Tokyo Prefecture ranked first among Japanese prefectures in 2024 in terms of visiting rates by international tourists, with a visiting rate of **** percent. The second most visited prefecture was Osaka, followed by Chiba, which is neighboring Tokyo Prefecture. Tourism in Japan Inbound tourism strongly increased in the past decade, as the Japanese government actively engaged in projects to boost inbound tourism, setting high goals for the near future. However, the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted everything. Nevertheless, the newest inbound annual figures indicate that inbound tourism fully recovered from the pandemic, continuing its upward trend. Sightseeing in TokyoThe Japanese capital, Tokyo, is the largest city in Japan in terms of population. It consists of ** wards, of which many have a unique appeal for tourists. The most popular destinations in Tokyo for foreign visitors include districts such as Shinjuku, where the headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government are located, the shopping-district Ginza, and the electronic town Akihabara, which attracts overseas fans of Japanese popular culture. One-day trips to places outside of Tokyo, such as Kamakura, Nikko, or Yokohama, are also a possibility and add to the appeal the city has as a destination for inbound tourists.

In 2024, Japan welcomed approximately **** million visitors from South Korea. Inbound tourists from South Korea and China were the most numerous, with South Korea performing very well relative to previous results. Visitor numbers for most countries and territories, with the notable exception of China, and Russia, surpassed their results from 2019, before the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic.

 What are the leading drivers for inbound tourism in Japan? Depending on their country of origin, travelers tended to seek different experiences from their stay in Japan. For tourists from China, Japanese cuisine, as well as shopping seemed to be leading motivations to visit Japan. This was the case for many other East Asian travelers, as Japanese food and shopping districts also appeared to be the most appealing for South Korean and Taiwanese tourists. Looking at the leading activities among Chinese tourists in Japan, eating Japanese food, shopping, and walking in shopping districts were the most popular and were undertaken by the vast majority. Asian visitors’ motivations and activities tended to be consumer oriented. On the other hand, leading drivers for visitors from the West, for example, the United States, tended to be more culture oriented. Next to eating Japanese food, leading drivers for Western nations also included experiencing Japan’s nature, sightseeing, and learning about Japanese history and culture.  Shopping tourism in Japan Inbound shopping tourism is thriving in Japan and is especially popular among East Asian visitors. One possible explanation is Japan’s reputation of having a high product quality and service-oriented mindset, while another reason might be the government’s proactive approach to enabling shopping tourism in general. Chinese tourists seem to have taken a liking to shopping in Japan, as they rank first in terms of foreign visitor per capita shopping expenditure.

In 2024, the age group in Japan embarking on the most domestic trips were people in their fifties, with roughly **** million trips recorded. At around ***** million trips, senior citizens above the age of 80 years were the demographic that travelled the least. That year, a total of approximately ****** million domestic trips were recorded in Japan.

In a postal questionnaire conducted in May and June about tourism in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic, **** percent of respondents stated that they intended to support local tourist areas. However, among those intending to support, the majority stated that they did not know how to do so.

Anime Tourism Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global anime tourism market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.67 billion, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.4% expected during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the market is projected to reach a value of USD 4.75 billion. The primary growth factor driving this expansion is the surging international interest in Japanese pop culture, particularly anime, which continues to inspire dedicated travel experiences and themed tours worldwide.

The growth trajectory of the anime tourism market is closely tied to the increasing global penetration of Japanese anime and manga. As streaming platforms expand their anime libraries and global fan communities grow, there is a heightened desire among enthusiasts to visit the real-life locations depicted in their favorite series. This trend is further bolstered by the proliferation of anime conventions, themed events, and collaborative marketing campaigns between tourism boards and anime production houses. These initiatives not only promote specific destinations but also foster a sense of belonging and adventure among fans, encouraging both domestic and international travel. The integration of technology, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), into anime tourism experiences has also made it easier for fans to immerse themselves in the worlds they adore, further propelling market growth.

