selected from each strata with probability proportional to size; the measure of size being the number of individuals aged 50 years or more in the EA. In each selected EA 30 households were randomly selected from the Master Sample. A listing of the 30 selected households was conducted to classify each household into one of two mutually exclusive categories: (1) households with one or more members aged 50 years or more (defined as '50 plus households'); (2) households which did not include any members aged 50 years or more, but included residents aged 18-49 (defined as '18-49 households'). All 50 plus households were eligible for the household interview, and all 50 plus members of the household were eligible for the individual interview. Two of the remaining 18-49 households were randomly selected for the household interview. In each of these household one person aged 18-49 was eligible for the individual interview, and the individual to be included was selected using a Kish Grid.

Stages of selection Strata: Province, Predominant Race Group, Locality=50 PSU: EAs=408 surveyed SSU: Households=4020 surveyed TSU: Individual=4227 surveyed

Sampling deviation

Originally 600 EAs were drawn into the sample. However due to time and financial contraints only 396 EAs were visited.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f] PAPI

Research instrument

The questionnaires were based on the WHS Model Questionnaire with some modification and many new additions. A household questionnaire was administered to all households eligible for the study. A Verbal Autopsy questionnaire was administered to households that had a death in the last 24 months. An Individual questionnaire was administered to eligible respondents identified from the household roster. A Proxy questionnaire was administered to individual respondents who had cognitive limitations. The questionnaires were developed in English and were piloted as part of the SAGE pretest in 2005. All documents were translated into six of the major languages in South Africa: Afrikaans, IsiZulu, IsiXhosa, Sepedi, Setswana and Xitsonga. All SAGE generic questionnaires are available as external resources.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages including: (1) office editing and coding (2) during data entry (3) structural checking of the CSPro files (4) range and consistency secondary edits in Stata

Response rate

Household Response rate=67% Cooperation rate=99%

Individual: Response rate=77% Cooperation rate=99%

Rising global food insecurity driven by population growth needs urgent measure for universal access to food. This research employs Comparative Performance Analysis (CPA) to evaluate the Global Food Security Index (GFSI), its components [Affordability (AF), Availability (AV), Quality & Safety (Q&S) and Sustainability & Adaptation (S&A)] in tandem with Annual Population Change (APC) for world’s five most populous countries (India, China, USA, Indonesia and Pakistan) using dataset spanning from 2012 to 2022. CPA is applied using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, Rule of Thumb (RoT) and testing of hypothesis etc. RoT is used with a new analytical approach by applying the significance measures for correlation coefficients. The study suggests that India should enhance its GFSI rank by addressing AF and mitigating the adverse effects of APC on GFSI with a particular focus on Q&S and S&A. China needs to reduce the impact of APC on GFSI by prioritizing AV and S&A. The USA is managing its GFSI well, but focused efforts are still required to reduce APC’s impact on Q&S and S&A. Indonesia should improve across all sectors with a particular focus on APC reduction and mitigating its adverse effects on AF, AV, and S&A. Pakistan should intensify efforts to boost its rank and enhance all sectors with reducing APC. There is statistically significant and negative relation between GFSI and APC for China, Indonesia and found insignificant for others countries. This study holds promise for providing crucial policy recommendations to enhance food security by tackling its underlying factors.

ObjectivesTo provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and resource allocation, our analysis delved into the multifaceted burden, trends, risks, and projections of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).MethodsThis research employed data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 dataset, which used a comparative risk assessment to quantify the disease burden resulting from risk factors. Initially, this database was utilized to extract details concerning the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mortality, incidence, and the number of individuals afflicted by MDR-TB. Subsequently, regression analyses were conducted using the Joinpoint program to figure average annual percent change (AAPC) to ascertain the trend. Thirdly, the age-period-cohort model (APCM) was adopted to analyze evolutions in incidence and mortality. Finally, utilizing the Nordpred model within R software, we projected the incidence and mortality of MDR-TB from 2020 to 2030.ResultsMDR-TB remained a pressing global health concern in regions with lower socio-demographic indexes (SDI), where the AAPC in DALYs topped 7% from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the cumulative DALYs attributed to MDR-TB tallied up to 4.2 million, with India, the Russian Federation, and China bearing the brunt. Notably, the incidence rates have shown a steadfast presence over the past decade, and a troubling forecast predicts an uptick in these areas from 2020 to 2030. Additionally, the risk of contracting MDR-TB grew with advancing age, manifesting most acutely among men aged 40+ in lower SDI regions. Strikingly, alcohol consumption had been identified as a significant contributor, surpassing the impacts of smoking and high fasting plasma glucose, leading to 0.7 million DALYs in 2019.ConclusionsA robust strategy is needed to end tuberculosis (TB) by 2030, especially in lower SDI areas.

