Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional sports league in North America made up of 30 teams that compete in the American League and the National League. In 2023, just over ** percent of players within the league were Hispanic or Latino.

There were a total of 949 players on opening day rosters of Major League Baseball teams ahead of the 2024 season. Of these players, almost 28 percent were from countries and territories outside the United States, with the Dominican Republic being the most represented nation.

The Lahman Baseball Database is a comprehensive, open-source compilation of statistics and player data for Major League Baseball (MLB). It contains relational data from the 19th century through the most recent complete season, including batting, pitching, and fielding statistics, player demographics, awards, team performance, and managerial records.

This dataset is widely used for exploratory data analysis, statistical modeling, predictive analysis, machine learning, and sports performance forecasting.

This dataset is the latest CSV release of the Lahman Baseball Database, downloaded directly from https://sabr.org/lahman-database/. It includes historical MLB data spanning from 1871 to 2024, organized across 27 structured tables such as: - Batting: Player-level batting stats per year - Pitching: Season-level metrics - People: Biographical data (birth/death, handedness, debut/finalGame) - Teams, Managers: Team records - BattingPost, PitchingPost, FieldingPost: Post-season stats - AllstarFull: all star game - statsHallOfFame: Historical awards and recognitions

Items to explore: - Track league-wide trends in home runs, strikeouts, or batting averages over time - Compare player performance by era, position, or righty/lefty - Create a timeline showing changes in a teams win-loss records - Map birthplace distributions of MLB players over time - Estimate the impact of rule changes on player stats (pitch clock, DH) - Model factors that influence MVP or Cy Young award wins - Predict a players future performance based on historical stats

📘 License

This dataset is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license. Attribution is required. Derivative works must be shared under the same license.

📝 Official source: https://sabr.org/lahman-database/ 📥 Direct data page: https://www.seanlahman.com/baseball-archive/statistics/ 🖊️ R-Package Documentation: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Lahman/Lahman.pdf

0.1 Copyright Notice & Limited Use License This database is copyright 1996-2025 by SABR, via generious donation from Sean Lahman. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. For details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ For licensing information or further information, contact Scott Bush at: sbush@sabr.org 0.2 Contact Information Web site: https://sabr.org/lahman-database/ E-Mail: jpomrenke@sabr.org

Major League Baseball is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in North America. The survey depicts the level of interest in the MLB in the United States and it showed that 36 percent of Hispanic respondents were avid fans of the league.

Baseball Databank is a compilation of historical baseball data in a convenient, tidy format, distributed under Open Data terms.

This version of the Baseball databank was downloaded from Sean Lahman's website.

Note that as of v1, this dataset is missing a few tables because of a restriction on the number of individual files that can be added. This is in the process of being fixed. The missing tables are Parks, HomeGames, CollegePlaying, Schools, Appearances, and FieldingPost.

The Data

The design follows these general principles. Each player is assigned a unique number (playerID). All of the information relating to that player is tagged with his playerID. The playerIDs are linked to names and birthdates in the MASTER table.

The database is comprised of the following main tables:

• MASTER - Player names, DOB, and biographical info
• Batting - batting statistics
• Pitching - pitching statistics
• Fielding - fielding statistics

It is supplemented by these tables:

• AllStarFull - All-Star appearances
• HallofFame - Hall of Fame voting data
• Managers - managerial statistics
• Teams - yearly stats and standings
• BattingPost - post-season batting statistics
• PitchingPost - post-season pitching statistics
• TeamFranchises - franchise information
• FieldingOF - outfield position data
• FieldingPost- post-season fielding data
• ManagersHalf - split season data for managers
• TeamsHalf - split season data for teams
• Salaries - player salary data
• SeriesPost - post-season series information
• AwardsManagers - awards won by managers
• AwardsPlayers - awards won by players
• AwardsShareManagers - award voting for manager awards
• AwardsSharePlayers - award voting for player awards
• Appearances - details on the positions a player appeared at
• Schools - list of colleges that players attended
• CollegePlaying - list of players and the colleges they attended

Descriptions of each of these tables can be found attached to their associated files, below.