Another significant driver is the strategic involvement of local governments and tourism authorities in Asia, particularly Japan, in promoting anime tourism as a key economic stimulus. Recognizing the lucrative potential of this niche, many regions have invested in infrastructure, signage, and dedicated tour packages that guide visitors to iconic anime locations. Partnerships with anime studios and production companies have led to the creation of specialized tours, exclusive merchandise, and themed events, all of which add value to the tourist experience. The ripple effect of such initiatives is evident in the increased occupancy rates in hotels, higher footfall in local businesses, and a boost in regional economies, making anime tourism a win-win proposition for both fans and stakeholders.

The market is also experiencing growth due to the evolving demographic profile of anime tourists. While traditionally dominated by younger audiences, there is a noticeable increase in participation from older age groups, including adults and seniors who have grown up with anime and now possess the disposable income to travel. This diversification in traveler demographics has prompted tour operators to develop a wider range of offerings, from family-friendly excursions to luxury guided tours and exclusive behind-the-scenes experiences. As anime continues to transcend cultural and generational boundaries, the market is expected to see further expansion in both the variety and sophistication of tour packages available.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific remains the epicenter of anime tourism, driven by Japan’s status as the birthplace of anime and the presence of iconic locations that attract millions of fans annually. However, North America and Europe are rapidly emerging as significant contributors to market growth, fueled by the increasing number of anime conventions, themed pop-up events, and collaborative tourism campaigns. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual growth, thanks to rising internet penetration and the global accessibility of anime content. The interplay between local culture and global fandom is creating unique regional flavors within the anime tourism landscape, offering new opportunities for market players and enthusiasts alike.

Tour Type Analysis

The tour type segment of the anime tourism market is diverse, encompassing guided tours, self-guided tours, themed events, and merchandise tours. Guided tours have gained notable traction, especially among international travelers seeking immersive experiences with knowledgeable guides who provide context and insights about the anime locations visited. These tours often include exclusive access to filming sites, behind-the-scenes stories, and opportunities to interact with local communities, making them highly popular among dedicated fans. The appeal of guided tours is further enhanced by the inclusion of transportation, accommodation, and curated itineraries, which simplify travel lo

In November 2024, the city of Kyoto recorded approximately **** million tourists, setting the monthly record for that year. In 2024, the monthly number of tourist visits surpassed Kyoto's registered population three to four times, depending on the month.

In the fiscal year 2024, the number of passengers carried via public buses in Japan amounted to around 4.03 billion, increasing from roughly 4.02 billion in the previous year. Buses are an alternative land transportation system in Japan, supplementing rapid transit in the cities and Shinkansen bullet trains for long-distance travel. The weight of demographic change dragging down profitability With operating revenue and passenger numbers decreasing in rural areas, bus associations in Japan keep pointing out the dire business conditions they face. In the countryside, the industry struggles with the impact of Japan’s demographic change: a low birthrate and a rapidly aging population. Since the few young people in rural areas tend to move into the cities, while the older and less mobile generations stay, the effects of this demographic change become even more accentuated. Areas depopulate, demand shrinks, bus lines become unprofitable, and businesses need to adapt their services. Bus businesses have been writing red numbers within the last decade. Only in major cities have a few of them been profitable in some years. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS): A chance for regional revitalization? The basic idea of MaaS is a mobility concept where various means of public transportation pool their data so users can access these services optimal to their personal needs, ideally booking and paying via a single smartphone application. Worldwide, the MaaS and the shared mobility market are expected to increase rapidly. In Japan, the government-backed initiative called ‘SmartMobility Challenge’ regards MaaS mainly as a way to tackle the problems posed by demographic change. Yearly, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) and the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) select regions for subsidized pilot experiments tailored to local needs. The outcomes will also signify how successfully Japan implements key technologies, such as autonomous driving, the Internet of Things, or artificial intelligence.

