This Dataset contains Yearly Annual Average Exchange Rates of the Indian Rupee Vis-a-Vis the SDR, US Dollar, Pound Sterling, Deutsche Mark/Euro and Japanese Yen

Notes: 1) The exchange rate for Japanese Yen is in Rupees per 100 Yen. 2) Data from 1982 to 1992 are based on official exchange rates. 3) Data from 1993 onwards are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates. 4) Data are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates till April 2012. RBI reference rates are used w.e. f. May 2012. 5) The Euro replaced the Deutsche Mark w.e.f. January 1, 1999. 6)Financial Benchmarks India Private Limited (FBIL) commenced dissemination of reference rates w.e.f July 10, 2018

Im Jahr 1998 musste man für einen US-Dollar etwa **** DM* zahlen. Am 10. August 1953 wurde der US-Dollar erstmalig an der Frankfurter Devisenbörse notiert. In diesem Jahr erreichte er einen Mittelwert von rund **** DM für einen US-Dollar. Bis Anfang der 1970er-Jahre wurden die Wechselkurse von der D-Mark zum US-Dollar gemäß des Bretton-Woods-Systems festgelegt. Erst danach bildete sich am Devisenmarkt ein flexibler Wechselkurs entsprechend Angebot und Nachfrage. Die Deutsche Mark Die Deutsche Mark (abgekürzt DM, umgangssprachlich D-Mark) war bis zum Jahresende 2001 die Währung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Sie ersetzte im Juni 1948 die wertlos gewordene Reichsmark. Im Rahmen der Europäischen Währungsunion wurde die D-Mark zum 1. Januar des Jahres 2002 durch den Euro als gesetzliches Zahlungsmittel abgelöst, wobei der Euro bereits zum 1. Januar 1999 als Buchgeld eingeführt wurde. Der Umtauschkurs für einen Euro wurde auf 1,95583 DM festgelegt. “Exportschlager” D-Mark Bis zu Ablösung durch den Euro war die D-Mark eine der wertstabilsten Währungen ihrer Zeit. Aufgrund dieser Stabilität etablierte sie sich in einigen Ländern des Balkans als eine Art Parallelwährung. Um einer Inflation entgegenzuwirken, koppelte Bosnien-Herzegowina 1998 seine „Marka“ an den D-Mark-Kurs. In Montenegro oder im Kosovo galt die Mark - wenn auch nur für kurze Zeit - sogar als offizielle Währung. Noch heute sind DM-Banknoten und -Münzen im Milliardenwert im Umlauf.

Key information about Montenegro Exchange Rate against USD

• Montenegro Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.920 (USD/EUR) in May 2023, compared with 0.912 USD/EUR in the previous month.
• Montenegro Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1999 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 1.173 in Oct 2000 and a record low of 0.635 in Jul 2008.

• In the latest reports, Montenegro Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.573 % pa in Nov 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 3.750 % pa in May 2023.

This layer shows Exchange Rate of Rupee vis-a-vis Selected Currencies of the World (1993 - 2025).Data Source: https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/stat/tab5.4.pdfNote:The Euro came into existence on January 1, 1999. The peso was revalued in January 1993, 1000 Old Peso = 1 New Peso. Indicative rates announced by Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI). 100 Turkish lira Turkish Lira has been replaced by New Lira w.e.f. January 1, 2005. During March 1992 to February 1993, a dual exchange rate system was prevalent, in which the official rate was fixed by the RBI and the market rate was determined in the Inter-Bank market for the US dollar. The data for 2001-02 in respect of Deutsche mark, French franc and Italian lira pertain to 11 months only as Germany, France and Italy accepted the Euro as their national currency w.e.f. March 1, 2002. Figures of US dollar, Pound sterling, Euro and Japanese yen from May 2012 onwards are RBI's reference rates. Financial Benchmarks India Private Limited (FBIL) commenced dissemination of reference rates w.e.f. July 10, 2018.This web layer is offered by Esri India, for ArcGIS Online subscribers. If you have any questions or comments, please let us know via content@esri.in.

Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: National Currency per USD data was reported at 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.700 XCD/USD for 2016. Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: National Currency per USD data is updated yearly, averaging 2.700 XCD/USD from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2017, with 68 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017 and a record low of 1.714 XCD/USD in 1966. Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: National Currency per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.IMF.IFS: Foreign Exchange Rates: Annual.

