Rust caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae is a major biotic constraint to field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation worldwide. Deployment of host-pathogen interaction and resistant phenotype is a modest strategy for controlling this intricate disease. However, resistance against this pathogen is partial and influenced by environmental factors. Therefore, the magnitude of environmental and genotype-by-environment interaction was assessed to understand the dynamism of resistance and identification of durable resistant genotypes, as well as ideal testing locations for rust screening through multi-location and multi-year evaluation. Initial screening was conducted with 250 diverse genotypes at rust hot spots. A panel of 23 promising field pea genotypes extracted from initial evaluation was further assessed under inoculated conditions for rust disease for two consecutive years at six locations in India. Integration of GGE biplot analysis and multiple comparisons tests detected a higher proportion of variation in rust reaction due to environment (56.94%) as an interactive factor followed by genotype × environment interaction (35.02%), which justified the requisite of multi-year, and multi-location testing. Environmental component for disease reaction and dominance of cross over interaction (COI) were asserted by the inconsistent and non-repeatable genotypic response. The present study effectively allocated the testing locations into various categories considering their “repeatability” and “desirability index” over the years along with “discrimination power” and “representativeness.” “Mega environment” identification helped in restructuring the ecological zonation and location of specific breeding. Detection of non-redundant testing locations would expedite optimal resource utilization in future. The computation of the confidence limit (CL) at 95% level through bootstrapping strengthened the accuracy of the GGE biplot and legitimated the precision of genotypes recommendation. Genotype, IPF-2014-16, KPMR-936 and IPF-2014-13 identified as “ideal” genotypes, which can be recommended for release and exploited in a resistance breeding program for the region confronting field pea rust.

The Storie Index is a soil rating based on soil characteristics that govern the land's potential utilization and agricultural capacity. Lands with an index score of 80-100 or Grade 1 are statutorily defined as prime agricultural land. This land valuation is independent of other physical or economic factors that might determine the desirability of growing certain plants in a given location. The characteristics evaluated include suitable soil profiles, surface texture, slope, and dynamic properties. Preserving prime agricultural lands and open space is a key statutory mandate of California's Local Agency Formation Commissions (Cortese-Knox Hertzberg Act 2000, Gov. Code §56301).Methods included joining map raster with table (table originally called "component", join field "MUKEY") to get storie index values (field "castorieindex"), and filtering for Storie Index values greater than or equal to 80, which represent prime agricultural land.

The Storie Index is a soil rating based on soil characteristics that govern the land's potential utilization and agricultural capacity. Lands with an index score of 80-100 or Grade 1 are statutorily defined as prime agricultural land. This land valuation is independent of other physical or economic factors that might determine the desirability of growing certain plants in a given location. The characteristics evaluated include suitable soil profiles, surface texture, slope, and dynamic properties. Preserving prime agricultural lands and open space is a key statutory mandate of California's Local Agency Formation Commissions (Cortese-Knox Hertzberg Act 2000, Gov. Code §56301). Methods include joining the map raster with the table to get storie index values. The storie index method is a method of soil rating based on soil characteristics that denote land usability and productivity. For the prime Storie Index values, a filter of greater than or equal to 80 was placed onto the data which represent prime agricultural land.

The advent of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) has determined radical changes in human social life, demanding to deepen investigations on the mechanisms underlying socialization processes on online platforms. The knowledge acquired from previous studies on in-person sociability could guide researchers to consider both environmental and genetic features as candidates of the online socialization. In the current research, we explored the impact of adult attachment's quality and the genetic properties of the Serotonin Transporter Gene (5-HTTLPR) on Instagram social behavior. Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire was adopted to assess 57 Instagram users' attachment pattern in close relationship with their partner. Genotypes from the -HTTLPR/rs25531 region were extracted from the users' buccal mucosa and analyzed. Details on users' Instagram social behavior were acquired from four indexes: number of posts, number of followed users ("followings") and number followers, and the Social Desirability Index calculated from the followers to followings ratio. Although no interactions between rs25531 and ECR-R dimensions were found, results suggested an association between avoidance in close relationships and Instagram number of followings. Specifically, post-hoc analyses revealed that adult avoidance from the partner predicts the Instagram number of followings with good evidence. Moreover, users who reported high avoidance levels displayed fewer followings than users who reported low levels of avoidance. This research provides a window into the psychobiological understanding of online socialization on SNSs as Instagram.