Concern has been expressed over societal losses of plant species identification skills. These losses have potential implications for engagement with conservation issues, gaining human wellbeing benefits from biodiversity (such as those resulting from nature-based recreational activities), and early warning of the spread of problematic species. However, understanding of the prevailing level of species identification skills, and of its key drivers, remains poor. Here, we explore socio-demographic factors influencing plant identification knowledge and ability to classify plants as native or non-native, employing a novel method of using real physical plants, rather than photographs or illustrations. We conducted face-to-face surveys at three different sites chosen to capture respondents with a range of socio-demographic circumstances, in Cornwall, UK. We found that survey participants correctly identified c.60% of common plant species, were significantly worse at naming non-native than native plants, and that less than 20% of people recognised Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica, which is a widespread high profile invasive non-native in the study region. Success at naming plants was higher if participants were female, a member of at least one environmental, conservation or gardening organisation, in an older age group (than the base category of 18–29 years), or a resident (rather than visitor) of the study area. Understanding patterns of variation in plant identification knowledge can inform the development of education and engagement strategies, for example, by targeting sectors of society where knowledge is lowest. Furthermore, greater understanding of general levels of identification of problematic invasive non-native plants can guide awareness and education campaigns to mitigate their impacts.

Hot Spring Tourism Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global hot spring tourism market size reached USD 18.4 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust consumer interest in wellness and nature-based travel experiences. The market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 34.3 billion by 2033. This impressive growth trajectory is primarily driven by rising health consciousness, the increasing popularity of wellness tourism, and the integration of luxury spa services into hot spring resorts. As per our latest research, the industry’s expansion is further fueled by technological advancements in booking platforms and a growing emphasis on sustainable travel.

One of the most significant growth factors for the hot spring tourism market is the global surge in wellness tourism, which has seen exponential growth over the last decade. Consumers are increasingly seeking travel experiences that offer relaxation, rejuvenation, and holistic healing, making hot springs an attractive destination. The therapeutic benefits of mineral-rich hot spring waters, including stress reduction, improved circulation, and relief from chronic pain, have been widely recognized by both the medical community and wellness enthusiasts. In addition, governments and tourism boards worldwide are actively promoting hot spring destinations as part of their broader wellness tourism strategies, resulting in increased awareness and visitor numbers. The integration of spa and wellness services, such as massages and hydrotherapy, further enhances the appeal of hot spring resorts, attracting a diverse demographic of travelers.

Another critical driver is the advancement of digital technology and the proliferation of online travel agencies (OTAs), which have revolutionized the way travelers discover, plan, and book hot spring experiences. The convenience of online booking, coupled with the availability of comprehensive information, user reviews, and virtual tours, has significantly lowered the barriers to entry for new travelers. Social media platforms and influencer marketing have also played a pivotal role in promoting hot spring destinations, showcasing unique experiences and picturesque locations to a global audience. This digital transformation has enabled hot spring resorts to reach a broader customer base, increase occupancy rates, and offer personalized packages tailored to specific traveler preferences, thereby contributing to the overall growth of the market.

Demographic shifts and changing consumer preferences are also shaping the hot spring tourism market. There is a growing trend among younger travelers and millennials to seek authentic, immersive, and wellness-oriented experiences, moving away from traditional sightseeing tours. Families, couples, and even solo travelers are increasingly opting for hot spring vacations, drawn by the promise of relaxation, health benefits, and unique cultural experiences. Additionally, the aging population, particularly in countries like Japan and parts of Europe, is contributing to market growth as senior citizens seek therapeutic and preventive health solutions. The sector is also witnessing increased investment in infrastructure, accessibility, and sustainability initiatives to cater to the evolving needs of diverse age groups and international tourists.

From a regional perspective, Asia Pacific continues to dominate the hot spring tourism market, accounting for the largest share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the presence of renowned hot spring destinations in countries such as Japan, China, South Korea, and Taiwan, where hot spring bathing is deeply rooted in local culture and tradition. Europe follows closely, with countries like Iceland, Hungary, and Italy offering world-class hot spring experiences. North America is experiencing steady growth, driven by rising health awareness and the development of luxury spa resorts in the United States and Canada. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are emerging as promising markets, supported by government initiatives and growing investment in tourism infrastructure. The regional outlook for the hot spring tourism market remains positive, with all regions expected to witness healthy growth rates over the forecast period.

