The coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic in Germany began in March 2020, with high new daily case numbers still being recorded during 2023. The pandemic is ongoing.

Staying home

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation on March 11, 2020. This declaration immediately impacted life in Germany on all levels. Rising coronavirus (COVID-19) case numbers in March-April led to the swift implementation of nationwide distancing and crowd control measures to stop further spread of the virus, which primarily transferred most easily from person to person. From a large-scale economic shutdown, venue, school, daycare and university closures, to social distancing and the contact ban officially implemented by the German government, seemingly in the space of days life as the population knew it came to a standstill in the whole country.

Unlockdown

Later in April 2020, Germany began easing some of the restrictions related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak as case numbers began to drop. Elements of uncertainty remain and touch on various aspects, for example, regarding national mental and physical health, both among adults and children, the possibility of long-term effects from the virus, immunity. A rising worry among European nations was economic recovery.

Total numbers, incidence proportions and RRs of different fractures and intracranial hemorrhages before (CTRL) and during the COVID-19 shutdown (SHUTDOWN) in Berlin, Germany.

The aim of the special survey of the GESIS panel on the outbreak of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 in Germany was to collect timely data on the effects of the corona crisis on people´s daily lives. The study focused on questions of risk perception, risk minimization measures, evaluation of political measures and their compliance, trust in politics and institutions, changed employment situation, childcare obligations, and media consumption. Due to the need for timely data collection, only the GESIS panel sub-sample of online respondents was invited (about three quarters of the sample). Since, due to time constraints, respondents could only participate in the online survey but not by mail, the results cannot be easily transferred to the overall population. Further longitudinal surveys on Covid-19 with the entire sample of the GESIS panel are planned for 2020.

Topics: Risk perception: Probability of events related to corona infection in the next two months (self, infection of a person from close social surrondings, hospital treatment, quarantine measures regardless of whether infected or not, infecting other people)

Risk minimization: risk minimization measures taken in the last seven days (avoided certain (busy) places, kept minimum distance to other people, adapted school or work situation, quarantine due to symptoms or without symptoms, washed hands more often, used disinfectant, stocks increased, reduced social interactions, worn face mask, other, none of these measures).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of various policy measures to combat the further spread of corona virus (closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools, closure of sports facilities, closure of bars, cafés and restaurants, closure of all shops except supermarkets and pharmacies, ban on visiting hospitals, nursing homes and old people´s homes, curfew for persons aged 70 and over or people with health problems or for anyone not working in the health sector or other critical professions (except for basic purchases and urgent medical care).

Curfew compliance or refusal: Willingness to obey a curfew vs. refusal; reasons for the compliance with curfew (social duty, fear of punishment, protection against infection, fear of infecting others (loved ones, infecting others in general, a risk group); reasons for refusal of curfew (restrictions too drastic or not justified, other obligations, does not stop the spread, not affected by the outbreak, boring at home, will not be punished).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of various government measures (medical care, restrictions on social life such as closure of public facilities and businesses, reduction of economic damage, communication with the population).

Trust in politics and institutions with regard to dealing with the coronavirus (physician, local health authority, local and municipal administration, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Federal Government, German Chancellor, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), scientists).

Changed employment situation: employment status at the beginning of March; change in occupational situation since the spread of coronavirus: dependent employees: number of hours reduced, number of hours increased, more home office, leave of absence with/ without continued wage payment , fired, no change; self-employed: working hours reduced, working hours increased, more home office, revenue decreased, revenue increased, company temporarily closed by the authorities, company temporarily voluntarily closed, financial hardship, company permanently closed or insolvent, no change.

Childcare: children under 12 in the household; organisation of childcare during the closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools (staying at home, partner stays at home, older siblings take care, grandparents are watching, etc.)

Media consumption on Corona: information sources used for Corona (e.g. nationwide public or private television or radio, local public or private television or radio, national newspapers or local newspapers, Facebook, other social media, personal conversations with friends and family, other, do not inform myself on the subject); frequency of Facebook usage; information about Corona obtained from regional Facebook page or regional Facebook group.

Demography: sex; age (categorized); education (categorized); intention to vote and choice of party (Sunday question); Left-right self-assessment; marital status; size of household.

Additionally coded: Respondent ID;...

Numbers (total and daily) of cases, contacts and orthopedic trauma cases as well as IRRs for the four defined periods (CTRL, PRE, SHUTDOWN, POST) before, during and after the COVID-19 shutdown in Berlin, Germany.