So far the existing literature has considered the association between environmental factors, such as those involved in the relationship with people, and the correlates of genetic vulnerability (i.e. on the Oxytocin Receptor Gene) in the comprehension of social behavior. Although an extensive knowledge on in-person social interactions has been obtained, little is known about online social behavior. A gene-environment perspective is adopted to examine how Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTr) and adult attachment with a romantic partner interact in moderating Instagram users' behavior. The Experience in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire was used to collect participants' (N = 57, 16 males) attachment pattern with the partner through the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance. The genetic factors within the regions rs53576 (A/A homozygotes vs. G-carriers) and rs2254298 (G/G homozygotes vs. A-carriers) of the Oxytocin Receptor Gene were assessed via buccal mucosa samples. Number of posts, followed people ("followings") and followers were obtained from Instagram, and the Social Desirability Index was calculated as the ratio of followers to followings. Interaction effects between genetic groups and ECR-R scores on the number of posts and SDI were hypothesised. Even though no interaction effects were observed, results showed a main effect of OXTr/rs53576 on the number of Instagram followings. Specifically, A/A homozygotes had a high number followings than G-carriers independently from the quality in the relationship with their partner. These preliminary results are discussed in light of the current debate of behavioral genetics and offer insights into future investigations on social media behavior.

Micronutrient malnutrition or hidden hunger is a serious challenge toward societal well-being. Vigna stipulacea (Lam.) Kuntz (known locally as Minni payaru), is an underutilized legume that has the potential to be a global food legume due to its rich nutrient profile. In the present study, 99 accessions of V. stipulacea were tested for iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), protein, and phytate concentrations over two locations for appraisal of stable nutrient-rich sources. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotype for all the traits over both locations. Fe concentration ranged from 29.35–130.96 mg kg–1 whereas Zn concentration ranged from 19.44 to 74.20 mg kg–1 across both locations. The highest grain Ca concentration was 251.50 mg kg–1 whereas the highest grain protein concentration was recorded as 25.73%. In the case of grain phytate concentration, a genotype with the lowest value is desirable. IC622867 (G-99) was the lowest phytate containing accession at both locations. All the studied traits revealed highly significant genotypic variances and highly significant genotype × location interaction though less in magnitude than the genotypic variance. GGE Biplot analysis detected that, for grain Fe, Zn, and Ca concentration the ‘ideal’ genotypes were IC331457 (G-75), IC331610 (G-76), and IC553564 (G-60), respectively, whereas for grain protein concentration IC553521 (G-27) was the most “ideal type.” For phytate concentration, IC351407 (G-95) and IC550523 (G-99) were considered as ‘ideal’ and ‘desirable,’ respectively. Based on the desirability index, Location 1 (Kanpur) was identified as ideal for Fe, Zn, Ca, and phytate, and for grain protein concentration, Location 2 (New Delhi) was the ideal type. A significant positive correlation was detected between grain Fe as well as grain Zn and protein concentration considering the pooled analysis over both the locations where as a significant negative association was observed between phytate and protein concentration over the locations. This study has identified useful donors and enhanced our knowledge toward the development of biofortified Vigna cultivars. Promoting domestication of this nutrient-rich semi-domesticated, underutilized species will boost sustainable agriculture and will contribute toward alleviating hidden hunger.