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Golf Tourism Market Size 2025-2029

The golf tourism market size is forecast to increase by USD 10.13 billion at a CAGR of 7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing emphasis on golf infrastructure development worldwide. This trend is driven by the growing popularity of golf as a recreational activity and the expansion of golf courses in various regions. Another key factor fueling market growth is the advent of integrated mobile solutions in golf clubs and other equipment, which enhances the overall golfing experience for players. However, the market faces challenges from the increasing threat of fantasy sports, which offer similar entertainment value and convenience to golf enthusiasts. Despite these challenges, the golf tourism industry is expected to continue its growth trajectory, driven by the ongoing investment in golf infrastructure and the adoption of technology to enhance the golfing experience.

What will be the Size of the Golf Tourism Market During the Forecast Period?

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The golf sport continues to be a significant contributor to the global tourism industry, with golf tourism representing a substantial segment. The market is driven by various factors, including the availability of high-quality sporting infrastructure, such as golf courses, and the hosting of international sporting events, like the RBC Canadian Open and the Aramco Team Series. Economies of various destinations invest in golf courses and related facilities to attract domestic and international tourists. Local governments and tourism boards collaborate to offer accommodation, dining, and leisure activities catering to golf enthusiasts. Female golfers constitute a growing demographic in this market. Golf Saudi, for instance, has made strides in promoting the sport among women.
Moreover, corporate golf events also contribute to the market's growth. An effective inventory management system is crucial for golf businesses to meet the demands of this dynamic market. Golf tourism continues to be a vital sector In the sport tourism industry, offering unique experiences for travelers and contributing to economic growth.

How is this Golf Tourism Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The golf tourism industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Male
  Female


Type

  Domestic
  International


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    Spain


  South America

    Brazil


  Middle East and Africa

By End-user Insights

The male segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Golf tourism caters to a demographic of predominantly middle-aged males and spectators, driven by an increased interest in golf and enhanced living standards. The market's expansion is significant, with growth expected to continue due to the increasing number of golf destinations. This sector encompasses golf enthusiasts traveling for sports events, nostalgia, and active participation. The global golf market's growth is fueled by factors such as improved sports infrastructure and a growing male interest in golf. World-class golf courses, top-notch facilities, and personalized experiences attract discerning travelers. Corporate groups, retreats, conferences, and team-building activities also contribute to the market's growth. Golf tourism encompasses various segments, including domestic and international applications.

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The male segment was valued at USD 13.95 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 39% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The market in North America, specifically In the US and Canada, holds a significant market share. South America's golf tourism sector exhibits promising growth due to strong economies, suitable weather conditions, diverse terrains, and extensive golf media exposure. Although golf participation rates remain stable, the number of rounds played and golfers has risen over the past few years. This growth in golfer activity positively impacts the golf industry and, in turn, the market. Golf tourism caters to discerning travelers seeking world-class courses, top-notch facilities, and personalized experiences. Renowned archi

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Helicopter Tourism Market Size 2025-2029

The helicopter tourism market size is forecast to increase by USD 257.3 million, at a CAGR of 3.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing alliance between helicopter operators and resorts. This collaboration offers tourists unique and exclusive experiences, often combining luxury accommodations with breathtaking aerial views. However, the market faces a notable challenge in the form of cost-intensive tours. Despite this obstacle, opportunities exist for companies to capitalize on the trend towards experiential travel and adventure tourism. By offering innovative pricing models and value-added services, helicopter tourism providers can attract a wider customer base and differentiate themselves from competitors.
Additionally, the market's potential for expansion is vast, with untapped markets in emerging economies and growing demand for eco-tourism and adventure experiences. Companies seeking to succeed in this market must navigate the cost challenge while capitalizing on the trend towards experiential travel and collaboration with resorts.

