Source data and methodology calculations for the release 'Mapping income deprivation at a local authority level: 2019'. Based on the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation: 2019, to Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) level.

This method provides statistics on relative deprivation in England, Wales, and Scotland, including:

• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) – a measure of overall deprivation
• Domain-specific indices (e.g., income, employment, education, health etc.) that differ by country
• Area rankings and deciles for simplified analysis

Area Types

The indices assess deprivation at a small-area level:

• England & Wales: Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs)
• Scotland: Data Zones

Ranking & Deciles

Each area is ranked from most to least deprived:

• England: 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• Wales: 1 (most deprived) to 1,909 (least deprived)
• Scotland: 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived)

The ranks are available in the imdRank field, with domain-specific ranks in fields such as incomeRank, employmentRank, crimeRank, etc.

To simplify, areas are also categorized into deciles (1 = most deprived, 10 = least deprived), available in fields like imdDecile, incomeDecile, employmentDecile, etc.

Mapping & Consumer Platform Adjustments

We use deciles to color-code our deprivation map. However, on our consumer platform, we reversed the ratings scale to match user expectations where higher ratings are associated with higher deprivation.

For example, postcode W6 0LJ (imdDecile 2, a highly deprived area) is displayed as “_Index of Multiple Deprivation - 9/10 or high_” on the consumer platform.

Data Availability

• England & Wales: 2019
• Scotland: 2020

The Townsend Deprivation Index is a measure of material deprivation first introduced by Peter Townsend in 1987. A Townsend score can be calculated using a combination of four census variables for any geographical area (provided census data is available for that area). The measure has been widely used in research for health, education and crime to establish whether relationships exist with deprivation. The Townsend scores below were calculated for the UK based on data from the 2011 Census and include a discussion with geographical visualisations of the findings.

This dataset contains a range of measures which form the Indices of Deprivation 2019 at LSOA level.

In 2019, people from most ethnic minority groups were more likely than White British people to live in the most deprived neighbourhoods.

The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2010 Indices are for the year 2008. The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2010 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation. In addition, two supplementary indices measure income deprivation amongst children - the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) - and older people - the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI). This data is available for Birmingham specific and for the UK as a whole. Licence: http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence Birmingham 2010 Overall.excel - https://data.birmingham.gov.uk/dataset/87394513-1745-45cb-b766-1ff106a6481a/resource/82d657eb-23e6-402a-9398-eebd049e5756/download/birminghamimdoverallscore2010.xlsx

Dataset population: Households

Classification of household deprivation

The dimensions of deprivation used to classify households are indicators based on four selected household characteristics. A household is deprived in a dimension if they meet one or more of the following conditions:

• Employment: Where any member of a household, who is not a full-time student, is either unemployed or long-term sick.
• Education: No person in the household has at least Level 2 education (see highest level of qualification), and no person aged 16 to 18 is a full-time student.
• Health and disability: Any person in the household has general health that is 'bad' or 'very bad' or has a long-term health problem.
• Housing: The household's accommodation is either overcrowded, with an occupancy rating -1 or less, or is in a shared dwelling, or has no central heating.

A household is classified as being deprived in none, or one to four of these dimensions in any combination.

This dataset contains the scores underlying the Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2007. These figures combine values of many indicators into a single score that indicates the overall level of deprivation in each LSOA. A high number indicates a high level of deprivation.

The English Indices of Deprivation provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2007 indices are for the year 2005.

The indices have been constructed by the Social Disadvantage Research Centre at the University of Oxford for the Department for Communities and Local Government. All figures can only be reproduced if the source (Department for Communities and Local Government, Indices of Deprivation 2007) is fully acknowledged.

The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2007 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation.

Because the indices give a relative measure, they can tell you if one area is more deprived than another but not by how much. For example, if an area has a rank of 40 it is not half as deprived as a place with a rank of 20.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation was constructed by combining scores from the seven domains. When comparing areas, a higher deprivation score indicates a higher proportion of people living there who are classed as deprived. But as for ranks, deprivation scores can only tell you if one area is more deprived than another, but not by how much.

This dataset was created from a spreadsheet provided by the Department of Communities and Local Government, which can be downloaded here.

The method for calculating the IMD score and underlying indicators is detailed in the Guidance document.

The data is represented here as Linked Data, using the Data Cube ontology.

This release provides insights into self-reported health in England and Wales in 2021, broken down by age and sex. Key findings are presented at country, regional and local authority level. Additional analyses compare general health to the 2011 Census and examines the relationship between deprivation and health at a national decile (England) or quintile (Wales) level can be found here.

In 2021 and 2011, people were asked “How is your health in general?”. The response options were:

• Very good
• Good
• Fair
• Bad
• Very bad

Age specific percentage

Age-specific percentages are estimates of disability prevalence in each age group, and are used to allow comparisons between specified age groups. Further information is in the glossary.