Acknowledgments

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. For details see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Person identification and demographics data are provided by Chadwick Baseball Bureau (http://www.chadwick-bureau.com), from its Register of baseball personnel.

Player performance data for 1871 through 2014 is based on the Lahman Baseball Database, version 2015-01-24, which is Copyright (C) 1996-2015 by Sean Lahman.

The tables Parks.csv and HomeGames.csv are based on the game logs and park code table published by Retrosheet. This information is available free of charge from and is copyrighted by Retrosheet. Interested parties may contact Retrosheet at http://www.retrosheet.org.

Recent baseball scholarship has drawn attention to U.S. professional baseball’s complex twentieth century labor dynamics and expanding global presence. From debates around desegregation to discussions about the sport’s increasingly multicultural identity and global presence, the cultural politics of U.S. professional baseball is connected to the problem of baseball labor. However, most scholars address these topics by focusing on Major League Baseball (MLB), ignoring other teams and leagues—Minor League Baseball (MiLB)—that develop players for Major League teams. Considering Minor League Baseball is critical to understanding the professional game in the United States, since players who populate Major League rosters constitute a fraction of U.S. professional baseball’s entire labor force. As a digital humanities dissertation on baseball labor and globalization, this project uses digital humanities approaches and tools to analyze and visualize a quantitative data set, exploring how Minor League Baseball relates to and complicates MLB-dominated narratives around globalization and diversity in U.S. professional baseball labor. This project addresses how MiLB demographics and global dimensions shifted over time, as well as how the timeline and movement of foreign-born players through the Minor Leagues differs from their U.S.-born counterparts. This project emphasizes the centrality and necessity of including MiLB data in studies of baseball’s labor and ideological significance or cultural meaning, making that argument by drawing on data analysis, visualization, and mapping to address how MiLB labor complicates or supplements existing understandings of the relationship between U.S. professional baseball’s global reach and “national pastime” claims.

Demographic data, description of visual disability and general health conditions of visually impaired subjects playing baseball and visually impaired sedentary individuals.

Baffled why your team traded for that 34-year-old pitcher? Convinced you can create a new and improved version of WAR? Wondering what made the 1907 Cubs great and if can they do it again?

The History of Baseball is a reformatted version of the famous Lahman’s Baseball Database. It contains Major League Baseball’s complete batting and pitching statistics from 1871 to 2015, plus fielding statistics, standings, team stats, park stats, player demographics, managerial records, awards, post-season data, and more.

Scripts, Kaggle’s free, in-browser analytics tool, makes it easy to share detailed sabermetrics, predict the next hall of fame inductee, illustrate how speed scores runs, or publish a definitive analysis on why the Los Angeles Dodgers will never win another World Series.

We have more ideas for analysis than games in a season, but here are a few we’d really love to see:

• Is there a most error-prone position?
• When do players at different positions peak?
• Are the best performers selected for all-star game?
• How many walks does it take for a starting pitcher to get pulled?
• Do players with a high ground into double play (GIDP) have a lower batting average?
• Which players are the most likely to choke during the post-season?
• Why should or shouldn’t the National League adopt the designated hitter rule?

See the full SQLite schema.

Major League Baseball is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in North America. The survey depicts the level of interest in the MLB in the United States and it showed that 33 percent of respondents aged 35 to 44 were avid fans of the league.

In 2022, just over ** percent of Major League Soccer (MLS) players were white, while Hispanic or Latino players made up nearly a third of the league. MLS was founded in 1993, with ** U.S. and Canadian teams competing as of 2023.

Baseball Bat Market Outlook

As per our latest research, the global baseball bat market size in 2024 is valued at USD 470 million, reflecting a steady growth trajectory driven by rising participation in baseball across multiple regions. The market is experiencing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% and is forecasted to reach USD 684 million by 2033. Growth in this sector is primarily attributed to increasing youth engagement, growing professional leagues, and innovations in bat materials and manufacturing techniques.