What will be the Size of the Helicopter Tourism Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by dynamic market forces and advancements in technology. Customer service plays a pivotal role in this sector, with companies leveraging booking platforms and online reservations to streamline operations and enhance the customer experience. GPS navigation and emergency response capabilities are essential for ensuring safety and efficiency, while marketing expenses are allocated towards social media marketing and digital marketing efforts. Safety regulations remain a constant focus, with safety audits, accident investigation, and risk assessment integral to maintaining regulatory compliance. Helicopter charters offer flexibility for various sectors, from scenic flights and adventure tourism to luxury travel and aerial photography.

Training programs for pilots and staff, engine maintenance, and risk management are critical components of operational efficiency. Insurance premiums and financial modeling are crucial for managing operational costs and mitigating risks. Flight tracking and planning software enable effective scheduling and weather monitoring, while component replacement and maintenance logs ensure helicopter readiness. Sustainable tourism initiatives, such as carbon footprint reduction and tourist infrastructure development, are also gaining importance. Pricing strategies and revenue management are essential for optimizing profits, with data analytics and technical manuals providing valuable insights for decision-making. Pilot recruitment, certification, and employee training are ongoing priorities, with safety procedures and liability insurance safeguarding against potential risks.

Fleet management and engine overhaul are crucial for maintaining helicopter fleets and ensuring optimal performance.

How is this Helicopter Tourism Industry segmented?

The helicopter tourism industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  General
  Customized


Ownership

  Charter service
  Fractional ownership


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Italy
    Switzerland
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The general segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. In the dynamic the market, various factors influence the industry's growth and trends. Middle-income countries, home to a significant portion of the global population, present a vast consumer base for helicopter services. Price sensitivity among tourists is a crucial determinant, with only a select few able to afford helicopter tours due to their costly nature. To cater to this market, helicopter companies offer various deals and packages, ensuring optimal value for customers. Staffing costs, parts supply, and regulatory compliance are significant operational expenses. Safety regulations, aerial photography, public relations, and component replacement are essential aspects of maintaining a reputable helicopter tourism business.

The General segment was valued at USD 583.20 million in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period. Online reservations, maintenance scheduling, and customer segmentation facilitate efficient operations. Sustainable tourism practices, such as safety audits, accident investigation, and environm

Key information about Japan Monthly Earnings

• Japan Monthly Earnings stood at 2,014 USD in Sep 2025, compared with the previous figure of 2,034 USD in Aug 2025
• Japan Monthly Earnings data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1971 to Sep 2025, with an average number of 2,161 USD
• The data reached the an all-time high of 7,322 USD in Dec 1994 and a record low of 164 USD in Feb 1971

• In the latest reports, Japan Population reached 124 million people in Dec 2024
• Unemployment Rate of Japan remained the same at 3 % in Oct 2025
• The country's Labour Force Participation Rate remained the same rate at 64 % in Oct 2025

Autumn Foliage Tourism Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global autumn foliage tourism market size reached USD 14.2 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust demand for seasonal travel experiences. The market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2025 to 2033, with the revenue anticipated to reach USD 26.6 billion by the end of the forecast period. This vigorous growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer interest in nature-based tourism, expanding travel infrastructure, and the rising influence of social media on travel decisions.

One of the most significant growth factors for the autumn foliage tourism market is the heightened global appreciation for nature and sustainable travel experiences. As urbanization intensifies and work-life stress increases, travelers are seeking immersive getaways that offer tranquility and a connection to the natural world. Autumn foliage, with its vibrant colors and picturesque landscapes, provides a unique seasonal appeal that attracts tourists across generations. The growing trend of experiential tourism, where travelers prioritize meaningful and memorable experiences over material possessions, has further bolstered the demand for autumn foliage tours. Destinations known for their spectacular fall colors, such as New England in the United States, Kyoto in Japan, and Bavaria in Germany, are witnessing record visitor numbers during the autumn months, underscoring the market’s strong potential.

