The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged until September 2025, when another cut set the rate at 4.22 percent. In October 2025, the rate was further reduced to 4.09 percent. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate—from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April—mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at **** percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at **** percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to *** percent, the ECB refi rate to **** percent, the Bank of England bank rate to **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to **** percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

United States Interest Rates: 12 Months Expectation: Higher data was reported at 56.100 % in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 53.400 % for Mar 2025. United States Interest Rates: 12 Months Expectation: Higher data is updated monthly, averaging 55.200 % from Jun 1987 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 455 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 79.900 % in Mar 1989 and a record low of 23.400 % in Oct 2001. United States Interest Rates: 12 Months Expectation: Higher data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Conference Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.H051: Consumer Confidence Index: Interest Rate Expectation. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2025, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

The benchmark interest rate in Canada was last recorded at 2.25 percent. This dataset provides - Canada Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Investment data was reported at 6.566 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.446 % for Dec 2024. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Investment data is updated quarterly, averaging 6.330 % from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 53 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.961 % in Sep 2023 and a record low of 4.454 % in Mar 2022. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Investment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank Indonesia. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table ID.SE003: Banking Survey: Interest Rate. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

France Mortgage Rate: Avg: Consumer: Up to 1 Year data was reported at 3.780 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.750 % for Feb 2025. France Mortgage Rate: Avg: Consumer: Up to 1 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 3.120 % from Jan 2003 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 267 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 5.380 % in Dec 2008 and a record low of 1.160 % in Feb 2022. France Mortgage Rate: Avg: Consumer: Up to 1 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Banque de France. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.M007: Mortgage Rate. http://www.banque-france.fr/gb/stat_conjoncture/series/statmon/html/statmon.htm [COVID-19-IMPACT]

The Direct Real Estate Activities industry have come up against numerous headwinds in recent years, ranging from the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 to the high base rate environment in the years since, which has inflated borrowing costs for potential buyers. This is a sharp contrast to the ultra-low interest environment seen over the decade following the 2008 financial crisis. Still, revenue is forecast to edge upwards at a compound annual rate of 0.6% over the five years through 2025 to €622.9 billion, including an anticipated rise of 0.8% in 2025. Despite weak revenue growth, profitability remains strong, with the average industry profit margin standing at an estimated 18.9% in 2025. Central banks across Europe adopted aggressive monetary policy in the two years through 2023 in an effort to curb spiralling inflation. This ratcheted up borrowing costs and hit the real estate sector. In the residential property market, mortgage rates picked up and hit housing transaction levels. However, the level of mortgage rate hikes has varied across Europe, with the UK experiencing the largest rise, meaning the dent to UK real estate demand was more pronounced. Commercial real estate has also struggled due to inflationary pressures, supply chain disruptions and rising rates. Alongside this, the market’s stock of office space isn’t able to satisfy business demand, with companies placing a greater emphasis on high-quality space and environmental impact. Properties in many areas haven't been suitable due to their lack of green credentials. Nevertheless, things are looking up, as interest rates have been falling across Europe over the two years through 2025, reducing borrowing costs and boosting the number of property transactions, which is aiding revenue growth for estate agents. Revenue is slated to grow at a compound annual rate of 4.5% over the five years through 2030 to €777.6 billion. Economic conditions are set to improve in the short term, which will boost consumer and business confidence, ramping up the number of property transactions in both the residential and commercial real estate markets. However, estate agents may look to adjust their offerings to align with the data centre boom to soak up the demand from this market, while also adhering to sustainability commitments.

This study estimates the economic losses (GDP), particularly the impact of COVID-19 deaths on non-health components of GDP in West Bengal state. The NHGDP losses were evaluated using cost-of-illness approach. Future NHGDP losses were discounted at 3%. Excess death estimates by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) were used. Sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying discount rates and Average Age of Death (AAD). 21,532 deaths in West Bengal since 17th March 2020 till 31st December 2022 decreased the future NHGDP by $0.92 billion. Nearly 90% of loss was due to deaths occurring in above 30 years age-group. The majority of the loss was borne among the 46–60 years age-group. The NHGDP loss/death was $42,646, however, the average loss/death declined with a rise in age. The loss increased to $9.38 billion and $9.42 billion respectively based on GBD and WHO excess death estimates. The loss increased to $1.3 billion by considering the lower age of the interval as AAD. At 5% and 10% discount rates, the losses reduced to $0.769 billion and $0.549 billion respectively. Results from the study suggest that COVID-19 contributed to major economic loss in West Bengal. The mortality and morbidity caused by COVID-19, the substantial economic costs at individual and population levels in West Bengal, and probably across India and other countries, is another argument for better infection control strategies across the globe to end the impact of this epidemic. Methods Various open domains were used to gather data on COVID-19 deaths in West Bengal and the aforementioned estimates. Economic losses in terms of Non-Health Gross Domestic Product (NHGDP)among six age-group brackets viz. 0–15, 16–30, 31–45, 46–60, 61–75 and 75 and above were estimated to facilitate comparisons and to initiate advocacy for an increase in health investments against COVID-19. This study used midpoint age as the age of death for all the age brackets. The legal minimum age for working i.e., 15 years. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of age on the overall total NHGDP loss estimate. The model was re-estimated assuming an average age at death to be the starting age of each age-group bracket. Based on existing literature discounted rate of interest to measure the value of life is taken as 2.9%. As a sensitivity analysis, NHGDP loss has also been computed using 5% and 10% of discounted rates of interest.

Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Consumption data was reported at 7.586 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.184 % for Dec 2024. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Consumption data is updated quarterly, averaging 7.184 % from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 53 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.247 % in Dec 2017 and a record low of 5.216 % in Sep 2022. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Consumption data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank Indonesia. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table ID.SE003: Banking Survey: Interest Rate. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Objective: Background incidence rates are routinely used in safety studies to evaluate an association of an exposure and outcome. Systematic research on sensitivity of rates to the choice of the study parameters is lacking.Materials and Methods: We used 12 data sources to systematically examine the influence of age, race, sex, database, time-at-risk, season and year, prior observation and clean window on incidence rates using 15 adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccines as an example. For binary comparisons we calculated incidence rate ratios and performed random-effect meta-analysis.Results: We observed a wide variation of background rates that goes well beyond age and database effects previously observed. While rates vary up to a factor of 1,000 across age groups, even after adjusting for age and sex, the study showed residual bias due to the other parameters. Rates were highly influenced by the choice of anchoring (e.g., health visit, vaccination, or arbitrary date) for the time-at-risk start. Anchoring on a healthcare encounter yielded higher incidence comparing to a random date, especially for short time-at-risk. Incidence rates were highly influenced by the choice of the database (varying by up to a factor of 100), clean window choice and time-at-risk duration, and less so by secular or seasonal trends.Conclusion: Comparing background to observed rates requires appropriate adjustment and careful time-at-risk start and duration choice. Results should be interpreted in the context of study parameter choices.

The benchmark interest rate in India was last recorded at 5.50 percent. This dataset provides - India Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

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According to our research report, the Power Tools Market in the US will witness a CAGR of 3.33% which is expected to increase by USD 1.63 billion for the forecast period 2020 to 2025.

This market research report provides valuable insights into the post-COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers market segmentation by technology (electric, pneumatic, and others) and end-user (professional and consumer). The power tools market in the US report also offers information on several market vendors, including ANDREAS STIHL AG & Co. KG, Apex Tool Group LLC, Emerson Electric Co., Illinois Tool Works Inc., Ingersoll Rand Inc., Makita Corp., