Abstract

The Sierra Leone Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey provides information for management of the Sierra Leone economy and society. It embodies the results of a household survey designed to produce indicators for social welfare in a cheaper and more regular way to provide instruments for continuous monitoring of the poverty alleviation programme. The CWIQ survey produces information for measuring key changes in social indicators for different population groups in particular Indicators of access, use and satisfaction with social services. The overall objective of the Sierra Leone CWIQ survey, 2007 was to provide timely information for monitoring the implementation of the Sierra Leone Poverty Reduction Strategy and to begin a process of capacity building for the design, implementation, processing and analysis of household surveys within Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL) to strengthen the Poverty Reduction Strategy Monitoring and Evaluation System. This report presents the major findings of the CWIQ survey carried out from 5 April-10 May 2007 by SSL. A sample size of 7,800 households, covering rural and urban areas, in all nineteen Local Councils of the four administrative regions of the country was selected from a total of 520 Enumeration Areas. Detailed information was collected on most aspects of poverty such as demographic characteristics, education, health, employment, household assets, household amenities, poverty predictors, children under five, maternal child health and agriculture. The major findings of the survey are summarized in the order of the relevant chapters of the report.

Geographic coverage

The CWIQ Survey covered all four Sierra Leone administrative regions and nineteen Local Councils. Five hundred and twenty (520) Enumeration Areas (E.A.s) covering rural and urban areas in each of the Local Councils were sampled. Fifteen households were sampled in each EA and resulted in an overall sample of 7,800 households.

Analysis unit

The survey design was based on a stratified two-stage sample design using existing SSL sampling frame (2004 Population and Housing Census). E.A.'s served as primary sampling units while households served as secondary sampling units. The survey design enabled reporting of results at Local Council, Regional and National levels.

Universe

The survey covered sampled households and all household members country-wide.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A total of 7,797 households were enumerated from a sample of 7,800 households, in 520 Enumeration Areas, giving the survey coverage rate of 98.4 percent (Table 1.2 of Appendix 1).For each enumeration area a reserve list of three household was selected for replacement due to refusals, respondents not at home, households not located, moved away among others. Only three Local Councils Kenema District, Kenema Town and Kambia District had 100% completed of the original households in the sample. The rest of the Local Council areas had some household replaced due to refusals or not found. The Southern Region had the highest level of replacement households of 3.3% and the Eastern Region had the lowest level of replacement of 0.1%. Nationally, 4,905 households were covered in the rural areas while 2,892 households were covered in the urban areas.

Sampling deviation

For each enumeration area a reserve list of three household was selected for replacement due to refusals, respondents not at home, households not located, moved away among others.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included the modified generic scannable CWIQ questionnaire; the interviewer's manual and supervisor's manual. CWIQ2007(24464): Sierra Leone 2007 Main Survey 19-03-2007 IMPORTANT Create a reference number by combining the household and questionnaire numbers. Write this number NOW on the top of all pages. Page 1 of 14 Q.1 INTERVIEWER'S NAME A.1 CLUSTER A.2 HOUSEHOLD A.3 SEQ. A.4 INTERVIEWER A.5 DATE A.6 TIME A.7 RESPONDENT Q.2 NAME OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD Q.3 PROVINCE/REGION Q.4 DISTRICT Statistics Sierra Leone A.J. Momoh Street Freetown, Sierra Leone Comments A - INTERVIEW INFORMATION C W I Q Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire I Q.5 LOCAL COUNCIL Q.6 CHIEFDOM/WARD Quest. N o. Hour Min. AM PM Member N o. A.8 RESULT Complete with selected household Complete with replacement - refusal Complete with replacement - not found Incomplete 1 2 3 4 A.9 INTERVIEW END Hour Min. AM PM PRINTING AND SHADING INSTRUCTIONS For optimum accuracy, please print carefully and avoid contact with the edges of the box. The following will serve as an example: Tel: 022-223287 Q.7 SECTION Q.8 VILLAGE/LOCALITY Day Mon th Y ear Reference Number 8862244644 CWIQ2007(24464): Sierra Leone 2007 Main Survey 19-03-2007 IF RESPONSE IS NO OR DON'T KNOW GO TO NEXT PERSON MEMBER NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Head B Page 2 of 14 - LIST OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WRITE DOWN THE NAMES OF ALL PERSONS WHO NORMALLY LIVE AND EAT TOGETHER IN THIS HOUSEHOLD, STARTING WITH THE HEAD. B.1 Is [NAME] male or female? Male Female B.2 How long has [NAME] been away in the last 12 months? Never Less than 6 months 6 months or more B.3 What is [NAME]'s relationship to the head of household? Head Spouse Child Parent Other relative Not related B.4 How old was [NAME] at last birthday? (RECORD AGE IN COMPLETED YEARS.) B.9 Is [NAME]'s mother living in the household? Yes No What is [NAME]'s marital status? Never married Married(monogamous) Married(polygamous) Divorced Separated Widowed Is [NAME]'s father alive? Yes No Don't know B.7 Is [NAME]'s father living in the household? Yes No B.8 Is [NAME]'s mother alive? Yes No Don't know M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N IF RESPONSE IS NO OR DON'T KNOW GO TO B.8 M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N M F 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Y N X Y N Y N X Y N B.5 IF PERSON IS UNDER AGE 10 GO TO B.6 B.6 IF PERSON IS AGED 18 OR ABOVE GO TO NEXT PERSON Reference Number 7226244647 CWIQ2007(24464): Sierra Leone 2007 Main Survey 19-03-2007 GO TO NEXT PERSON GO TO NEXT PERSON MEMBER NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Page 3 of 14 C - EDUCATION Can [NAME] read and write in any language? Yes No C.2 Has [NAME] ever attended school? Yes No Why has [NAME] not started school? (YOU MUST MARK AT LEAST ONE ANSWER) a Too young b Too far away c Too expensive d Is working (home or job) e Useless/uninteresting f Illness g Other C.3 What is the highest grade [NAME] completed? C.4 Did [NAME] attend school last year? Yes No C.5 Is [NAME] currently in school? Yes No C.6 What is the current grade [NAME] is attending? C.7 Who runs the school [NAME] is attending? Government Religious organization Private Community Other C.8 Did [NAME] have any problems with school? (YOU MUST MARK AT LEAST ONE ANSWER) a No problem (satisfied) b Lack of books/supplies c Poor teaching d Not enough teachers e Teachers often absent f Lack of space g Facilities in bad condition h High fees i Other problem C.9 Why is [NAME] not currently in school? (YOU MUST MARK AT LEAST ONE ANSWER) a Completed school b Too far away c Too expensive d Is working (home or job) e Illness f Drug related problem g Pregnancy h Got married i Useless/uninteresting j Failed exam k Awaiting admission l Dismissed m Other C3 - Highest grade completed 00 None 01 Pre-school 11 P1 21 JSS1 31 University 12 P2 22 JSS2 41 Vocational 13 P3 23 JSS3 42 Teacher training 14 P4 24 SSS1 43 Technical 15 P5 25 SSS2 16 P6 26 SSS3 C6 - Current grade attending 01 Pre-school 11 P1 21 JSS1 31 University 12 P2 22 JSS2 41 Vocational 13 P3 23 JSS3 42 Teacher training 14 P4 24 SSS1 43 Technical 15 P5 25 SSS2 16 P6 26 SSS3 Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y N Y N 1 2 3 4 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y IF C5 RESPONSE IS NO GO TO C.9 IF C2 IS NO AND [NAME]IS BELOW 19 YEARS GO TO C.10; ELSE GO TO NEXT PERSON C.10 ASK C10 IF PERSON IS BELOW 19 YEARS C.1 ASK C.1 IF PERSON IS AGE 15 OR ABOVE OTHERWISE GO TO C.2 Reference Number 2017244640 CWIQ2007(24464): Sierra Leone 2007 Main Survey 19-03-2007 MEMBER NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Page 4 of 14 D - HEALTH D.1 Is [NAME] physically or mentally handicapped or disabled? Include person only if handicap prevents him or her from maintaining a significant activity or schooling. What sort of sickness/injury did [NAME] suffer? (YOU MUST MARK AT LEAST ONE ANSWER) D.5 What kind of health provider did [NAME] see? D.6 How did [NAME] pay for the consultation? a No need b Too expensive c Too far d Lack of confidence e Other D.8 Why did [NAME]