Another key driver shaping the autumn foliage tourism market is the proliferation of digital platforms and online travel agencies (OTAs). The ease of discovering, comparing, and booking autumn foliage tours online has democratized access to these experiences, making them accessible to a broader demographic. Social media platforms, in particular, play a pivotal role in inspiring travel; visually striking images of autumn landscapes often go viral, prompting spontaneous bookings and word-of-mouth recommendations. Furthermore, advancements in travel technology, such as real-time foliage trackers and virtual reality previews, are enhancing the planning phase and overall customer experience, encouraging repeat visits and fostering loyalty to specific destinations.

Demographic shifts are also fueling the expansion of the autumn foliage tourism market. Millennials and Generation X travelers, in particular, are showing a marked preference for seasonal and off-peak travel, seeking to avoid the crowds and high costs associated with traditional holiday periods. This generational shift is complemented by the rise in disposable incomes and flexible work arrangements, enabling more frequent and longer trips during the autumn months. Additionally, the increasing popularity of wellness tourism, which often includes activities such as hiking, photography, and meditation in natural settings, aligns closely with the appeal of autumn foliage tours. As a result, tour operators and destination marketers are tailoring their offerings to cater to these evolving preferences, introducing customized and themed itineraries that maximize the seasonal allure.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the autumn foliage tourism market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. The well-established infrastructure, diverse foliage destinations, and strong domestic tourism culture in the United States and Canada are major contributors to the region’s leadership. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing market, driven by increasing outbound tourism from China, South Korea, and Japan, as well as the growing popularity of domestic autumn travel within these countries. Europe, with its rich history and scenic landscapes, remains a favorite among international travelers seeking unique foliage experiences. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually gaining traction, supported by targeted marketing campaigns and the development of new tourism circuits.

Tour Type Analysis

The tour type segment of the autumn foliage tourism market encompasses guided tours, self-guided tours, group tours, and customized tours, each catering to distinct traveler preferences. Guided tours remain highly popular, especially among international tourists and first-time visitors, as they offer expert insights, curated itineraries, and hassle-free logistics. Tour operators often collaborate with local guides to provide in-depth knowle

Spatial capture–recapture models (SCRs) provide an integrative statistical tool for analyzing animal movement and population patterns. Although incorporating home range formation with a theoretical basis of animal movement into SCRs can improve the prediction of animal space use in a heterogeneous landscape, this approach is challenging owing to the sparseness of recapture events. In this study, we developed an advection–diffusion capture–recapture model (ADCR), which is an extension of SCRs incorporating home range formation with advection–diffusion formalism, providing a new framework to estimate population density and landscape permeability. we tested the unbiasedness of the estimator using simulated capture–recapture data generated by a step selection function. We also compared accuracy of population density estimates and home range shapes with those from an SCR incorporating the least-cost path. In addition, ADCR was applied to real dataset of Asiatic black bear in Japan to demonstrate the capacity of the ADCR to detect geographical barriers that constrain animal movements. Population density, permeability, and home range estimates of ADCR were unbiased over randomly determined sets of true parameters. Although the accuracy of density estimates by ADCR was nearly identical to those of existing models, the home range shape could be predicted more accurately by ADCR than by an SCR incorporating the least-cost path. For the application to bear dataset, ADCR could detect the effect of water body as a barrier of movement which is consistent with previous population genetic studies. ADCR provides unique opportunities to elucidate both individual- and population-level ecological processes from capture–recapture data. By offering a formal link with step selection functions to estimate animal movement, it is suitable for simultaneously modeling with capture–recapture data and animal movement data. This study provides a basis for studies of the interplay between animal movement processes and population patterns. Methods Study site Our survey was conducted in the eastern Toyama prefecture, Japan. Our study site locates at the western foot of Tateyama mountains and partly overlapped to the Chubusangaku National Park. It contains a wide range of topography from lowland, hill to mountains. In the hilly area, agricultural lands along the rivers divide the forest landscape. The deciduous coniferous trees (Fagus crenata, Quercus crispula and Q. serrata) which offer food for bears in autumn are dominant species of the forest (Arimoto et al. 2011). As in other parts of Japan, a hard crop of acorns causes behavioral changes in black bears that increase conflicts with human (Ohnishi et al. 2011). Survey design From 2013 to 2015, we conducted a camera trap capture-recapture survey at 86 locations in the forest (Fig. S1). The survey were conducted from May to October, which is active season for bears. In each location, we set a camera trap (Trophycam ; Bushnell Outdoor Products, Overland Park) with video-recording mode. The duration of video was 30 seconds, and lag time after a trigger was set to minimal value. For efficient photographing of a chest mark as a key to individual recognition, we used an odor stimulant (mixture of honey and red wine) to encourage bears to stand up in front of camera by the protocol shown by Higashide et al. (2013). The odor stimulant was filled in a plastic bottle covered by a robust polyvinyl chloride tubing and fixed to the surrounding trees for protection from bear attachs. We visited each location every one to two months to replace batteries and SD cards and to refill the odor stimulant. The records of the same individual at a location within 60 minutes were grouped into a detection event. An image library of chest marks was developed from the video footage taken, and identical individuals were matched manually (Higashide et al. 2012). For fitting the capture recapture models, we aggregated the numbers of detections for each camera trap, individual and year.