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit den ersten 25 Jahren deutscher Geldpolitik von 1948-1973 in der sog. „Bretton Woods Ära“. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Haltung der Bank deutscher Länder bzw. der deutschen Bundesbank. Sie wird auf zwei Wegen vorgestellt: (1) über den Weg der deskriptiven Darstellung der Intentionen, Maßnahmen und Auswirkungen des Verhaltens der Zentralnotenbank auf der Grundlage der Geschäfts- und Monatsberichte dieser Institution; (2) mittels der neuen ökonometrischen Zeitreihenanalyse und insbesondere der „Kointegrationsanalyse“, die helfen, Determinanten und Wirkungen der Geldpolitik zu identifizieren und quantifizieren.Zunächst wird ein Überblick über die Geldpolitik und konjunkturelle Entwicklung in den Jahren 1948-1973 gegeben. Gleichzeitig werden hiermit einige konzeptionelle Bemerkungen zur Geldpolitik verknüpft. Daran anschließend wird mit dem qualitativ-historischen Ansatz auf eine in der deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte traditionell angewandte Untersuchungsmethode eingegangen. Der quantitativ ökonometrische Ansatz stellt dann einen weitgehend vernachlässigten Aspekt in der gegenwärtigen deutschen Wirtschaftshistoriographie dar. Auf dem Gebiet der regressionsanalytischen Behandlung von Zeitreihen hat die ökonometrische Forschung neue Ergebnisse hervorgebracht. Diese methodischen Fortschritte werden in dieser Arbeit für die Anwendung der Regressionsanalyse mit Zeitreihen verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Formulierung eines strukturellen Fehlerkorrekturmodells für den monetären Bereich der bundesrepublikanischen Wirtschaft in der Lage ist, die theoretischen Aussagen über die Geldpolitik in einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft bei festen Wechselkursen zu bestätigen. Variablenliste: - Industrieproduktion - Reales Einkommen - Bevölkerung - Relatives Einkommensniveau der Länder zu den USA - Reale Exporte - Reale Investitionen - Gross domestic product-Inflator - Geldmenge - Reales BSP - Preisindex der Lebenshaltungskosten - Verbrauchsgüterpreise - Großhandelspreise - Exportgüterpreise - Bruttosozialprodukt-Deflator - Tagesgeldsatz - Monatsgeldsatz - Dreimonatsgeldsatz - US-Amerikanischer Geldmarktsatz - US-Amerikanischer Preisindex - Nomineller DM/Dollar-Wechselkurs - Deutscher Importpreisindex - Gewichteter Großhandelspreisindex von 7 OECD-Ländern - Kapazitätsauslastung - Arbeitslosenquote Verzeichnis der Tabellen in der ZA-Datenbank HISTAT:- Deutsche Geldpolitik in der Ära Bretton Woods The study deals with the first 25 years of German monetary policy from 1948 to 1973 in the so called “Bretton Woods Era”. There is a focus on the attitude of the banks of the German states and on the German Central Bank. This attitude is presented in two different ways: (1) descriptive presentation of intentions, measures and impact of the behavior of the central bank based on annual and monthly reports of this institution; (2) economic time series analysis especially “cointegration analysis” which helps to identify and quantify determinants and impacts of monetary policy. First, an overview over monetary policy and economic development between 1948 and 1973 is given connected with some conceptual annotations on monetary policy. Next a traditionally used investigation method of Germany economic history will be presented using a qualitative historical approach. The quantitative econometric approach illustrates a so far widely unattended aspect of German economic historiography. In the field of regression analysis of time series, econometric research produced new results. These methodological advances are applied in the regression analysis of this study. It will be shown that the formulation of a structural error correction model for the monetary area of the German Economy is able to confirm the theoretical statements on monetary policy in a small open economy with fixed exchange rates. Lists of variables - Industry production - Real income- Population - Relative income level of the states compared to the USA- Real exports - Real investments - Gross domestic product-Inflator- Money supply- Real GDP- Price index of costs of living- Prices of consumer goods - Wholesale prices - Prices of export goods - DGP-deflator - Overnight rate - Monthly allowance rate- Ninety days´ loan rate - US-American money market rate- US-American price index - Nominal DM/Dollar-exchange rate- German import prices index - Weighted wholesale price index from 7 OEDD-countries - Capacity utilization - Unemployment rate Register of tables in Histat - German monetary policy in the Bretton Woods era Publikationen der Deutschen Bundesbank bzw. der Bank deutscher Länder, des DIW, der OECD sowie Einzelpublikationen. Publications of the German Central Bank and of the Banks of the German states; publications by DIW, OECD as well as individual publications.

Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: USD per National Currency data was reported at 0.370 USD/XCD in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.370 USD/XCD for 2016. Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: USD per National Currency data is updated yearly, averaging 0.370 USD/XCD from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2017, with 68 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.583 USD/XCD in 1966 and a record low of 0.370 USD/XCD in 2017. Dominica DM: Official Rate: Period Average: USD per National Currency data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.IMF.IFS: Foreign Exchange Rates: Annual.

japan - Japan Intervention: Japanese Bank purchases of USD against DM was 0.00000 100 Mil. Yen in December of 2024, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, japan - Japan Intervention: Japanese Bank purchases of USD against DM reached a record high of 0.00000 in October of 2021 and a record low of 0.00000 in October of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for japan - Japan Intervention: Japanese Bank purchases of USD against DM - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

The dataset shows Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee vis-a-vis the SDR, US Dollar, Pound Sterling (High and Low During the Month)

Note: 1. The exchange rate for Japanese Yen is in Rupees per 100 Yen. 2. Data are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates. 3. The Euro replaced the Deutsche Mark w.e.f. January 1, 1999. 4. From May , 2012 onwards data are based on RBI reference rate.

The study deals with the first 25 years of German monetary policy from 1948 to 1973 in the so called “Bretton Woods Era”. There is a focus on the attitude of the banks of the German states and on the German Central Bank. This attitude is presented in two different ways: (1) descriptive presentation of intentions, measures and impact of the behavior of the central bank based on annual and monthly reports of this institution; (2) economic time series analysis especially “cointegration analysis” which helps to identify and quantify determinants and impacts of monetary policy. First, an overview over monetary policy and economic development between 1948 and 1973 is given connected with some conceptual annotations on monetary policy. Next a traditionally used investigation method of Germany economic history will be presented using a qualitative historical approach. The quantitative econometric approach illustrates a so far widely unattended aspect of German economic historiography. In the field of regression analysis of time series, econometric research produced new results. These methodological advances are applied in the regression analysis of this study. It will be shown that the formulation of a structural error correction model for the monetary area of the German Economy is able to confirm the theoretical statements on monetary policy in a small open economy with fixed exchange rates. Lists of variables - Industry production - Real income - Population - Relative income level of the states compared to the USA - Real exports - Real investments - Gross domestic product-Inflator - Money supply - Real GDP - Price index of costs of living - Prices of consumer goods - Wholesale prices - Prices of export goods - DGP-deflator - Overnight rate - Monthly allowance rate - Ninety days´ loan rate - US-American money market rate - US-American price index - Nominal DM/Dollar-exchange rate - German import prices index - Weighted wholesale price index from 7 OEDD-countries - Capacity utilization - Unemployment rate Register of tables in Histat - German monetary policy in the Bretton Woods era Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit den ersten 25 Jahren deutscher Geldpolitik von 1948-1973 in der sog. „Bretton Woods Ära“. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Haltung der Bank deutscher Länder bzw. der deutschen Bundesbank. Sie wird auf zwei Wegen vorgestellt: (1) über den Weg der deskriptiven Darstellung der Intentionen, Maßnahmen und Auswirkungen des Verhaltens der Zentralnotenbank auf der Grundlage der Geschäfts- und Monatsberichte dieser Institution; (2) mittels der neuen ökonometrischen Zeitreihenanalyse und insbesondere der „Kointegrationsanalyse“, die helfen, Determinanten und Wirkungen der Geldpolitik zu identifizieren und quantifizieren. Zunächst wird ein Überblick über die Geldpolitik und konjunkturelle Entwicklung in den Jahren 1948-1973 gegeben. Gleichzeitig werden hiermit einige konzeptionelle Bemerkungen zur Geldpolitik verknüpft. Daran anschließend wird mit dem qualitativ-historischen Ansatz auf eine in der deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte traditionell angewandte Untersuchungsmethode eingegangen. Der quantitativ ökonometrische Ansatz stellt dann einen weitgehend vernachlässigten Aspekt in der gegenwärtigen deutschen Wirtschaftshistoriographie dar. Auf dem Gebiet der regressionsanalytischen Behandlung von Zeitreihen hat die ökonometrische Forschung neue Ergebnisse hervorgebracht. Diese methodischen Fortschritte werden in dieser Arbeit für die Anwendung der Regressionsanalyse mit Zeitreihen verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Formulierung eines strukturellen Fehlerkorrekturmodells für den monetären Bereich der bundesrepublikanischen Wirtschaft in der Lage ist, die theoretischen Aussagen über die Geldpolitik in einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft bei festen Wechselkursen zu bestätigen. Variablenliste: - Industrieproduktion - Reales Einkommen - Bevölkerung - Relatives Einkommensniveau der Länder zu den USA - Reale Exporte - Reale Investitionen - Gross domestic product-Inflator - Geldmenge - Reales BSP - Preisindex der Lebenshaltungskosten - Verbrauchsgüterpreise - Großhandelspreise - Exportgüterpreise - Bruttosozialprodukt-Deflator - Tagesgeldsatz - Monatsgeldsatz - Dreimonatsgeldsatz - US-Amerikanischer Geldmarktsatz - US-Amerikanischer Preisindex - Nomineller DM/Dollar-Wechselkurs - Deutscher Importpreisindex - Gewichteter Großhandelspreisindex von 7 OECD-Ländern - Kapazitätsauslastung - Arbeitslosenquote Verzeichnis der Tabellen in der ZA-Datenbank HISTAT: - Deutsche Geldpolitik in der Ära Bretton Woods