Age-standardised percentage

Age-standardised percentages are estimates of disability prevalence in the population, across all age groups. They allow for comparison between populations over time and across geographies, as they account for differences in the population size and age structure. Further information is in the glossary.

Details on usage of Age-standardised percentage can be found here

Count

The count is the number of usual residents by general health status from very good to very bad, sex, age group and geographic breakdown. To ensure that individuals cannot be identified in the data, counts and populations have been rounded to the nearest 5, and counts under 10 have not been included..

General health

A person's assessment of the general state of their health from very good to very bad. This assessment is not based on a person's health over any specified period of time.

Index of Multiple Deprivation and Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation

National deciles and quintiles of area deprivation are created through ranking small geographical populations known as Lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs), based on their deprivation score from most to least deprived. They are then grouped into 10 (deciles) or 5 (quintiles) divisions based on the subsequent ranking. We have used the 2019 IMD and WIMD because this is the most up-to-date version at the time of publishing.

Population

The population is the number of usual residents of each sex, age group and geographic breakdown. To ensure that individuals cannot be identified in the data, counts and populations have been rounded to the nearest 5, and counts under 10 have not been included.

Usual resident

For Census 2021, a usual resident of the UK is anyone who, on census day, was in the UK and had stayed or intended to stay in the UK for a period of 12 months or more or had a permanent UK address and was outside the UK and intended to be outside the UK for less than 12 months.

The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 use 39 separate indicators, organised across seven distinct domains of deprivation which can be combined, using appropriate weights, to calculate the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 (IMD 2019).The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 use 39 separate indicators, organised across seven distinct domains of deprivation which can be combined, using appropriate weights, to calculate the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 (IMD 2019). This is an overall measure of multiple deprivation experienced by people living in an area and is calculated for every Lower layer Super Output Area (LSOA) in England. The IMD 2019 can be used to rank every LSOA in England according to their relative level of deprivation.ColumnFull ColumnLSOA01CDLSOA code (2011)LSOA01NMLSOA name (2011)LADcdLocal Authority District code (2019)LADnmLocal Authority District name (2019)IMDScoreIndex of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) ScoreIMDRank0Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) Rank (where 1 is most deprived)IMDDec0Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)IncScoreIncome Score (rate)IncRankIncome Rank (where 1 is most deprived)IncDecIncome Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)EmpScoreEmployment Score (rate)EmpRankEmployment Rank (where 1 is most deprived)EmpDecEmployment Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)EduScoreEducation, Skills and Training ScoreEduRankEducation, Skills and Training Rank (where 1 is most deprived)EduDecEducation, Skills and Training Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)HDDScoreHealth Deprivation and Disability ScoreHDDRankHealth Deprivation and Disability Rank (where 1 is most deprived)HDDDecHealth Deprivation and Disability Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)CriScoreCrime ScoreCriRankCrime Rank (where 1 is most deprived)CriDecCrime Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)BHSScoreBarriers to Housing and Services ScoreBHSRankBarriers to Housing and Services Rank (where 1 is most deprived)BHSDecBarriers to Housing and Services Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)EnvScoreLiving Environment ScoreEnvRankLiving Environment Rank (where 1 is most deprived)EnvDecLiving Environment Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)IDCScoreIncome Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) Score (rate)IDCRankIncome Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) Rank (where 1 is most deprived)IDCDecIncome Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)IDOScoreIncome Deprivation Affecting Older People (IDAOPI) Score (rate)IDORankIncome Deprivation Affecting Older People (IDAOPI) Rank (where 1 is most deprived)IDODecIncome Deprivation Affecting Older People (IDAOPI) Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)CYPScoreChildren and Young People Sub-domain ScoreCYPRankChildren and Young People Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)CYPDecChildren and Young People Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)ASScoreAdult Skills Sub-domain ScoreASRankAdult Skills Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)ASDecAdult Skills Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)GBScoreGeographical Barriers Sub-domain ScoreGBRankGeographical Barriers Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)GBDecGeographical Barriers Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)WBScoreWider Barriers Sub-domain ScoreWBRankWider Barriers Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)WBDecWider Barriers Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)IndScoreIndoors Sub-domain ScoreIndRankIndoors Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)IndDecIndoors Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)OutScoreOutdoors Sub-domain ScoreOutRankOutdoors Sub-domain Rank (where 1 is most deprived)OutDecOutdoors Sub-domain Decile (where 1 is most deprived 10% of LSOAs)TotPopTotal population: mid 2015 (excluding prisoners)DepChiDependent Children aged 0-15: mid 2015 (excluding prisoners)Pop16_59Population aged 16-59: mid 2015 (excluding prisoners)Pop60+Older population aged 60 and over: mid 2015 (excluding prisoners)WorkPopWorking age population 18-59/64: for use with Employment Deprivation Domain (excluding prisoners)

This dataset provides detailed information on the 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for Birmingham, UK. The data is available at the postcode level and includes the Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) information.Data is provided at the LSOA 2011 Census geography.The decile score ranges from 1-10 with decile 1 representing the most deprived 10% of areas while decile 10 representing the least deprived 10% of areas.The IMD rank and decile score is allocated to the LSOA and all postcodes within it at the time of creation (2019).Note that some postcodes cross over LSOA boundaries. The Office for National Statistics sets boundaries for LSOAs and allocates every postcode to one LSOA only: this is the one which contains the majority of residents in that postcode area (as at 2011 Census).