Abstract

Purpose: The multi-country Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) is run by the World Health Organization's Multi-Country Studies unit in the Innovation, Information, Evidence and Research Cluster. SAGE is part of the unit's Longitudinal Study Programme which is compiling longitudinal data on the health and well-being of adult populations, and the ageing process, through primary data collection and secondary data analysis. SAGE baseline data (Wave 0, 2002/3) was collected as part of WHO's World Health Survey http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/en/index.html (WHS). SAGE Wave 1 (2007/10) provides a comprehensive data set on the health and well-being of adults in six low and middle-income countries: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russian Federation and South Africa. Objectives: To obtain reliable, valid and comparable health, health-related and well-being data over a range of key domains for adult and older adult populations in nationally representative samples To examine patterns and dynamics of age-related changes in health and well-being using longitudinal follow-up of a cohort as they age, and to investigate socio-economic consequences of these health changes To supplement and cross-validate self-reported measures of health and the anchoring vignette approach to improving comparability of self-reported measures, through measured performance tests for selected health domains To collect health examination and biomarker data that improves reliability of morbidity and risk factor data and to objectively monitor the effect of interventions

Additional Objectives: To generate large cohorts of older adult populations and comparison cohorts of younger populations for following-up intermediate outcomes, monitoring trends, examining transitions and life events, and addressing relationships between determinants and health, well-being and health-related outcomes To develop a mechanism to link survey data to demographic surveillance site data To build linkages with other national and multi-country ageing studies To improve the methodologies to enhance the reliability and validity of health outcomes and determinants data To provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decision-making processes about the health and well-being of older adults

Methods: SAGE's first full round of data collection included both follow-up and new respondents in most participating countries. The goal of the sampling design was to obtain a nationally representative cohort of persons aged 50 years and older, with a smaller cohort of persons aged 18 to 49 for comparison purposes. In the older households, all persons aged 50+ years (for example, spouses and siblings) were invited to participate. Proxy respondents were identified for respondents who were unable to respond for themselves. Standardized SAGE survey instruments were used in all countries consisting of five main parts: 1) household questionnaire; 2) individual questionnaire; 3) proxy questionnaire; 4) verbal autopsy questionnaire; and, 5) appendices including showcards. A VAQ was completed for deaths in the household over the last 24 months. The procedures for including country-specific adaptations to the standardized questionnaire and translations into local languages from English follow those developed by and used for the World Health Survey.

Content Household questionnaire 0000 Coversheet 0100 Sampling Information 0200 Geocoding and GPS Information 0300 Recontact Information 0350 Contact Record 0400 Household Roster 0450 Kish Tables and Household Consent 0500 Housing 0600 Household and Family Support Networks and Transfers 0700 Assets and Household Income 0800 Household Expenditures 0900 Interviewer Observations

Individual questionnaire 1000 Socio-Demographic Characteristics 1500 Work History and Benefits 2000 Health State Descriptions and Vignettes 2500 Anthropometrics, Performance Tests and Biomarkers 3000 Risk Factors and Preventive Health Behaviours 4000 Chronic Conditions and Health Services Coverage 5000 Health Care Utilization 6000 Social Cohesion 7000 Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life (WHOQoL-8 and Day Reconstruction Method) 8000 Impact of Caregiving 9000 Interviewer Assessment

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

households and individuals

Universe

The household section of the survey covered all households in 19 of the 28 states in India which covers 96% of the population. Institutionalised populations are excluded. The individual section covered all persons aged 18 years and older residing within individual households.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

