Around 10.5 percent of the global adult population suffered from diabetes in 2021 - by the year 2045 this number is expected to rise to over 12 percent. Diabetes, or diabetes mellitus, refers to a group of metabolic disorders that result in chronic high blood sugar levels. Diabetes can lead to serious health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and stroke and is now among the top ten leading causes of death worldwide.

Prevalence
Diabetes is a global problem affecting a variety of countries. China currently has the largest number of diabetics worldwide with some 141 million people suffering from the disease. However, the highest prevalence of diabetes is found among French Polynesia, Mauritius, and Kuwait. Rates of diabetes have increased in many countries in recent years, as have rates of obesity, one of the leading risk factors for the disease.

Outlook
It is predicted that diabetes will continue to be a problem in the future. Africa is expected to see a 134 percent increase in the number of diabetics in the region from 2021 to 2045, while North America and the Caribbean are expected to see an increase of 24 percent. In 2045, China is predicted to be the country with the highest number of diabetics worldwide, with the United States accounting for the fourth highest number.

China is the country with the highest number of diabetics worldwide, with around 141 million people suffering from the disease. By the year 2045, it is predicted that China will have around 174 million people with diabetes.

Death from diabetes

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for 1.5 million deaths in 2019. Diabetes at least doubles one’s chance of dying prematurely and many places in the world lack appropriate treatment options. The highest number of deaths from diabetes comes from the Western Pacific, where over 717,000 people died from the disease in 2021.

Obesity

One of the biggest risk factors for developing diabetes is being overweight or obese. Rates of obesity have increased in recent years in many countries around the world. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that around 32 percent of the adult population was obese in 2018, compared to 19 percent of the population in 1997.

Diabetes prevalence in Massachusetts has been steadily increasing.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects the amount of sugar in a person’s bloodstream and causes it to become too high. This type of diabetes can be caused by risk factors such as obesity and inactivity and, as shown in this figure, type 2 diabetes is more common among older individuals. Between 2023 and 2024, of those registered with type 2 diabetes in England, 44.1 percent were aged between 40 and 64 years. Increasing prevalence of diabetes in England Between 2023 and 2024, there were over 3.5 million people in England who were registered as diabetics. The number of individuals registered with diabetes in England has increased year-on-year since 2008. The vast majority of those registered with diabetes in England are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, with over 3.5 million, while approximately 277 thousand living with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes medication By far the most used drug in England for the treatment of diabetes was metformin hydrochloride with over 24 million items used in 2022 alone. Additionally, already in 2018 approximately five percent of all prescribed drugs in primary care in England were for the treatment of diabetes. The share of prescribed diabetes drugs has steadily increased since 2005.

This is an overview of the treatment and demographics of 227,435 adults with type 1 diabetes. From 2019 to 2022 glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes in England and Wales improved while blood pressure control deteriorated. Use of diabetes technology (wearable glucose monitoring devices in England and insulin pumps in England and Wales) was associated with lower glucose levels. Diabetes technology was used less by those in the most deprived groups and in ethnic minorities. 30% of people with type 1 diabetes did not attend specialist care in 2021-22 and were less likely to receive annual checks or achieve treatment targets as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).

Years of life lost due to mortality from diabetes (ICD-10 E10-E14). Years of life lost (YLL) is a measure of premature mortality. Its primary purpose is to compare the relative importance of different causes of premature death within a particular population and it can therefore be used by health planners to define priorities for the prevention of such deaths. It can also be used to compare the premature mortality experience of different populations for a particular cause of death. The concept of years of life lost is to estimate the length of time a person would have lived had they not died prematurely. By inherently including the age at which the death occurs, rather than just the fact of its occurrence, the calculation is an attempt to better quantify the burden, or impact, on society from the specified cause of mortality. Legacy unique identifier: P00329

As of February 4, 2022, it was estimated that around 14.1 million adults in Mexico suffered from diabetes. This represents nearly 17 percent of the total adult population in the country, which amounted to over 83 million people that year. One of the risk factors linked with the disease is overweight. The share of the overweight population in Mexico is estimated to increase in the following years.

Demographic profile of Type 2 Diabetes Cohort.

As per the results of a large scale survey conducted across India, over 43 percent of the respondents who had diabetes in 2021 were above 60 years of age. Notably, about 3.3 percent of respondents in the 20 to 29 year old age bracket also reported to have diabetes that year. This was a worrying trend and was linked with an unhealthy lifestyle.

