This method provides statistics on relative deprivation in England, Wales, and Scotland, including:

• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) – a measure of overall deprivation
• Domain-specific indices (e.g., income, employment, education, health etc.) that differ by country
• Area rankings and deciles for simplified analysis

Area Types

The indices assess deprivation at a small-area level:

• England & Wales: Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs)
• Scotland: Data Zones

Ranking & Deciles

Each area is ranked from most to least deprived:

• England: 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• Wales: 1 (most deprived) to 1,909 (least deprived)
• Scotland: 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived)

The ranks are available in the imdRank field, with domain-specific ranks in fields such as incomeRank, employmentRank, crimeRank, etc.

To simplify, areas are also categorized into deciles (1 = most deprived, 10 = least deprived), available in fields like imdDecile, incomeDecile, employmentDecile, etc.

Mapping & Consumer Platform Adjustments

We use deciles to color-code our deprivation map. However, on our consumer platform, we reversed the ratings scale to match user expectations where higher ratings are associated with higher deprivation.

For example, postcode W6 0LJ (imdDecile 2, a highly deprived area) is displayed as “_Index of Multiple Deprivation - 9/10 or high_” on the consumer platform.

Data Availability

• England & Wales: 2019
• Scotland: 2020

CPRD Aurum linked small area level socio-demographic and socio-economic data mapped to the postcode of the patient, including the Index of Multiple Deprivation, Carstairs Index and Townsend Deprivation Index.

This dataset provides detailed information on the 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for Birmingham, UK. The data is available at the postcode level and includes the Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) information.Data is provided at the LSOA 2011 Census geography.The decile score ranges from 1-10 with decile 1 representing the most deprived 10% of areas while decile 10 representing the least deprived 10% of areas.The IMD rank and decile score is allocated to the LSOA and all postcodes within it at the time of creation (2019).Note that some postcodes cross over LSOA boundaries. The Office for National Statistics sets boundaries for LSOAs and allocates every postcode to one LSOA only: this is the one which contains the majority of residents in that postcode area (as at 2011 Census).

The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 provide detailed measures of relative deprivation across small areas in England. The Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) is a supplementary index that focuses specifically on children aged 0-15 living in income-deprived families. This dataset includes indicators such as the number of children in families receiving income support, jobseeker's allowance, and other income-related benefits. It helps identify areas where children are most affected by income deprivation, guiding policy interventions and resource allocation to support these vulnerable populations.

Patient postcode linked measures are available for patients in English practices that have consented to participate in the linkage scheme. Data are linked via Lower Super Output Area (LSOA), Super Output Area (SOA) in Northern Ireland and datazone (DZ) in Scotland. The latest available patient postcode of residence is mapped to an LSOA boundary. The LSOA of residence then allows linkage to the following LSOA-level deprivation measures: 2004 English Index of Multiple Deprivation; 2007 English Index of Multiple Deprivation; 2010 English Index of Multiple Deprivation; 2015 English Index of Multiple Deprivation (composite and individual domains); Townsend Deprivation Index: calculated using unadjusted 2001 census data; Carstairs Index using 2011 census data.

Data are provided as quintiles, deciles or twentiles of the deprivation score to prevent disclosure of patient location. In order to prevent the possibility of deductive disclosure of a patients’ area of residence, researchers will only be provided with one of the above linked datasets for any one study.

CPRD Aurum linked small area level socio-demographic and socio-economic data mapped to the postcode of the GP practice, including the Index of Multiple Deprivation and Carstairs Index.

The National Material and Social Deprivation Indices (MSDI) for all Canadian Census enumeration areas (now called dissemination areas) were downloaded July 21, 2017 by CANUE staff from the INSPQ website. The indices were provided in Excel spreadsheets named TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada1991.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada1996.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2001.xlxs; TableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2006.xlxs; andTableEquivalenceCompleteCanada2011.xlxs. Data for 2016 were provided directly to CANUE by INSPQ.ArcGIS was used by CANUE staff to associate the single link DMTI Spatial postal codes to the Statistics Canada enumeration/dissemination area boundary file, and then spatially join the MSDI data to DMTI single link postal codes using enumeration or dissemination area as a unique identifier. There may be many postal codes within a single enumeration or dissemination area - these will have the same index values. CANUE staff translated the variable names from French to English and added a distance attribute (maximum distance from postal code centroid to boundary of census area).