The “KOMPAKK index of economic sectors closure during the first wave of COVID-19” is a dataset on the German federal state-specific sector closures compiled from the original state decrees (March/April 2020). A large and growing number of studies shows the severe social and economic consequences of the governmental measures introduced to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus in March and April 2020 in Germany. However, we still lack a systematic analysis of intra-German differences in regulations and outcomes. The German federalist system leaves decisions over the implementation of decrees by the federal government to the federal states. This meant that the 16 states issued individual decrees over economic sector closure and social distancing measures during the course of the pandemic. We retrieved all decrees issued from 15.03.2020 to 17.04.2020 from the official website of each of the 16 federal states of Germany. All decrees used for generating the dataset are also available in the file “KOMPAKK_federalstatesdecrees.zip”.

Summarized demographics, trauma environments, trauma causes, non-traumatic orthopedic presentations, treatment and discharge metrics before and during the COVID-19 shutdown in Berlin, Germany.

The German Family Panel pairfam is a multidisciplinary, longitudinal study on partnership and family dynamics in Germany, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The annually collected survey data from a nationwide random sample of the birth cohorts 1971-73, 1981-83, 1991-93 and – since wave 11 – 2001-03 and their partners, parents and children offer unique opportunities for the analysis of partner and intergenerational relationships as they develop over the course of multiple life phases. A comprehensive description of the conceptual framework and the design of the German Family Panel is given in the concept paper by Huinink et al. (2011).

The pairfam COVID-19 survey is an additional, optional online survey covering the COVID-19 situation. It was conducted between May 19th and July 13th, 2020. As a study of family life in Germany, it is particularly well suited to capture the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in private lives and personal relationships. The survey lasted approximately 15 minutes and was conducted by Kantar Public. It was targeted towards all respondents of the pairfam panel, i.e. respondents who were part of the gross sample of wave 12 and had not refused participation. In total, 3,154 anchor persons participated.

Given the heterogeneity of age groups as well as the various life stages covered in the pairfam panel, the pairfam COVID-19 survey addressed a broad range of issues relevant for adolescents, young adults, and adults in their late 30s and 40s, as well as single respondents, couples, and parents. The following topics were included: - personal well-being and worries related to the corona crisis - partnership quality and general family climate - for separated families: children’s contact and communication with non-residential parents, and/or anchor’s contact to non-residential children - child care and the division of housework - parents’ experiences in the parenting role - children’s media use and school learning Special modules for younger respondents: - depressiveness, coping with the current conditions, rule compliance - media use, personal contact to friends, and school learning

1. Current situation, household composition, employment: household composition; living together with a partner; current situation at the place of residence (contact restrictions still in place, schools (partially) closed, kindergarten/daycare centre (partially) closed); in each case for the respondent and his/her partner the following was asked: current employment situation or training situation, changes in employment situation and training situation due to the Corona crisis (e.g. short-time work, completely home office, partially home office, etc.); change in net household income in the course of the Corona crisis.

2. Well-being, worries: feelings in the last four weeks: Anger (angry, sour), stress (stressed, overloaded, under pressure), fear/worry (anxious, nervous), activity (energetic, full of energy, active), being alone (alone, lonely); worries about one´s own economic situation, one´s own health, the health of relatives, and with regard to exams or completing education.

3. Partnership and family climate: frequency of personal contact with partner during shutdown; change in frequency of personal contact with partner; frequency of contact with partner in other ways during shutdown (e.g. by phone, chat, video chat); change in frequency of contact with partner in other ways.

4. Relationship quality: frequency of intimacy (telling the partner what is on one´s mind, sharing secrets and innermost feelings with the partner), of appreciation (partner shows recognition and appreciation), of conflicts (angry or upset with each other, different opinions and quarrels); satisfaction with the relationship.

5. Division of labour in the partnership in the following areas: housework, shopping, repairs, financial matters, visits to authorities, childcare.

6. Family climate: comparison of the current family climate with the time before the Corona crisis (happy/having fun together, anxious and worried, stressful and annoyed, cosy and relaxed, quarrelling or thick air).

7. Separated families: Biological external parent present outside the household; frequency of personal contact of the youngest child with the other parent during contact restrictions; change in frequency of personal contact; reasons for change in frequency of contact; frequency of contact of the youngest child with the external parent in o...