One of the principal drivers for the baseball bat market is the expanding popularity of baseball as both a recreational and professional sport. In North America, especially the United States, baseball holds a storied cultural significance, and the presence of major leagues like Major League Baseball (MLB) has spurred consistent demand for baseball equipment. The increasing visibility of baseball through digital media, international tournaments, and grassroots initiatives has encouraged more youth and adults to take up the sport. This surge in participation is directly translating into higher sales of baseball bats, particularly among younger demographics and amateur players. Moreover, the proliferation of baseball academies and training centers worldwide is further fueling the demand for high-quality bats suitable for various skill levels and age groups.

Technological advancements in bat manufacturing are also playing a pivotal role in market expansion. The adoption of innovative materials such as composite alloys and hybrid constructions has resulted in lighter, more durable, and performance-enhanced bats. Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development to meet the evolving preferences of players, focusing on weight distribution, grip comfort, and swing speed optimization. These innovations are attracting both professional and amateur players who seek a competitive edge, thus boosting the overall market. Additionally, the trend toward customization, where players can personalize bat specifications, is further driving product differentiation and market growth.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing penetration of e-commerce and digital retail channels. Online stores have made baseball bats more accessible to a global consumer base, breaking down geographical barriers and enabling players from emerging markets to purchase premium products. The convenience of online shopping, coupled with detailed product information, reviews, and competitive pricing, has shifted consumer preferences toward digital platforms. This shift is particularly evident among younger consumers who are accustomed to digital transactions and value the ease of comparing multiple brands and models. As a result, manufacturers and retailers are enhancing their online presence and leveraging digital marketing strategies to capture a broader audience.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the baseball bat market, accounting for a significant share of global revenue. However, there is notable growth in the Asia Pacific region, driven by rising interest in baseball in countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. These countries have well-established domestic leagues and a strong culture of baseball, which is fostering increased demand for baseball equipment, including bats. Europe and Latin America are also emerging as potential markets, albeit at a slower pace, as baseball gains traction through grassroots initiatives and international collaborations. The Middle East & Africa region, while still nascent, is witnessing gradual growth due to increased sports investments and the introduction of baseball in school curriculums.

Product Type Analysis

The baseball bat market is segmented by product type into wooden bats, metal bats, composite bats, and hybrid bats. Wooden bats remain the traditional choice, especially in professional leagues like MLB, due to their authentic feel and performance character

Mean scores of psychological well-being scale and quality of life questionnaires in visually impaired baseball players compared with the Italian normally sighted population.

WAR has changed so much about how we think about baseball over the last ~15 seasons. It’s baked into all types of player evaluation and valuation models in the public sphere and also impacts all MLB clubs proprietary valuation systems in some manner.

Before WAR, we had VORP nearly 20 years ago that you read about on lesser-known parts of the internet and hat tip to Keith Woolner (I’ve always thought it was cool and well deserved that he has his own Wikipedia page) who was largely responsible for starting this thinking and ideology a few decades ago.

It’s been amazing to see WAR’s evolution to this day. It would have been nearly unthinkable to say this 15-20 years ago, but now WAR is part of the latest MLB/MLBPA CBA (they have agreed to their own internal concoction and flavor of WAR for their intents and purposes) and it directly can impact MLB player earnings. Deservedly so, WAR has become part of the modern scouting and evaluation processes and has always been something that crosses my mind when evaluating players via objective and subjective lenses. It can be loosely converted to traditional scouting role grade systems and at the end of the day, WAR is typically going to trump many arguments when valuing and comparing players.

Facts are facts, yet nothing is perfect nor flawless and some grey area can exist. WAR is part of that camp despite the tremendous value it provides. I’ve always found it fascinating how updates to the metric (whether you are using fWAR or bWAR which agreed to normalize their replacement levels in unison several years ago) can tilt the scales especially with the advancement of defensive metrics in player valuation. I remember 10+ years ago, an update to fWAR impacted Jason Bay’s 2009 season and final tally with the Red Sox in his season preceding free agency. Regardless, he signed a lucrative free agent deal.