Saga Prefecture is located on the island of Kyushu in western Japan. With a population of 839,458, it is one of the least populated prefectures in Japan. Every year, Saga City holds the “Saga International Balloon Festival”. Many people who live in Saga Prefecture attend the event, along with visitors from all over Japan and the world, with attendance typically in the millions. Saga City is considered to be a part of the Fukuoka-Kitakyushu metropolitan area. Agriculture and forestry dominate the economy of Saga Prefecture; it is the largest producer of mandarin oranges and mochigome in Japan. Saga Prefecture is also famous for its porcelain production.

Long‑Course Triathlon Fan Travel Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Long‑Course Triathlon Fan Travel market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $2.7 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period of 2025–2033. The primary factor fueling this robust growth is the rising global popularity of endurance sports, particularly long-course triathlons, which are attracting a dedicated fan base seeking immersive travel experiences. This surge is further propelled by the expansion of international triathlon events, enhanced digital booking platforms, and the increasing availability of tailored travel packages that cater specifically to triathlon enthusiasts and their supporters.

Regional Outlook

North America currently commands the largest share of the global Long‑Course Triathlon Fan Travel market, accounting for nearly 38% of total revenue in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the region’s mature sports tourism infrastructure, a high concentration of iconic triathlon events such as IRONMAN in the United States and Canada, and a culture that embraces active, experience-driven travel. The presence of well-developed transportation networks, a strong ecosystem of service providers, and supportive government policies further enhance the region’s appeal. Additionally, North America benefits from a large base of affluent sports fans who are willing to invest in premium travel experiences, driving demand for both domestic and international fan travel packages. The integration of advanced digital booking systems and loyalty programs also plays a pivotal role in retaining and expanding the customer base.

Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest-growing region in the Long‑Course Triathlon Fan Travel market, expected to register a CAGR of 12.1% from 2025 to 2033. This rapid growth is underpinned by rising disposable incomes, increased health and wellness awareness, and a burgeoning interest in endurance sports among younger demographics. Countries like China, Japan, and Australia are investing heavily in sports tourism infrastructure and hosting major international triathlon events, which attract both local and international fans. Strategic partnerships between event organizers, travel agencies, and hospitality providers are fostering innovative travel solutions tailored to the unique preferences of Asian travelers. Furthermore, the proliferation of digital platforms is making it easier for fans to discover, plan, and book comprehensive travel packages, further accelerating market expansion in this region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually increasing their footprint in the Long‑Course Triathlon Fan Travel market. However, these regions face adoption challenges linked to limited infrastructure, varying levels of event organization, and economic constraints that impact discretionary spending on sports-related travel. Despite these hurdles, localized demand is on the rise, particularly in urban centers where triathlon participation is growing. Governments and private sector stakeholders are beginning to recognize the potential of sports tourism as a driver for economic development, leading to incremental policy reforms and targeted investments. Over the coming years, improved connectivity, enhanced event marketing, and the introduction of affordable travel packages are expected to unlock new opportunities, making these regions attractive for future market growth.

Report Scope

In 2023, the male population in Tokyo Prefecture amounted to around 6.6 million. The number of men in the prefecture declined in 2021 for the first time in the past decade.

In 2023, the pachinko-playing population in Japan was estimated at *** million players. Pachinko is a gambling game involving small silver balls that trickle down in an arcade-style machine, with players trying to direct the balls into winning holes. The game is one of the few gambling activities that are widely available and are tolerated in Japanese society. Pachinko is played in designated pachinko parlors that provide the necessary equipment, the machines, and balls that are needed for play. Consumer behavior Playing pachinko involves a certain sacrifice in terms of money and time spent. Active pachinko players frequent parlors on average about ** times per year, with most customers playing for several hours. The majority of players spend on average ** thousand Japanese yen and more per parlor visit, with a substantial share of players spending more than ** thousand yen per visit. Addiction Addiction to pachinko and pachislot gambling is a recognized social issue. The pachinko industry and other involved entities are active in finding ways to counteract problem behavior, taking various measures, such as awareness campaigns. While official data concerning the share of pachinko-addicted individuals show a low prevalence in the playing population, several programs exist that offer help to addiction-afflicted persons and their families. One such program is the Recovery Support Network, which receives thousands of pachinko gambling-related calls per year. Charity organizations that represent the pachinko industry also direct their funding to gambling-addiction-related programs.

Movie theaters in Japan recorded about ***** million visitors in 2024. The number of moviegoers declined by more than ** million compared to the previous year.The changing popularity of movie theaters in JapanMovie theaters in Japan enjoyed their highest popularity in the *****, which are also regarded as the golden age of Japanese cinema. Back then, the most successful years saw more than *********** annual visitors. The number of visitors decreased considerably when television became widely affordable in the early *****. After a low point in the *****, with just about *** million visitors in 1996, the number of moviegoers increased again and reached almost *** million in 2019, which was the highest figure recorded since 1971. Movies such as the Makoto Shinkai hits "Your Name" (2016) and "Weathering With You" (2019) were especially popular among young people and played a significant role in increasing theater admissions. In 2020, "Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train," which was released in October of that year, managed to draw many people in despite the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on theaters. The movie, which was directed by Haruo Sotozaki, overtook Hayao Miyazaki's "Spirited Away" as the highest-grossing Japanese film of all time in Japan.Movie theaters in comparison with other forms of entertainmentA survey on the most popular video content media that was conducted prior to the pandemic showed that about ** percent of people in Japan watched movies in cinemas, making cinemas one of the more popular forms of video consumption. A comparison with the most popular video content media among subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) users showed that SVOD users were more likely to visit cinemas than the average population. Commentators point out that cinemas constitute an opportunity for people to meet and socialize in a time of increasing single households, while interactions on social media have come to play a significant role in creating hypes around movie releases.

In 2024, domestic travelers on sightseeing and recreational trips accounted for about ***** trillion Japanese yen expenditure in the tourism industry in Japan. Leisure travel expenditure constituted the lion’s share of the expenses recorded in domestic tourism. Per trip expenses on leisure trips As to be expected, overnight leisure trips cost on average multiple times more than same-day trips. For overnight leisure travel, the costliest item of the trip was the lodging expenditure, followed by expenses for transportation. Same-day trips entailed no costs for accommodation and also recorded lower expenses in all expenditure categories, resulting in a significantly lower overall price per trip. Business travel expenses Business travel is the smallest among the three travel and tourism categories, recording a revenue of roughly **** trillion yen for 2024. Unlike for the other two categories, which showcase a large demographic spread, business travel expenses are overwhelmingly generated by men in their forties and fifties.