The general practice postcode linkages are available for all practices in CPRD GOLD and CPRD Aurum and use the general practice postcode which is linked via LSOA, SOA in Northern Ireland and datazone (DZ) in Scotland. The general practice postcode linkage includes several well-known area-based measures of deprivation, including the Index of Multiple Deprivation, Townsend Deprivation Index and Carstairs Index, and Rural-Urban Classification, which are available at the LSOA level for linkage to CPRD primary care data through the practice postcode. Additionally, Sub-Integrated Care Board Locations (Sub-ICB Locs) pseudonym (practice level, England-only) is available. Access is provided by CPRD subject to protocol approval. Further information is available at https://www.cprd.com/linked-data.

The Townsend Deprivation Index is a measure of material deprivation first introduced by Peter Townsend in 1987. A Townsend score can be calculated using a combination of four census variables for any geographical area (provided census data is available for that area). The measure has been widely used in research for health, education and crime to establish whether relationships exist with deprivation. The Townsend scores below were calculated for the UK based on data from the 2011 Census and include a discussion with geographical visualisations of the findings.

Please note that Deprivation Ranks are released at Lower Super Output Area/Data Zone level and are not for each individual postcode.

The first resource below provides a list of all 2011 census frozen postcodes across the UK as well as the:

• Postcode's location in the UK (British National Grid, Irish Grid, Latitude-Longitude)
• Total persons recorded in that postcode
• Female or male breakdown of the postcode
• Number of occupied households in that postcode
• The Lower Super Output Area or Data Zone in which the postcode resides
• The Output Area or Small Area in which the postcode resides
• The Output Area's Classification:
  • OAC Supergroup (codes and names)
  • OAC Group (codes and names)
  • OAC Subgroups (codes and names)
• The Deprivation Ranks of the LSOA/DZ:
  • 2014 Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) Rank for 2011 LSOAs
  • 2015 English Index of Multiple Deprivation (EIMD) Score, Rank and Decile for 2011 LSOAs
  • 2016 Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) Rank for 2011 Data Zones
  • 2017 Northern Irish Multiple Deprivation Measures (NIMDM) Rank for SOAs
  • Townsend Deprivation Index score and quintile of LSOAs and Data Zones
  • Townsend Deprivation Index score and quintile of Output Areas and Small Areas

Suppressed postcodes in Northern Ireland

For confidentiality reasons, counts were suppressed for postcodes that had less than 10 usual residents and had only 1, 2 or 3 households in them.

The Registrar General took steps to ensure that the confidentiality of respondents was fully protected. Accordingly, all published results from the 2011 Census (including those relating to Postcodes) were subject to statistical processes to ensure that individuals could not be identified. For these postcodes, averages were taken at Postcode District level and released in a separate table, which can be found below.

Missing postcodes

These postcodes are based upon the sets of enumeration postcodes provided by the three UK census agencies. Enumeration postcodes are a subset of the complete set of live postcodes at the time of the 2011 Census. These are aggregated to create census output areas, which are themselves aggregated to create most other census geographies.

Only postcodes with at least one resident person are included. Many postcodes, such as those assigned to businesses, don't have any resident populations and so won't appear in the table.

Postcodes are quite volatile; new postcodes are created and old ones are terminated regularly. Existing/live postcodes can also change through the addition or removal of delivery points. The ONSPD records all live and terminated postcodes. Each postcode has a date of introduction and, if relevant, a date of termination. Things are complicated further because postcodes can be re-used, so a postcode can be terminated and then reappear with a new date of introduction, replacing/removing the record for the previous instance of the postcode. Postcodes that weren't current at the time of the census also won't appear in the table.