World Health Survey Sampling India has 28 states and seven union territories. 19 of the 28 states were included in the design representing 96% of the population. India used a stratified multistage cluster sample design. Six states were selected in accordance with their geographic location and level of development. Strata were defined by the 6 states:(Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), and locality (urban or rural). There are 12 strata in total. The 2000 Census demarcation was used as the sampling frame. Two stage and three stage sampling was adopted in rural and urban areas, respectively. In rural areas PSUs(villages) were selected probability proportional to size. The measure of size being the 2001 Census population in the village. SSUs (households) were selected using systematic sampling. TSUs (individuals) were selected using Kish tables. In urban areas, PSUs(city wards) were selected probability proportional to size. SSUs(census enumeration blocks), two were randomly selected from each PSU. TSU (households) were selected using systematic sampling. QSU (individuals) were selected as in rural areas. A sample of 379 EAs was selected as the primary sampling units(PSU).

SAGE Sampling The SAGE sample was pre-determined as all PSUs and households selected for the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 survey were included. Exceptions are three PSUs in Assam which were replaced as they were inaccessible due to flooding. And a further six PSUs were omitted for which the household roster information was not available. In each selected EA, a listing of the households was conducted to classify each household into the following mutually exclusive categories: 1)Households with a WHS/SAGE Wave 0 respondent aged 50-plus: all members aged 50-plus including the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 respondent were eligible for the individual interview. 2)Households with a WHS/SAGE Wave 0 respondent aged 47-49: all members aged 50-plus including the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 respondent aged 47-49 was eligible for the individual interview. 3)Households with a WHS/SAGE Wave 0 female respondent aged 18-46: all females members aged 18-49 including the WHS/SAGE Wave 0 female respondent aged 18-46 were eligible for the individual interview. 4)Households with a WHS/SAGE Wave 0 male respondent aged 18-46: three households were selected using systematic sampling and one male aged 18-49 was eligible for the individual interview. In the households not selected, all members aged 50-plus were eligible for the individual interview.

Stages of selection Strata: State, Locality=12 PSU: EAs=375 surveyed SSU: Households=10424 surveyed TSU: Individual=12198 surveyed

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f] PAPI

Research instrument

The questionnaires were based on the WHS Model Questionnaire with some modification and many new additions. A household questionnaire was administered to all households eligible for the study. A Verbal Autopsy questionnaire was administered to households that had a death in the last 24 months. An Individual questionniare was administered to eligible respondents identified from the household roster. A Proxy questionnaire was administered to individual respondents who had cognitive limitations. A Womans Questionnaire was administered to all females aged 18-49 years identified from the household roster. The questionnaires were developed in English and were piloted as part of the SAGE pretest in 2005. All documents were translated into Hindi, Assamese, Kanada and Marathi. SAGE generic questionnaires are available as external resources.

Cleaning operations

Data editing took place at a number of stages including: (1) office editing and coding (2) during data entry (3) structural checking of the CSPro files (4) range and consistency secondary edits in Stata

Response rate

Household Response rate=88% Cooperation rate=92%

Individual: Response rate=68% Cooperation rate=92%

IntroductionPediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and severe disorder characterized by obstructive vascular changes that can lead to right heart failure. The clinical presentation and underlying causes of pediatric PAH differ significantly from those in adults, often involving congenital heart disease and developmental lung disorders, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Despite advances in treatment, pediatric PAH remains underrecognized globally.MethodsThis study analyzed global, regional, and national trends in pediatric PAH from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database.ResultsThe findings indicate a stable prevalence rate globally, with a slight increase in the absolute number of cases. Significantly, reductions were observed in both mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with pediatric PAH, with mortality decreasing by 57.66% and DALYs by 63.59% over the study period, indicating progress in mitigating the disease burden. Substantial regional disparities were identified, with low-income regions, particularly Low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) areas, experiencing the highest mortality and DALY rates. In contrast, high-middle SDI regions showed the greatest reductions in disease burden. The highest prevalence and burden were observed in South Asia, the Caribbean, and parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, with China, India, and Haiti bearing the greatest national burdens.DiscussionThese findings highlight the necessity for targeted health interventions, especially in low-resource settings, to improve early diagnosis, intervention, and treatment.

Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among adolescents in six SSA countries, China, and India across participant characteristics.