The Storie Index is a soil rating based on soil characteristics that govern the land's potential utilization and agricultural capacity. Lands with an index score of 80-100 or Grade 1 are statutorily defined as prime agricultural land. This land valuation is independent of other physical or economic factors that might determine the desirability of growing certain plants in a given location. The characteristics evaluated include suitable soil profiles, surface texture, slope, and dynamic properties. Preserving prime agricultural lands and open space is a key statutory mandate of California's Local Agency Formation Commissions (Cortese-Knox Hertzberg Act 2000, Gov. Code §56301). Methods include joining the map raster with the table to get storie index values. The storie index method is a method of soil rating based on soil characteristics that denote land usability and productivity. For the prime Storie Index values, a filter of greater than or equal to 80 was placed onto the data which represent prime agricultural land.

ABSTRACT. Coffee outturn can be defined as the ratio between the harvested coffee and its respective processed grains. This character is greatly influenced by genotypic and environmental effects, and in breeding programs your analysis is costly and time-consuming. In this sense, the use of an outturn index to estimate coffee yield on experimental plots is a desirable measure aiming at reducing resources and time in postharvest evaluations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the use of an outturn index equal to 4.0, in the estimation of Conilon coffee grains production. This index indicates that four kilograms of harvested fruit would be needed to obtain one kilogram of processed grains. Based on the average of 157 genotypes conducted in three trials and four harvests, we evaluated the relationship between harvested fruits and processed grains (FcBe), the observed (OGY), and the estimated grain yield per plant (EGY) based on FcBe equal to 4.0 (an outturn index). Descriptive statistics, adequation test for EGY, and the coincidence of occurrence of genotypes observations relating to the top 20% of all observations of OGY and EGY. In the estimation of grain yield in Conilon, the use of FcBe equal to 4.0 showed high precision in the average of the analyzed trials. However, further studies should be conducted to elucidate the effects of climate variables on the yield of Conilon coffee, especially in atypical crop years. Thus, the use of an outturn index becomes interesting in cases where the number of genotypes to be evaluated is very large and a screening of the promising ones is desirable.

In 2025, Naples, FL, and Virginia Beach, VA, and Louisville, KY, were the best cities for elderly Americans to retire in. Both cities scored an index score of ***** out of ten, where ten best and one is worst. The source calculated the index using a weighted average of six different indexes: affordability, happiness, desirability, retiree taxes, job market, and health care quality.

This index measures premium pricing and appreciation of stainless steel luxury sports watches including Patek Philippe Nautilus 5711, AP Royal Oak 15202, Rolex sports models, and VC Overseas. It tracks unprecedented demand for steel over precious metals in luxury segment. Use this as a key indicator of modern collecting preferences, accessibility vs. exclusivity balance, and supply-demand dynamics. Essential benchmark for contemporary luxury sports watch investment performance and market desirability shifts.

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) to protect against sexual transmission of HIV is a key part of HIV prevention interventions in 15 priority countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. Ensuring that VMMC programs reach adolescent males is important in countries with large young populations. We designed a methodology to explore the joint decision-making dynamics among caregivers and adolescents aged 10–19, and the drivers and barriers for circumcision, in order to identify levers which can drive uptake of VMMC. Our approach was grounded in behavioral science to address some of the limitations of survey-based research (e.g., the “say-do gap,” social desirability bias, respondent fatigue). Our methods included 1) interviews with adolescent boys and their caregivers to understand how adolescents interact with their families, other key stakeholders, and the healthcare system; 2) journey mapping to understand how boys and caregivers move through the stages of progress toward the decision for VMMC, and the influence of context, family, and community members; and 3) Ethnolab, a decision-making game that tests behavioral hypotheses in hypothetical situations mimicking the real-life context of decision-making about VMMC, enabling an understanding of boys’ and caregiver’s motivators, barriers, and mental models via observation as well as questioning. Factors influencing the decision for VMMC included anticipated pain of the surgical procedure, mistrust about safety, the boy’s uncertainty about his caregiver’s consent, and caregiver’s uncertainty about the adolescent’s assent, and caregiver’s concern about their adolescent boy’s maturity level and ability to deal with VMMC, among others. Conversely, in-group seeking, the belief that being circumcised is appreciated by women, and improved hygiene were among the positive factors motivating decisions for VMMC. Demand generation should involve the whole family unit, encouraging discussion and trust within and among households, and recognizing and addressing the ways decision dynamics change as the boy ages through adolescence.