Abstract

The study aim was to describe the roles and health issues of older people (50 years and older) who have offspring who are infected or deceased due to HIV, or who have HIV themselves. In addition the effects of the introduction of HIV treatment on the lives and wellbeing of people aged 50 and above was investigated. Specifically, the aims of the study were to describe the effects on physical and mental health, household income and social situation as well as the tasks and responsibilities of older people infected and/or affected by HIV.

Geographic coverage

Rural subdistrict Hlabisa, Kwa-Zulu Natal Province, South Africa

Analysis unit

individuals

Universe

Hlabisa, Africa Centre, Health and Demographic Surveillance Site fifty plus population

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was stratified into five groups. Group 1 was older people on HIV treatment for 1 year or more in 2010 at the time of Wave I of the project. Group 2 was older people who were not on HIV treatment or on treatment for 3 months or less in 2010 (Wave I). Group 3 was older people who had an adult (14-49 years) offspring in the household who was HIV-infected in 2010 (Wave 1). Group 4 was older people who had experienced an HIV-related death of an adult household member in 2010 (Wave 1). Group 5 was older people who were not on HIV treatment or were on treatment for 3 months or less in 2013 (at the time of Wave II). There was over sampling of participants in groups 2 and 5. A two-stage sampling process was adopted for participants in groups 1, 2 and 5. At stage one, all persons meeting the respective criteria for each group were identified from the Hlabisa treatment programme. At stage two, 100 participants for each group who are also under surveillance were randomly selected. The study is restricted to persons aged 50 and above and to those living in the Africa Centre surveillance area. The sample is representative of HIV-infected and HIV-affected older persons in the study population. Respondents who were absent, not found or refused were replaced with another randomly selected respondent meeting the same inclusion criteria. Sampling frame used was the Hlabisa HIV care and Treatment database (ARTeMIS) and the Africa Centre Longitudinal surveillance system. Participants in groups 1,2 and 5 were first identified from ARTeMIS then all those under surveillance and the specific criteria for each group were randomly selected and approached for participation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Well-Being of Older People Study (WOPS) were based on the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) questionnaires, with some modifications and additions to suit the local environment. The questionnaires were also partially harmonized with a similar sub-study in Uganda. The study instrument has three main components: (1) detailed questionnaire on basic demographic information, description of health state including functional ability assessment, well-being, health problems and symptoms, health care utilisation, care giving and care receiving, and experiences of living with HIV (2) collection of anthropometry data (3) blood sample for laboratory measured health risk biomarkers

Cleaning operations

Data editing and quality control was conducted at three levels. 1. During field work the professional nurses cross checked their forms for incomplete or missing information. 2. The two co-principal investigators checked each form for completeness and quality of data. 3. Data entry constraints were built into the data entry programme to spot errors and inconsistencies. Any errors identified at any of these stages were referred back to the professional nurses who revisited the participant for data correction.

The National Diabetes Audit (NDA) provides a comprehensive view of diabetes care in England and Wales. It measures the effectiveness of diabetes healthcare against NICE Clinical Guidelines and NICE Quality Standards. This is the Type 1 Diabetes report. It details the findings and recommendations relating to diabetes care process completion, treatment target achievement and structured education for people with type 1 diabetes. The 2019-20 audit covers the period 01 January 2019 to 31 March 2020. This is the first NDA report dedicated to people with type 1 diabetes. A new diagnosis validation process, which considers medication as well as recorded diagnosis, has been introduced to try to ensure that only people with true type 1 diabetes are included (see appendix). Results are to be taken in the context of low data submission from specialist services, possibly hampered due to COVID-19.

Data set from the article Caruso R, Rebora P, Luciani M, Di Mauro S, Ausili D. Sex-related differences in self-care behaviors of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2020 Feb;67(2):354-362. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02189-5. Epub 2020 Jan 11. PMID: 31927750.

Abstract

Purpose: To describe sex-related differences in self-care; to identify determinants of self-care according to sex, and to investigate how sex interacts with the effect of clinical and socio-demographic variables on self-care in adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: Cross-sectional multicentre study with a consecutive sampling recruitment strategy, enrolling 540 adults with T2DM at six outpatient diabetes services. Clinical and socio-demographic variables were collected by medical records. Self-care maintenance, monitoring, management, and confidence were measured by the self-care of diabetes inventory.

Results: Females reported higher disease prevention behaviors (P < 0.001), health-promoting behaviors (P < 0.001), body listening (P < 0.001), and symptom recognition (P = 0.010), but lower health-promoting exercise behaviors (P < 0.001). Determinants of self-care were different in male and female patients, where the role of task-specific self-care confidence predicted self-care monitoring (RR = 0.98; P < 0.001) and management (RR = 0.99; P < 0.001) among males, while persistence self-care confidence predicted self-care maintenance (RR = 0.97; P = 0.016) and management (RR = 0.99; P = 0.009) among females.