Employment placement agencies in Europe’s revenue is anticipated to contract at a compound annual rate of 9% over the five years through 2025 to €65.4 billion. The COVID-19 outbreak tanked business confidence and expansion plans because of economic uncertainty after months of global lockdowns, forcing hiring freezes in a tricky time for employment agencies. 2022 marked a resurgence for agencies, with companies entering a hiring frenzy post-pandemic. The labour market is cooling in 2025 amid greater global uncertainty with US tariffs impacting business confidence. Still, employment across Europe remains high. According to Eurostat data, employment in the EU reached a record peak of 75.8% in 2024. Companies enjoyed a post-COVID-19 boom in hiring, as the economy reopened and companies began to look to expand thanks to improved business confidence, which kept employment agencies busy. The labour market has proved resilient against the economic background of high interest rates and high inflation in recent years, but remains tight with several unfilled vacancies. Vacancies have dipped from the sharp rise post-COVID-19 when companies unfroze hiring decisions. Available vacancies are proving difficult to fill in 2025, indicating a skills mismatch between job seekers and roles that agencies are struggling to negotiate. Several countries attempt to address long-standing labour shortages to ameliorate professional mobility and offer training courses for in-demand skills through agencies. France, for example, is addressing youth unemployment through upskilling training programmes. Public sector hiring in Germany and Spain in health and education also pushes revenue growth for agencies compared to stunted private sector demand. Revenue is expected to rise by 8.7% in 2025 amid job cuts in the technology sector. Revenue is projected to swell at a compound annual rate of 13.2% over the five years through 2030 to reach €121.6 billion. Agencies will continue to target revenue growth by elevating their online presence, specialising their services towards more niche sectors and targeting executives and upper management positions. Technological developments remain a threat to recruiters, with HR AI systems like Paradox able to scan networking platforms such as LinkedIn for candidates. Companies’ in-house HR teams are expanding too. The sustainability sector looks to be a hot property job market to target, but potential shortages in both high and low-skilled occupations driven by employment growth in STEM professions and healthcare will create hurdles in the hiring process in other sectors.

Collection of these data was undertaken in order to develop offender classification criteria that could be used to identify career criminals for priority prosecution. In addition to the crime records obtained from official sources and defendants' self- reports, information about prosecutors' discretionary judgments on sampled cases was obtained from interviews of prosecutors and case review forms completed by attorneys. Respondent and nonrespondent files, taken from official court records, contain information on current and past records of offenses committed, arrests, dispositions, sentences, parole and probation histories, substance abuse records, juvenile court appearances, criminal justice practitioners' assessments, and demographic characteristics. The prosecutor interview files contain variables relating to prosecutors' opinions on the seriousness of the defendant's case, subjective criteria used to decide suitability for prosecution, and case status at intake stage. Information obtained from prosecutors' case review forms include defendants' prior records and situational variables related to the charged offenses. The self-report files contain data on the defendants' employment histories, substance abuse and criminal records, sentence and confinement histories, and basic socioeconomic characteristics.

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