We’ve come a long way from giving all catchers the same defensive adjustment (the pre-framing metric obsession era!) in early iterations of fWAR to now seeing StatCast defensive data being incorporated into the metric for all positions. It’s certainly a step above just going with UZR or DRS for the defensive portion of WAR calculations. As a minor disclaimer, for all intents and purposes of this data set and study, the fWAR figures are from the “Legacy WAR” or “L-WAR” version before the latest change at FanGraphs in April, 2022. FanGraphs still lists the L-WAR figures from this study on custom leaderboards and you’ve got to work to find it but it’s no longer available on individual, default player pages after the most recent update to the website.

For this data set, I created graph distributions of fWAR as friendly visual reminders of the player populations from 2020-2021. Obviously, figures were diminished in 2020 due to the 60-game season.

Any version of WAR is a cumulative statistic and not to be confused with a counting statistic. If you’re performing very badly you can get into the negatives (I always think of Yuniesky Betancourt as a reminder of this; as an aside I really disliked watching him play) which is not possible with counting stats. Counting stats can’t go down once the season has begun. Rate stats are a different story.

These visuals also show how many players float around the replacement level line (-1 to 0) and its 50%+ in these recent seasons. That number also grows when accounting for players a tick above 0.0 in the positive WAR range. These visuals also allow us to further understand and appreciate greatness (e.g. 5.0+ fWAR players) which only encompassed 1.1% of the player population in 2021. It can also ground your expectations when seeing how many players truly float around league-average in a given season which was somewhere around 7-8% of all ML players in 2021. It's also a reminder that 1.0 WAR players are quite solid when compared against the entire player population. If you're a 1 WAR player that is nothing to sneeze at.

When evaluating players, baseball personnel (this can be analysts, scouts, player development staffers, coaches, executives of all varieties in front offices these days) often try to delineate betw...

The global wood baseball bat market is poised for significant growth, projected to reach approximately USD 450 million by 2025, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period of 2025-2033. This expansion is primarily driven by the enduring popularity of baseball as a sport across various regions, especially in North America and parts of Asia. The increasing participation rates in youth leagues and amateur baseball, coupled with professional leagues continuing to showcase the skill and tradition associated with wood bats, are fundamental to this upward trajectory. Furthermore, advancements in wood treatment and manufacturing techniques are leading to more durable and performance-enhanced bats, appealing to both seasoned players and aspiring athletes. The market's value, estimated in millions, reflects the substantial demand for high-quality wood bats that cater to specific player preferences in terms of weight, length, and swing feel. The market dynamics are also influenced by evolving consumer preferences and a growing appreciation for the authentic baseball experience that wood bats provide. While synthetic and aluminum bats offer alternatives, the classic feel and sound of a wood bat hold a distinct appeal for many players. The market segmentation reveals a strong demand across various bat lengths, with the 28-30 inch and 30-36 inch categories likely dominating due to their suitability for adult players. Applications are broadly categorized for male and female players, indicating a conscious effort to cater to the entire baseball-playing demographic. Key players such as Amer Sports, Easton, and Rawlings are continuously innovating, introducing new bat models and engaging in strategic partnerships to maintain their market share and drive further growth within this niche yet passionate segment of the sporting goods industry.

These data are taken from npb.com, representing the current career statistics for active Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) players in Japan. Included are both a Batting and Pitching data set. In each there are demographic data:

• Player ID (unique identifier for each player)
• Last Name
• First Name
• Position
• Bats (both, left, right)
• Throws (left, right)
• Height (cm)
• Weight (kg)
• Born (birthdate)
• Year
• Team

Then, each data set has BOBBC (back of baseball card) batting and pitching statistics, respectively.

In 2023, the greatest share of players by ethnic group in the National Football League (NFL) were black or African American athletes, constituting just over ** percent of players within the NFL. Despite the large population of Hispanic or Latino people within the United States, there is a substantial underrepresentation within the NFL, with only *** percent of players identifying as such. National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that was established in 1920 and now consists of 32 clubs divided into two conferences, the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The league culminates in the Super Bowl, the NFL's annual championship game. As the league’s championship game, the Super Bowl has grown into one of the world's largest single-day sporting events, attracting high television ratings and generating billions of dollars in consumer spending. NFL revenues The NFL is one of the most profitable sports leagues in the world, generating a staggering **** billion U.S. dollars in 2022. This total revenue of all ** NFL teams has constantly increased over the past 15 years and, although this figure dropped significantly in 2020, this was largely as a result of the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) containment measures. This significant drop in revenue demonstrates one of the primary impacts of COVID-19 on professional sports leagues. NFL franchises As a result of this profitability in non-pandemic times, the franchises of the NFL are attributed extremely high market values. The Dallas Cowboys were by far the most valuable franchise in the NFL, with a market value of **** billion US dollars in 2023. The high value of NFL franchises can be seen clearly when compared to those of the NBA, MLB, and NHL. Franchises within the NFL had an average market value of approximately *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023.