Conclusions: Males and females differently perform self-care. Self-care confidence plays a different role predicting self-care behaviors in males and females. Future research should longitudinally describe self-care and its determinants in males and females with T2DM. Sex-specific self-care confidence interventions should be developed to improve self-care in male and female patients with T2DM.

Preoperative assessment clinics play a critical role in identifying, evaluating, and mitigating perioperative risks. Despite global data highlighting the importance of preoperative risk factors on surgical outcomes, there remains limited information on their impact on postoperative length of stay in South African contexts. This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical profiles of patients referred to a preoperative clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa, and to examine factors associated with postoperative length of stay (LOS). This was a prospective cohort study conducted between 2021 and 2022 at a private clinic. Patients aged ≥18 years undergoing non-cardiac surgery were included. Data on demographics, comorbidities, surgical procedures, and clinical outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to assess relationships between preoperative risk factors, including ASA grading, Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), eGFR, Diabetes Mellitus, age, obesity, and LOS. A ..., Patients attending a pre-operative clinic were asked to consent to participate in a pre-operative assessment trial. A questionnaire was provided which was completed by the patient attending the clinic after consent was obtained. The length of stay was obtained from the hospital records of the patient., , # A prospective study of preoperative risk factors associated with extended length of stay in patients attending a pre-operative clinic in South Africa

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sbcc2frh1

Description of the data and file structure

The data was collected to evaluate the demographics and associated co-morbidities of patients who attended a preoperative clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa.

This was a prospectively run study and the outcome of the length of stay in the hospital post-procedure was interrogated.

Associated risk factors with prolonged length of stay were noted.

Files and variables

File: ERP_PRe_op_PLOS CSV v3.csv

Description:Â

Variables

• AGEGROUP: Age group of the patient in years.
• GENDER: Gender of the patient classified as 1 or 2
• HPT: Hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure.
• Type 2 DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic condition affecting blood s...

Effect of patients’ demographics and clinical characteristics on mean drug cost.

In 2023, West Virginia had the highest share of adults (18.2 percent) who had ever been told by a doctor that they had diabetes. This statistic represents the percentage of adults in the United States who had ever been diagnosed diabetes as of 2023, by state.

The National Diabetes Audit (NDA) and the National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA) provide a comprehensive view of diabetes care in England and Wales. They measure the effectiveness of diabetes healthcare against National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guidelines and NICE Quality Standards. This is the second Young People with Type 2 Diabetes report (1). It aims to document the number of people with type 2 diabetes up to the age of 40 years, their patient characteristics and the diabetes care they receive. This is important because adverse diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes are more common in people who develop type 2 diabetes at an earlier age and it is thought the numbers of affected individuals are increasing (2,3).

Patient demographics by facility type.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the importance that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from the Netherlands and Turkey attach to certain drug effects of oral anti-diabetic drugs.Methods: Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey containing demographic questions and a discrete choice experiment assessing preferences for oral anti-diabetic drugs. Adults from the Netherlands and Turkey were included if they had type 2 diabetes mellitus and had received a prescription of an oral anti-diabetic drug in the last 4 months. The oral anti-diabetic drugs in the discrete choice experiment were described in terms of six attributes: effects on HbA1c, cardiovascular diseases, weight change, gastrointestinal adverse drug events hypoglycemic events, and bladder cancer. Multinomial logit models with country as an interaction factor were fitted.Results: In total, 381 patients were included, 199 from the Netherlands and 182 from Turkey. Patients’ preferences toward drug effects varied between the countries. Turkish patients attached the highest importance to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (relative weight: 0.51, 95% CI 0.45–0.55), followed by reducing hypoglycemic events (relative weight: 0.16, 95% CI 0.11–0.22), and reducing gastrointestinal adverse drug events (relative weight: 0.11, 95% CI 0.07–0.18). Patients from the Netherlands attached the highest importance to gastrointestinal ADEs (relative weight: 0.22, 95% CI 0.14–0.39), followed by reducing hypoglycemic events (relative weight: 0.22, 95% CI 0.16–0.25), and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (relative weight: 0.20, 95% CI 0.13–0.23).Conclusion: Patient preferences may differ across countries. Such differences should be acknowledged in regulatory decisions and clinical practice.

Between 2023 and 2024, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes were more prevalent among men than women in England. In this period, for example, 55.6 percent of those with type 2 diabetes were male, compared with 44.4 percent of women. This statistic displays the distribution of individuals registered with diabetes in England in 2023/24, by gender.