These indicators are designed to accompany the SHMI publication. The SHMI methodology does not make any adjustment for deprivation. This is because adjusting for deprivation might create the impression that a higher death rate for those who are more deprived is acceptable. Patient records are assigned to 1 of 5 deprivation groups (called quintiles) using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). The deprivation quintile cannot be calculated for some records e.g. because the patient's postcode is unknown or they are not resident in England. Contextual indicators on the percentage of provider spells and deaths reported in the SHMI belonging to each deprivation quintile are produced to support the interpretation of the SHMI. Notes: 1. For discharges in the reporting period April 2024 - May 2024, almost all of the records for Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (trust code RBL) have been submitted without an NHS number. This will have affected the linkage of the HES data to the ONS death registrations data and may have resulted in a smaller number of deaths occurring outside hospital within 30 days of discharge being identified for this trust than would have otherwise been the case. The results for this trust should therefore be interpreted with caution. 2. Northern Lincolnshire and Goole NHS Foundation Trust (trust code RJL) has a high percentage of records with no NHS Number. This is resulting in around 40% of their spells not having a value for Age or Deprivation rank. As Age is a component of the statistical models used to calculate the SHMI, values for this trust should therefore be interpreted with caution. 3. There is a shortfall in the number of records for North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust (trust code RAP), Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (trust code RTF), The Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust (trust code RFR), and The Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust (trust code RXW). Values for these trusts are based on incomplete data and should therefore be interpreted with caution. 4. A number of trusts are now submitting Same Day Emergency Care (SDEC) data to the Emergency Care Data Set (ECDS) rather than the Admitted Patient Care (APC) dataset. The SHMI is calculated using APC data. Removal of SDEC activity from the APC data may impact a trust’s SHMI value and may increase it. More information about this is available in the Background Quality Report. 5. Further information on data quality can be found in the SHMI background quality report, which can be downloaded from the 'Resources' section of this page.

The Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation (CIMD) is an area-based index which used 2016 Census of Population microdata to measure four key dimensions of deprivation at the dissemination area (DA)-level: residential instability, economic dependency, situational vulnerability and ethno-cultural composition. Using factor analysis, DA-level factor scores were calculated for each dimension. Within a dimension, ordered scores were assigned a quintile value, 1 through 5, where 1 represents the least deprived and 5 represents the most deprived. The CIMD allows for an understanding of inequalities in various measures of health and social well-being. While it is a geographically-based index of deprivation and marginalization, it can also be used as a proxy for an individual. The CIMD has the potential to be widely used by researchers on a variety of topics related to socio-economic research. Other uses for the index may include: policy planning and evaluation, or resource allocation.

CPRD GOLD linked small area level socio-demographic and socio-economic data mapped to the postcode of the GP practice, including the Index of Multiple Deprivation and Carstairs Index

The Index of multiple deprivation (IMD) combines information from the English Indices of deprivation (IoD). It is the Government's official measure of relative deprivation for LSOAs (Lower layer super output areas). LSOAs are small geographical areas of approximately 1,700 people. There are 128 LSOAs in Calderdale. The IoD is a set of relative measures of deprivation for LSOAs across England, based on seven different domains of deprivation: Income, Employment, Education skills and training, Health and disability, Crime, Barriers to housing and services, and Living environment. There are also seven domain level indices and two supplementary indices - Income deprivation affecting children index (IDACI) and Income deprivation affecting older people index (IDAOPI). It is published every three to five years. IMD 2019 results were published on 26 September 2019. Calderdale results are available, using the dashboard link on this page. More information is available at Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local government: English Indices of deprivation 2019. See also: * IoD Infographic and themed factsheets below * IoD opendata for LSOAs (Lower layer super output areas) and wards below * IoD 2019 factsheets for each ward can be found on the individual ward factsheets. * Children's Centre Boundary areas data set for a postcode checker tool which includes IMD 2019 decile for each LSOA in the children's centre reach area. * Calderdale areas by postcode dataset for a list of postcodes in Calderdale, their ward, and the IMD 2019 decile for their LSOA. * Exploring local income deprivation - new animation by the Office for National Statistics about income deprivation at neighbourhood level as shown by the English Index of Income Deprivation 2019

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is one of a set of English indices of deprivation, and are released by the Department for Communities and Local Government every three to five years. The latest statistics are for 2015, and use data from 2012 to 2013. IMD results are sometimes used as criteria for external funding bids (eg Big Lottery).

IMD 2015 is the Government’s official measure of relative deprivation for LSOAs. LSOAs are small geographic areas of approximately 1,500 people, and there are 128 LSOAs in Calderdale.

The data is provided at Lower layer Super Output Area (LSOA), Neighbourhood and Ward levels in Calderdale. It shows rank, decile and percentage compared with 38,824 LSOAs in England.

