The gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in Denmark increased by 0.1 percent of GDP (+3.62 percent) in 2022. In total, the gross domestic expenditure amounted to 2.89 percent of GDP in 2022. Find more key insights for the gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in countries like Finland and Norway.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Denmark was reported at 2.8905 % in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Denmark - Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on October of 2025.

Forecast: R&D Expenditure in Denmark 2024 - 2028 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

R&D expenditure of Denmark increased by 4.67% from 2.8 % in 2021 to 2.9 % in 2022. Since the 2.33% fall in 2019, R&D expenditure fell by 0.22% in 2022. Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Denmark: Research and development expenditure, percent of GDP: The latest value from 2022 is 2.89 percent, an increase from 2.76 percent in 2021. In comparison, the world average is 1.19 percent, based on data from 75 countries. Historically, the average for Denmark from 1996 to 2022 is 2.63 percent. The minimum value, 1.81 percent, was reached in 1996 while the maximum of 3.09 percent was recorded in 2016.

Forecast: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D in Denmark 2023 - 2027 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Denmark DK: Research and Development Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 3.014 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.976 % for 2014. Denmark DK: Research and Development Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.505 % from Dec 1996 (Median) to 2015, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.077 % in 2009 and a record low of 1.803 % in 1996. Denmark DK: Research and Development Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.World Bank: Technology. Gloss domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.; ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Weighted average; Each economy is classified based on the classification of World Bank Group's fiscal year 2018 (July 1, 2017-June 30, 2018).

DK: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data was reported at 81,849.000 DKK mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 70,433.000 DKK mn for 2021. DK: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 35,252.799 DKK mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81,849.000 DKK mn in 2022 and a record low of 4,468.400 DKK mn in 1981. DK: Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

Denmark DK: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data was reported at 1.180 % in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.230 % for 2020. Denmark DK: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data is updated yearly, averaging 2.055 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.600 % in 1993 and a record low of 0.920 % in 2019. Denmark DK: Environmentally Related Government R&D Budget: % of Total Government R&D data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.GGI: Governance: Research and Development Expenditure: OECD Member: Annual.

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Denmark DK: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data was reported at 28,798.000 DKK mn in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 24,019.000 DKK mn for 2021. Denmark DK: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data is updated yearly, averaging 7,936.000 DKK mn from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28,798.000 DKK mn in 2022 and a record low of 1,194.900 DKK mn in 1981. Denmark DK: Higher Education Expenditure on R&D (HERD) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

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Denmark DK: GOVERD: % of GDP data was reported at 0.088 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.094 % for 2021. Denmark DK: GOVERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.180 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.309 % in 1999 and a record low of 0.060 % in 2011. Denmark DK: GOVERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

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Denmark DK: GERD: % of GDP data was reported at 2.986 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.867 % for 2022. Denmark DK: GERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 2.399 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2023, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.102 % in 2016 and a record low of 1.021 % in 1981. Denmark DK: GERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

Denmark DK: GERD Performed: Government Sector data was reported at 3.046 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.400 % for 2021. Denmark DK: GERD Performed: Government Sector data is updated yearly, averaging 7.186 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.673 % in 1981 and a record low of 2.028 % in 2011. Denmark DK: GERD Performed: Government Sector data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

Denmark DK: HERD: % of GDP data was reported at 1.017 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.942 % for 2021. Denmark DK: HERD: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.563 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2022, with 41 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.037 % in 2015 and a record low of 0.269 % in 1982. Denmark DK: HERD: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Denmark – Table DK.OECD.MSTI: Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development: OECD Member: Annual.

In Denmark: from reference year 2007, the surveys are conducted by Statistics Denmark (previously by the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy). Modifications in the questionnaires have increased the response rate; this is particularly noticeable in the Business enterprise sector where survey response is now mandatory. Additionally, due to changes in the administrative structure, a number of institutes, previously classified in the Government sector, were merged with universities.

Until 2002, the HE-sector R&D expenditure was underestimated as R&D carried out in hospital departments at the university-hospitals was included in the Government sector.

As of 2002, the business enterprise survey specifically requests data on researchers, technicians and other personnel. Earlier data for R&D personnel by occupation are based on qualification.

In 2017, unit reclassification led to a break in series in the “industrial production and technology” socio-economic objective (increase) and the “general advancement of knowledge, other than GUF” (decrease). From 2002, GBARD data include government-financed R&D on renewable energy. In 2001, a new principle concerning budgeting of commitments was introduced: commitments of grants are carried to the debit side at the time of entering the commitment, where previously commitment of grants was carried to the debit side at maturity.

From 1999, provincial and local government funding is included in the GBARD data (in particular funding in provincial hospitals), as well as funding from the Danish National Research Foundation and the Danish Investment Fund. In 1983, 1988, and 1993, the method for breaking down GBARD data by socio-economic objectives changed, leading to breaks in series.

This statistic shows the gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP in Austria from 2000 to 2017. Over the period, the GERD share rose by a total of 1.27 percentage points. The GERD peaked at 3.16 percent of Austria's GDP in 2017. In 2015, Austria had the highest GERD to GDP ration in the reported countries in the European Union (EU) followed by Denmark and Germany.