Proposed concentration indices based on probabilities (proportions, market shares) p1≥p2≥⋯≥pn and their lacking properties (LP, in Section 2.1).

Mixed emotions have been assessed using both direct measures that utilize self-report questionnaires as well as indirect measures that are computed from scores of positive and negative emotions. This study provides a pre-registered methodological examination on the use of direct and indirect measures of mixed emotions in predictive models. Two samples (N = 749) were collected, and path analyses were performed to compare direct measures and indirect measures in predicting psychological conflict, receptivity, and well-being, controlling for demographics, positive emotions, and negative emotions. We also tested whether trait dialecticism, need for cognition, social desirability, or acquiescence could account for these associations. In both samples, results suggest that indirect measures may be more susceptible to multicollinearity when controlling for positive and negative emotions. Specifically, variance inflation factors (VIF) were consistently higher for indirect measures calculated using the minimum index (MIN; VIFSample-1 = 3.53; VIFSample-2 = 9.46) than direct measures (VIFSample-1 = 2.52; VIFSample-2 = 1.68). Direct measures remained consistently associated with increased conflict and reduced coherence upon controlling for positive and negative emotions, while indirect measures remained consistently associated only with increased conflict. We found little evidence that response biases explained associations between direct measures or indirect measures with each of the outcomes. Specifically, associations between mixed emotions with psychological conflict, receptivity, and well-being largely remained unchanged in models that controlled for trait dialecticism, need for cognition, social desirability, or acquiescence. Implications and recommendations based on our findings are discussed.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the breeding influences in different agronomic and physiological traits in Brazilian soybean cultivars, released between 1965 and 2011, to identify traits associated with modern cultivars. A total of 29 cultivars were evaluated in two locations in the 2016/17 crop season. Genotype selection based on agronomic and physiological traits was determined using GYT (Grain Yield*Trait) methodology, which uses the Superiority Index to rank genotypes by mean of all traits. Grain Yield is combined with other target traits and shows the strengths and weaknesses of each genotype. Soybean breeding improved desirable traits during the 46 years of evaluation. Superiority index can be a powerful tool for breeders to obtain high genetic gains in the future. The cultivars DMario 58i, TMG 7161RR and TMG 7262 RR stand out as the best cultivars but present different sets of desirable traits. The traits grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, reproductive-vegetative ratio, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate are core traits which can be evaluated in soybean breeding programs.

Results of the multiple regression analyses in Study 2.

IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission frequently occurs within households, yet few studies describe which household contacts and household units are most likely to engage in transmission-interrupting behaviors.MethodsWe analyzed a COVID-19 prospective household transmission cohort in North Carolina (April to October 2020) to quantify changes in physical distancing behaviors among household contacts over 14 days. We evaluated which household contacts were most likely to ever mask at home and to ever share a bedroom with the index case between days 7–14.ResultsIn the presence of a household COVID-19 infection, 24% of household contacts reported ever masking at home during the week before study entry. Masking in the home between days 7–14 was reported by 26% of household contacts and was more likely for participants who observed their household index case wearing a mask. Participants of color and participants in high-density households were more likely to mask at home. After adjusting for race/ethnicity, living density was not as clearly associated with masking. Symptomatic household contacts were more likely to share a bedroom with the index case. Working individuals and those with comorbidities avoided sharing a bedroom with the index case.DiscussionIn-home masking during household exposure to COVID-19 was infrequent in 2020. In light of the ongoing transmission of SARS-CoV-2, these findings underscore a need for health campaigns to increase the feasibility and social desirability of in-home masking among exposed household members. Joint messaging on social responsibility and prevention of breakthrough infections, reinfections, and long COVID-19 may help motivate transmission-interruption behaviors.