IMD 2015 was published in September 2015 and replaces previous IMD publications. More information is available from Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) English indices of deprivation 2015 .

See also:

• The DCLG has published a free online tool to help locate the IMD 2015 results and LSOA for each postcode. Indices of Deprivation 2015 explorer ;
• Calderdale LSOAs, broken down into postcodes can be downloaded from LSOAs by postcode ;
• IMD 2015 factsheets for each ward can be found on the individual ward datasets .

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2024 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It helps support the production of area-based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 231 MB) Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

This is the ONS Postcode Directory (ONSPD) for the United Kingdom as at February 2023 in Comma Separated Variable (CSV) and ASCII text (TXT) formats. This file contains the multi CSVs so that postcode areas can be opened in MS Excel. To download the zip file click the Download button. The ONSPD relates both current and terminated postcodes in the United Kingdom to a range of current statutory administrative, electoral, health and other area geographies. It also links postcodes to pre-2002 health areas, 1991 Census enumeration districts for England and Wales, 2001 Census Output Areas (OA) and Super Output Areas (SOA) for England and Wales, 2001 Census OAs and SOAs for Northern Ireland and 2001 Census OAs and Data Zones (DZ) for Scotland. It now contains 2021 Census OAs and SOAs for England and Wales. It helps support the production of area based statistics from postcoded data. The ONSPD is produced by ONS Geography, who provide geographic support to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and geographic services used by other organisations. The ONSPD is issued quarterly. (File size - 234 MB)NOTE: The 2022 ONSPDs included an incorrect update of the ITL field with two LA changes in Northamptonshire. This error has been corrected from the February 2023 ONSPD.NOTE: There was an issue with the originally published file where some change orders yet to be included in OS Boundary-LineÔ (including The Cumbria (Structural Changes) Order 2022, The North Yorkshire (Structural Changes) Order 2022 and The Somerset (Structural Changes) Order 2022) were mistakenly implemented for terminated postcodes. Version 2 corrects this, so that ward codes E05014171–E05014393 are not yet included. Please note that this product contains Royal Mail, Gridlink, LPS (Northern Ireland), Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

The Daily and Annual PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Concentrations at ZIP Codes for the Contiguous U.S., 2000-2016, v1.0 data set contains daily and annual concentration predictions for Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Ozone (O3), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) pollutants at ZIP Code-level for the years 2000 to 2016. Ensemble predictions of three machine-learning models were implemented (Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Neural Network) to estimate the daily PM2.5, O3, and NO2 at the centroids of 1km x 1km grid cells across the contiguous U.S. for 2000 to 2016. The predictors included air monitoring data, satellite aerosol optical depth, meteorological conditions, chemical transport model simulations, and land-use variables. The ensemble models demonstrated excellent predictive performance with 10-fold cross-validated R-squared values of 0.86 for PM2.5, 0.86 for O3, and 0.79 for NO2. These high-resolution, well-validated predictions allow for estimates of ZIP Code-level pollution concentrations with a high degree of accuracy. For general ZIP Codes with polygon representations, pollution levels were estimated by averaging the predictions of grid cells whose centroids lie inside the polygon of that ZIP Code; for other ZIP Codes such as Post Offices or large volume single customers, they were treated as a single point and predicted their pollution levels by assigning the predictions using the nearest grid cell. The polygon shapes and points with latitudes and longitudes for ZIP Codes were obtained from Esri and the U.S. ZIP Code Database and were updated annually. The data include about 31,000 general ZIP Codes with polygon representations, and about 10,000 ZIP Codes as single points. The aggregated ZIP Code-level, daily predictions are applicable in research such as environmental epidemiology, environmental justice, health equity, and political science, by linking with ZIP Code-level demographic and medical data sets, including national inpatient care records, medical claims data, census data, U.S. Census Bureau American CommUnity Survey (ACS), and Area Deprivation Index (ADI). The data are particularly useful for studies on rural populations who are under-represented due to the lack of air monitoring sites in rural areas. Compared with the 1km grid data, the ZIP Code-level predictions are much smaller in size and are manageable in personal computing environments. This greatly improves the inclusion of scientists in different fields by lowering the key barrier to participation in air pollution research. The Units are ug/m^3 for PM2.5 and ppb for O3 and NO2.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) study is a longitudinal survey of ageing and quality of life among older people that explores the dynamic relationships between health and functioning, social networks and participation, and economic position as people plan for, move into and progress beyond retirement. The main objectives of ELSA are to:

• construct waves of accessible and well-documented panel data;
• provide these data in a convenient and timely fashion to the scientific and policy research community;
• describe health trajectories, disability and healthy life expectancy in a representative sample of the English population aged 50 and over;
• examine the relationship between economic position and health;
• investigate the determinants of economic position in older age;
• describe the timing of retirement and post-retirement labour market activity; and
• understand the relationships between social support, household structure and the transfer of assets.

Further information may be found on the the ELSA project website or the Natcen Social Research: ELSA web pages.

Health conditions research with ELSA - June 2021

The ELSA Data team have found some issues with historical data measuring health conditions. If you are intending to do any analysis looking at the following health conditions, then please contact elsadata@natcen.ac.uk for advice on how you should approach your analysis. The affected conditions are: eye conditions (glaucoma; diabetic eye disease; macular degeneration; cataract), CVD conditions (high blood pressure; angina; heart attack; Congestive Heart Failure; heart murmur; abnormal heart rhythm; diabetes; stroke; high cholesterol; other heart trouble) and chronic health conditions (chronic lung disease; asthma; arthritis; osteoporosis; cancer; Parkinson's Disease; emotional, nervous or psychiatric problems; Alzheimer's Disease; dementia; malignant blood disorder; multiple sclerosis or motor neurone disease).

Secure Access Data:Secure Access versions of ELSA have more restrictive access conditions than versions available under the standard End User Licence or Special Licence (see 'Access' section below).
Secure Access versions of ELSA include:

• Primary Data from Wave 8 onwards (SN 8444) includes all the variables in the SL primary dataset (SN 8346) as well as day of birth, combined SIC 2003 code (5 digit), combined SOC 2000 code (4 digit), NS-SEC long version including and excluding unclassifiable and non-workers.
• Pension Age Data from Wave 8 onwards (SN 8445) includes all the variables in the SL pension age data (SN 8375) as well as year reached pension age variable.
• Detailed geographical identifier files for each wave, grouped by identifier held under SN 8423 (Index of Multiple Deprivation Score), SN 8424 (Local Authority District Pre-2009 Boundaries), SN 8438 (Local Authority District Post-2009 Boundaries), SN 8425 (Census 2001 Lower Layer Super Output Areas), SN 8434 (Census 2011 Lower Layer Super Output Areas), SN 8426(Census 2001 Middle Layer Super Output Areas), SN 8435 (Census 2011 Middle Layer Super Output Areas), SN 8427 (Population Density for Postcode Sectors), SN 8428 (Census 2001 Rural-Urban Indicators), SN 8436 (Census 2011 Rural-Urban Indicators).

Where boundary changes have occurred, the geographic identifier has been split into two separate studies to reduce the risk of disclosure. Users are also only allowed one version of each identifier:

• either SN 8424 (Local Authority District Pre-2009 Boundaries) or SN 8438 (Local Authority District Post-2009 Boundaries)
• either SN 8425 (Census 2001 Lower Layer Super Output Areas) or SN 8434 (Census 2011 Lower Layer Super Output Areas)
• either SN 8426 (Census 2001 Middle Layer Super Output Areas) or SN 8435 (Census 2011 Middle Layer Super Output Areas)
• either SN 8428 (Census 2001 Rural-Urban Indicators) or SN 8436 (Census 2011 Rural-Urban Indicators)

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Waves 1-10, 2002-2023: Population Density for Postcode Sectors: Secure Access
This dataset contains a Population Density for Postcode Sectors variable for each Wave of ELSA to date, and an unique individual serial number variable is also included for matching to the main data files. These data have more restrictive access conditions than those available under the standard End User Licence or Special Licence (see 'Access' section).

Latest edition information
For the second edition (October 2024), data for waves 9 and 10 have been added to the study and data for waves 1 to 8 have been updated.

Main Topics:

This dataset contains a Population Density for Postcode Sectors variable for each Wave of ELSA to date, as well as a unique...