Introduction: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the German government implemented legal restrictions to avoid the overloading of intensive care units by patients with COVID-19. The influence of these effects on diagnosis and treatment of cancer in Germany is largely unknown.Methods: To evaluate the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on tumor board presentations in a high-volume tertiary referral center (the German Comprehensive Cancer Center NCT/UCC Dresden), we compared the number of presentations of gastrointestinal tumors stratified by tumor entity, tumor stage, and treatment intention during the pandemic to the respective data from previous years.Results: The number of presentations decreased by 3.2% (95% CI −8.8, 2.7) during the COVID year 2020 compared with the pre-COVID year 2019. During the first shutdown, March–May 2020, the total number of presentations was 9.4% (−18.7, 1) less than during March–May 2019. This decrease was significant for curable cases of esophageal cancer [N = 37, 25.5% (−41.8, −4.4)] and colon cancer [N = 36, 17.5% (−32.6, 1.1)] as well as for all cases of biliary tract cancer [N = 26, 50% (−69.9, −15)] during the first shutdown from March 2020 to May 2020.Conclusion: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the presentation of oncological patients in a CCC in Germany was considerable and should be taken into account when making decisions regarding future pandemics.

According to a study on the projected impact of COVID-19 on retail sales in Europe, between ************* and **************, retailers are expected to face a loss of **** billion British pounds due to disruptions caused by the current outbreak. Of the three European countries in display here, Germany is expected to suffer the most with *** million British pounds lost during this time period. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Fact and Figures page.

The Germany food additives market size is expected to expand at a significant CAGR during the forecast period 2021–2028. Growth of the market is attributed to increasing population, rising awareness towards healthy diet, rapid development in food and beverage sectors, and improved economic stability.



According to a poll conducted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BFR), 55% of Germany population strives to avoid chemicals when purchasing food. In Europe, food additives are subjected to extensive testing. Food additive is a substance that is mixed with the food to enhance taste and preserve its flavor, appearance, taste, and other sensory qualities.

Various additives used for preserving foods include sugar, salt, vinegar, and smoke which help in long lasting of different foods including sweets, bacon, and wines. A variety of food additives including colorants, antioxidants, preservatives, and sweeteners are used in manufacturing of wide range of foods, bakery products, drinks, meat, and dairy products.



The covid-19 pandemic affected the demand and supply of the Germany food additives market. Lockdown across the globe, supply chain disorders, and oscillating supply of raw materials forced manufacturers to shut down production leading to unfortunate decline in market growth. Launch of vaccines to combat the Covid-19 pandemic is expected to contribute to the market growth over the forecast period.

Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities

• Increasing demand for organic and natural products is expected to drive the market in coming years.


• The clean labelling movement in the industry and commitment to transparency is anticipated to fuel the market.</

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed many challenges, especially for families. Both the public and the scientific community are currently discussing the extent to which school closings have worsened existing social differences, especially with regard to children’s academic and socio-emotional development. At the same time, parents have had to manage childcare and home schooling alongside their jobs and personal burdens posed by the pandemic. Parents’ possibilities for meeting these cognitive and emotional challenges might also depend on the different conditions in families. For this reason, the present paper investigates the structural and process characteristics of the family as well as children’s and parents’ psychological characteristics that predict how parents assess their ability to support their child’s learning during homeschooling as well as parents’ perceived emotional stress caused by school closure. The study analyses data of the Newborn Cohort Study of the German National Educational Panel Study. The two dependent variables (self-assessment of abilities, perceived stress) were measured during the COVID-19 pandemic after the first school closure in Germany, at a time when the children of this cohort were attending second grade. Besides a number of control variables (including the child’s struggle with home schooling), families’ structural characteristics [socioeconomic status (SES), education], process characteristics (home learning environment, HLE), parents’ psychological characteristics (preceding psychological stress), and the child’s psychological characteristics (self-regulation, school-related independence) from earlier waves were included as predictors. The results of structural equation models show that perceived stress was associated with structural factors and the preceding psychological stress of parents. Parents with higher preceding stress reported higher perceived stress. Interestingly, higher-educated parents also reported more stress than lower educated parents during the pandemic. The effect was the other way around for SES – parents with lower SES reported more stress than parents with higher SES. The self-reported abilities to support the learning of the child seemed to be mainly predicted by the parent’s education as well as preceding psychological stress. To sum up, the results identify important aspects that determine how parents handle the challenges of the school closures. Especially, socially disadvantaged families carry their burden into the pandemic.