ObjectivesBreast cancer is a major health problem with high mortality rates. Early detection of breast cancer will promote treatment. A technology that determines whether a tumor is benign desirable. This article introduces a new method in which deep learning is used to classify breast cancer.MethodsA new computer-aided detection (CAD) system is presented to classify benign and malignant masses in breast tumor cell samples. In the CAD system, (1) for the pathological data of unbalanced tumors, the training results are biased towards the side with the larger number of samples. This paper uses a Conditional Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Network (CDCGAN) method to generate small samples by orientation data set to solve the imbalance problem of collected data. (2) For the high-dimensional data redundancy problem, this paper proposes an integrated dimension reduction convolutional neural network (IDRCNN) model, which solves the high-dimensional data dimension reduction problem of breast cancer and extracts effective features. The subsequent classifier found that by using the IDRCNN model proposed in this paper, the accuracy of the model was improved.ResultsExperimental results show that IDRCNN combined with the model of CDCGAN model has superior classification performance than existing methods, as revealed by sensitivity, area under the curve (AUC), ROC curve and accuracy, recall, sensitivity, specificity, precision,PPV,NPV and f-values analysis.ConclusionThis paper proposes a Conditional Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Network (CDCGAN) which can solve the imbalance problem of manually collected data by directionally generating small sample data sets. And an integrated dimension reduction convolutional neural network (IDRCNN) model, which solves the high-dimensional data dimension reduction problem of breast cancer and extracts effective features.

IntroductionSurface neatness is a fundamental yet underexplored determinant of the aesthetic evaluation of everyday objects. While prior research has typically examined individual surface features - such as gloss, shine, dirt, or scratches - in isolation, the holistic impact of surface neatness has received little systematic attention.MethodsIn this study, participants viewed images of objects from five categories (household items, tools, personal use items, stationery, and kitchen utensils), each presented in three surface conditions: untidy (displaying mechanical and hygienic defects), neutral (without visible defects), and neat (exhibiting gloss and cleanliness). For each object, participants provided a preference rating reflecting their aesthetic evaluation.ResultsAnalysis revealed a robust effect of surface neatness on aesthetic preference: objects in the untidy condition consistently received the lowest ratings, while neat surfaces were rated most attractive. The differences between all surface conditions were statistically significant.DiscussionThese results demonstrate that surface neatness is a dynamic and salient factor shaping the perceived value and desirability of everyday objects. The findings underscore the need for more rigorous operationalization of surface properties in empirical research on human-object interaction and suggest practical applications for product design, consumer psychology, and sustainable practices, where surface conditions directly influence aesthetic experience and object appeal.

Thin and muscular have been characterised as body shape ideals for women and men, respectively, yet each sex misperceives what the other sex desires; women exaggerate the thinness that men like and men exaggerate the muscularity that women like. Body shape ideals align with stereotypic perceptions of femininity in women and masculinity in men. The present study investigates whether misperception of opposite-sex desires extends to femininity/masculinity in facial morphology. We used interactive 3D head models to represent faces varying in sexual dimorphism. White European heterosexual men and women were asked to choose their own and ideal face shape, the ideal shape of a short- and a long-term partner, and the face shape they thought the opposite sex would most like for a short- and a long-term partner. Women overestimated the facial femininity that men prefer in a partner and men overestimated the facial masculinity that women prefer in a partner. The discrepancy between own and ideal sexual dimorphism (an index of appearance dissatisfaction) was predicted by the misperception of what the opposite sex desires. These results indicate misperception of opposite-sex facial preferences and that mistaken perceptions may contribute to dissatisfaction with own appearance