Smart Baseball Bat Sensor Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global smart baseball bat sensor market size in 2024 is valued at USD 168 million, reflecting rapid technological integration in sports analytics. The market is experiencing a robust CAGR of 11.2% from 2025 to 2033, driven by the increasing adoption of data-driven performance enhancement tools in both professional and amateur baseball. By 2033, the market is forecasted to reach USD 441 million, underscoring the growing importance of performance analytics and the proliferation of connected sports devices across the globe.

One of the primary growth factors for the smart baseball bat sensor market is the rising demand for advanced sports analytics among athletes, coaches, and teams. With baseball becoming increasingly data-centric, players and coaches are seeking innovative ways to measure and improve swing mechanics, bat speed, and overall performance. The integration of IoT and AI-driven analytics into smart bat sensors allows for real-time feedback and personalized coaching, which is revolutionizing traditional training methodologies. This technological evolution is not only enhancing player performance but also minimizing the risk of injuries by identifying improper techniques early. As a result, both professional and amateur athletes are embracing these sensors as essential tools for competitive advantage and long-term player development.

Another significant driver is the expanding use of smart baseball bat sensors in youth and amateur sports. The democratization of sports technology has enabled even grassroots-level players to access sophisticated analytics that were once reserved for elite professionals. Training academies and local sports organizations are increasingly investing in these sensors to provide young athletes with actionable insights and structured development programs. This trend is further supported by the growing popularity of baseball in emerging markets, where technology adoption is accelerating. The affordability and ease of use of modern smart bat sensors are making them accessible to a wider audience, fueling market growth across various demographics.

The proliferation of connected devices and the advancement of wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are also catalyzing the smart baseball bat sensor market. Enhanced connectivity options allow seamless data transfer to smartphones, tablets, and cloud platforms, enabling instant feedback and remote coaching capabilities. This not only improves the user experience but also supports integration with broader sports ecosystems, including video analysis tools and performance management software. Manufacturers are continuously innovating to provide sensors with longer battery life, higher data accuracy, and compatibility with multiple devices, further driving adoption among tech-savvy consumers and professional organizations alike.

Regionally, North America remains the dominant market for smart baseball bat sensors, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to the sport's deep-rooted popularity and the region's strong technological infrastructure. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, propelled by increasing investment in sports technology, rising disposable incomes, and a growing youth population interested in baseball. Europe is also witnessing steady adoption, particularly in countries with established baseball leagues and training academies. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are gradually catching up, with investments in sports development and technology adoption contributing to market expansion. This global diffusion is expected to intensify competition and spur innovation, creating a dynamic and rapidly evolving market landscape.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the smart baseball bat sensor market is segmented into swing analyzer sensors, motion tracking sensors, impact sensors, and others. Among these, swing analyzer sensors hold the largest market share in 2024, as they provide critical data points such as bat speed, swing angle, and attack angle, which are vital for performance improvement. These sensors are widely adopted by both professional and amateur players due to their accuracy and ease of integration with existing training routines. The demand for motion tracking sensors is also on the rise, as they offer comprehensive movement analysis, capturing complex biomechanical data that can be used for injury prevention and advanc

New York City politics is the central topic explored in this survey. Respondents were asked for their opinions of Mayor Ed Koch, other public figures, and possible candidates in the upcoming September Democratic primary. Other topics covered include quality of life in New York City, the Yankees, the Mets, and the planned strike on August 6 of major league baseball players. Demographic characteristics of respondents also were recorded.