Ziel der Sondererhebung des GESIS-Panels zum Ausbruch des Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Deutschland war es, zeitnah Daten über die Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf das tägliche Leben der Menschen zu sammeln. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie standen Fragen zur Risikowahrnehmung, Maßnahmen zur Risikominimierung, Bewertung der politischen Maßnahmen und deren Einhaltung, Vertrauen in Politik und Institutionen, veränderte Beschäftigungssituation, Kinderbetreuungspflichten und Medienkonsum. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit einer zeitnahen Datenerhebung wurde nur die GESIS-Panel-Substichprobe der Online-Befragten eingeladen (etwa drei Viertel der Stichprobe). Da aus Zeitgründen Befragte nur an der Online-Befragung, nicht aber postalisch teilnehmen konnten, lassen sich die Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf die Gesamtbevölkerung übertragen. Zum Thema Covid-19 sind weitere Längsschnitterhebungen mit der gesamten Stichprobe des GESIS-Panels für 2020 geplant. Themen: Risikowahrnehmung: Wahrscheinlichkeit von Ereignissen im Zusammenhang mit einer Corona Infizierung in den nächsten zwei Monaten (eigene Infizierung, Infizierung einer Person aus dem direkten Umfeld, stationäre Krankenhausbehandlung, Quarantäne unabhängig davon, ob infiziert oder nicht, eigene Infizierung und Ansteckung anderer Personen). Risikominimierung: eigene Maßnahmen zur Risikominimierung in den letzten sieben Tagen (bestimmte (belebte) Orte gemieden, Mindestabstand eingehalten, Schul- oder Arbeitssituation angepasst, Quarantäne wegen Symptomen bzw. ohne Symptome, häufigeres Händewaschen, Desinfektionsmittel genutzt, Vorräte aufgestockt, Kontakte reduziert, Mundschutz getragen, Sonstiges, keine dieser Maßnahmen). Bewertung der Wirksamkeit verschiedener politischer Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der weiteren Verbreitung des Coronavirus (Schließung von Kitas, Kindergärten und Schulen, Schließung von Sportvereinen und Fitnesszentren, Schließung von Bars, Cafés und Restaurants, Schließung aller Geschäfte mit Ausnahme von Supermärkten und Apotheken, Besuchsverbot für Krankenhäuser, Pflege- und Altenheime, Ausgangssperre für Personen ab 70 Jahren oder mit gesundheitlichen Problemen bzw. für jeden, der nicht im Gesundheitsbereich oder anderen kritischen Berufen arbeitet (außer für grundlegende Einkäufe und dringende medizinische Versorgung). Bereitschaft zur Einhaltung einer Ausgangssperre vs. Verweigerung; Gründe für die Bereitschaft zur Einhaltung der Ausgangssperre (gesellschaftliche Pflicht, Angst vor Bestrafung, Schutz vor einer Infektion, Angst vor Ansteckung Dritter: nahestehende Personen, generell andere, gefährdete Gruppen); Gründe für die Verweigerung der Ausgangssperre (Einschränkungen zu drastisch bzw. nicht gerechtfertigt, andere Verpflichtungen, stoppt die Verbreitung nicht, nicht vom Ausbruch betroffen, zu Hause zu langweilig, werde nicht bestraft). Bewertung der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Regierungsmaßnahmen (medizinische Versorgung, Einschränkung des gesellschaftlichen Lebens wie z.B. Schließung von öffentlichen Einrichtungen und Geschäften, Verminderung wirtschaftlicher Schäden, Kommunikation mit der Bevölkerung). Vertrauen in Politik und Institutionen in Bezug auf den Umgang mit dem Coronavirus (Hausarzt, lokale Gesundheitsbehörde, kommunale und städtische Verwaltung, Robert Koch-Institut (RKI), Bundesregierung, Bundeskanzlerin, Gesundheitsministerium, Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO), Wissenschaftler). Veränderte Beschäftigungssituation: Beschäftigungsstatus Anfang März; Veränderung der beruflichen Situation seit der Ausbreitung des Coronavirus abhängig Beschäftigte: Stundenzahl reduziert, Stundenzahl erhöht, mehr Home Office, freigestellt mit/ ohne Lohnfortzahlung, entlassen, keine Veränderung; Selbstständige: Arbeitszeit reduziert, Arbeitszeit erhöht, mehr Home Office, Umsatz gesunden, Umsatz gestiegen, Unternehmen vorübergehend behördlich geschlossen, Unternehmen vorübergehend freiwillig geschlossen, finanzielle Nöte, Unternehmen dauerhaft geschlossen oder insolvent, keine Veränderung. Kinderbetreuung: Kinder im Haushalt unter 12 Jahren; Organisation der Kinderbetreuung während der Schließungen von Kitas, Kindergärten und Schulen (bleibe zu Hause, Partner bleibt zu Hause, ältere Geschwister passen auf, Großeltern passen auf, etc.). Medienkonsum zu Corona: genutzte Informationsquellen zu Corona (z.B. überregionales öffentlich-rechtliches bzw. privates Fernsehen, lokales öffentlich-rechtliches bzw. privates Fernsehen, überregionale Zeitungen bzw. Lokalzeitungen, Facebook, soziale Medien, persönliche Gespräche mit Freunden und Familie, Sonstiges, informiere mich nicht zu dem Thema); Nutzungshäufigkeit Facebook; Informationen zu Corona bezogen aus regionaler Facebook-Seite bzw. aus regionaler Facebook-Gruppe. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (kategorisiert); Bildung (kategorisiert); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht und Wahlentscheidung (Sonntagsfrage); Links-Rechts-Selbsteinstufung; Familienstand; Haushaltsgröße. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten-ID; Rekrutierungskohorte; Einladungsmodus; Teilnahmemodus; Teilnahme (dichotom); Fragebogenevaluation: Gesamtbewertung der Befragung; Kommentar des Befragten (dichotom); Bewertung der Sonderbefragung zu Corona; Disposition Code (online); Dauer der Befragung in Sekunden. Nutzerseitige Paradaten sind in einer separaten CSV-Datei abgelegt (siehe Codebuch). The aim of the special survey of the GESIS panel on the outbreak of the corona virus SARS-CoV-2 in Germany was to collect timely data on the effects of the corona crisis on people´s daily lives. The study focused on questions of risk perception, risk minimization measures, evaluation of political measures and their compliance, trust in politics and institutions, changed employment situation, childcare obligations, and media consumption. Due to the need for timely data collection, only the GESIS panel sub-sample of online respondents was invited (about three quarters of the sample). Since, due to time constraints, respondents could only participate in the online survey but not by mail, the results cannot be easily transferred to the overall population. Further longitudinal surveys on Covid-19 with the entire sample of the GESIS panel are planned for 2020. Topics: Risk perception: Probability of events related to corona infection in the next two months (self, infection of a person from close social surrondings, hospital treatment, quarantine measures regardless of whether infected or not, infecting other people) Risk minimization: risk minimization measures taken in the last seven days (avoided certain (busy) places, kept minimum distance to other people, adapted school or work situation, quarantine due to symptoms or without symptoms, washed hands more often, used disinfectant, stocks increased, reduced social interactions, worn face mask, other, none of these measures). Evaluation of the effectiveness of various policy measures to combat the further spread of corona virus (closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools, closure of sports facilities, closure of bars, cafés and restaurants, closure of all shops except supermarkets and pharmacies, ban on visiting hospitals, nursing homes and old people´s homes, curfew for persons aged 70 and over or people with health problems or for anyone not working in the health sector or other critical professions (except for basic purchases and urgent medical care). Curfew compliance or refusal: Willingness to obey a curfew vs. refusal; reasons for the compliance with curfew (social duty, fear of punishment, protection against infection, fear of infecting others (loved ones, infecting others in general, a risk group); reasons for refusal of curfew (restrictions too drastic or not justified, other obligations, does not stop the spread, not affected by the outbreak, boring at home, will not be punished). Evaluation of the effectiveness of various government measures (medical care, restrictions on social life such as closure of public facilities and businesses, reduction of economic damage, communication with the population). Trust in politics and institutions with regard to dealing with the coronavirus (physician, local health authority, local and municipal administration, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Federal Government, German Chancellor, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), scientists). Changed employment situation: employment status at the beginning of March; change in occupational situation since the spread of coronavirus: dependent employees: number of hours reduced, number of hours increased, more home office, leave of absence with/ without continued wage payment , fired, no change; self-employed: working hours reduced, working hours increased, more home office, revenue decreased, revenue increased, company temporarily closed by the authorities, company temporarily voluntarily closed, financial hardship, company permanently closed or insolvent, no change. Childcare: children under 12 in the household; organisation of childcare during the closure of day-care centres, kindergartens and schools (staying at home, partner stays at home, older siblings take care, grandparents are watching, etc.) Media consumption on Corona: information sources used for Corona (e.g. nationwide public or private television or radio, local public or private television or radio, national newspapers or local newspapers, Facebook, other social media, personal conversations with friends and family, other, do not inform myself on the subject); frequency of Facebook usage; information about Corona obtained from regional Facebook page or regional Facebook group. Demography: sex; age (categorized); education (categorized); intention to vote and choice of party (Sunday question); Left-right self-assessment; marital status; size of household. Additionally coded: Respondent ID; recruitment cohort; mode of invitation; mode of participation; participation