Dominica DM: Official Exchange Rate: Average: per USD data was reported at 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.700 XCD/USD for 2016. Dominica DM: Official Exchange Rate: Average: per USD data is updated yearly, averaging 2.700 XCD/USD from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017 and a record low of 1.714 XCD/USD in 1966. Dominica DM: Official Exchange Rate: Average: per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.World Bank: Exchange Rates and Real Effective Exchange Rates. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics.; ;

Dominica DM: DEC Alternative Conversion Factor: per USD data was reported at 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.700 XCD/USD for 2016. Dominica DM: DEC Alternative Conversion Factor: per USD data is updated yearly, averaging 2.700 XCD/USD from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.700 XCD/USD in 2017 and a record low of 1.714 XCD/USD in 1966. Dominica DM: DEC Alternative Conversion Factor: per USD data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.World Bank: Exchange Rates and Real Effective Exchange Rates. The DEC alternative conversion factor is the underlying annual exchange rate used for the World Bank Atlas method. As a rule, it is the official exchange rate reported in the IMF's International Financial Statistics (line rf). Exceptions arise where further refinements are made by World Bank staff. It is expressed in local currency units per U.S. dollar.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, supplemented by World Bank staff estimates.; ; In the WDI database, the DEC alternative conversion factor is used to convert data in local currency units (LCU) into U.S. dollars.

Dominica DM: Nominal Exchange Rate data was reported at 2.700 USD in 2021. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.700 USD for 2020. Dominica DM: Nominal Exchange Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 2.700 USD from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2021, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.700 USD in 2021 and a record low of 2.700 USD in 2021. Dominica DM: Nominal Exchange Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.OECD.GGI: Governance: Economic Environment and Growth: Non OECD Member: Annual.

Dominica DM: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data was reported at 516.395 USD mn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 523.202 USD mn for 2016. Dominica DM: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 233.346 USD mn from Dec 1979 (Median) to 2017, with 39 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 523.202 USD mn in 2016 and a record low of 42.760 USD mn in 1979. Dominica DM: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

Dominica DM: External Debt: DIS: Disbursements: Long-Term and IMF data was reported at 9.732 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.016 USD mn for 2016. Dominica DM: External Debt: DIS: Disbursements: Long-Term and IMF data is updated yearly, averaging 8.017 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 56.176 USD mn in 2000 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 1980. Dominica DM: External Debt: DIS: Disbursements: Long-Term and IMF data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Dominica – Table DM.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Disbursements and Interest Payment. Disbursements are drawings by the borrower on loan commitments during the year specified. This item includes disbursements on long-term debt and IMF purchases. Long-term external debt is defined as debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year and that is owed to nonresidents by residents of an economy and repayable in currency, goods, or services. IMF purchases are total drawings on the General Resources Account of the IMF during the year specified, excluding drawings in the reserve tranche. To maintain comparability between data on transactions with the IMF and data on long-term debt, use of IMF credit outstanding at the end of year (stock) is converted to dollars at the SDR exchange rate in effect at the end of year. Purchases are converted at the average SDR exchange rate for the year in which transactions take place. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;