The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 offer a detailed analysis of relative deprivation across small areas in England. The Education, Skills, and Training Deprivation dataset is a vital part of this index, measuring the lack of attainment and skills in the local population. This dataset includes indicators such as the proportion of adults with no or low qualifications, the proportion of young people not staying in education or training beyond the age of 16, and the performance of children at key stages of education. It helps identify areas where educational and skill development interventions are most needed, guiding efforts to improve educational outcomes and reduce socio-economic disparities.

This dataset contains the main ranking for the Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2007. This dataset puts the 32,482 LSOAs into a rank order based on their 2007 IMD score. A rank of 1 is the most deprived.

The English Indices of Deprivation provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2007 indices are for the year 2005.

The indices have been constructed by the Social Disadvantage Research Centre at the University of Oxford for the Department for Communities and Local Government. All figures can only be reproduced if the source (Department for Communities and Local Government, Indices of Deprivation 2007) is fully acknowledged.

The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2007 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation.

Because the indices give a relative measure, they can tell you if one area is more deprived than another but not by how much. For example, if an area has a rank of 40 it is not half as deprived as a place with a rank of 20.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation was constructed by combining scores from the seven domains. When comparing areas, a higher deprivation score indicates a higher proportion of people living there who are classed as deprived. But as for ranks, deprivation scores can only tell you if one area is more deprived than another, but not by how much.

This dataset was created from a spreadsheet provided by the Department of Communities and Local Government, which can be downloaded here.

The method for calculating the IMD score and underlying indicators is detailed in the Guidance document.

The data is represented here as Linked Data, using the Data Cube ontology.

Provisional age-standardised mortality rates for deaths due to COVID-19 by sex, local authority and deprivation indices, and numbers of deaths by middle-layer super output area.

Life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HLE), disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and range by national deprivation deciles using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 for data periods from 2011 to 2013 to 2015 to 2017, and the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 for data periods from 2016 to 2018 to 2018 to 2020: England, 2011 to 2013 to 2018 to 2020.

Life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HLE), disability-free life expectancy (DFLE), Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and range at birth and age 65 by national deprivation deciles (IMD 2015 and IMD 2019), England, 2011 to 2019.

Income percentage. High percentages indicate greater deprivation. Sourced from the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) release.

Data is Powered by LG Inform Plus and automatically checked for new data on the 3rd of each month.

Summary statistics from Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). The spreadsheet includes borough data from 2000, 2004 and 2007.

The latest Indices of Deprivation data for 2010 can be found here.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 combines a number of indicators, chosen to cover a range of economic, social and housing issues, into a single deprivation score for each small area in England. This allows each area to be ranked relative to one another according to their level of deprivation.

Local Concentration is the population weighted average of the ranks of a district’s most deprived LSOAs that contain exactly 10% of the local authority district’s population.

Extent is the proportion of a local authority district’s population living in the most deprived LSOAs in the country.

Income Scale is the number of people who are Income deprived.

Employment Scale is the number of people who are Employment deprived.

Average of LSOA Ranks is the population weighted average of the combined ranks for the LSOAs in a local authority district.

The English Indices of Deprivation (IoD) was published by Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) on 26 September 2019. This release updates the indices released in 2015.The IMD brings together data covering seven different aspects or 'domains' of deprivation into a weighted overall index for each Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) in England. The scores are then used to rank the LSOAs nationally and to calculate an IMD score for each local authority area. Local authorities are then ranked by their IMD score. The IMD presents a ranking of relative deprivation between and within local authorities in England. It is not a measure of affluence in an area, nor a measure of how much more or less deprived an area is compared to another.The domains used in calculating the index are: Income; Employment; Education, Skills and Training; Health Deprivation and Disability; Crime; Barriers to Housing and Services; Living Environment. There are also two supplementary domains - Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People (IDAOPI).LSOAs are a geographical unit which has an average of 1,500 residents and 650 households. They were developed following the 2001 Census, through the aggregation of smaller census output areas, to create areas with a reasonably compact shape and which were socially similar (assessed through housing type). Around one percent of LSOAs were changed following the 2001 Census in order to maintain the characteristics described above. There are now 32,844 LSOAs in England. Leicester now has 192 LSOAs.Leicester IMDLeicester is ranked 32nd most deprived in IMD2019 out of 317 local authorities, compared with 21st in the 2015 index.Technical information on the Indices of Deprivation 2019 is available from

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019-technical-report.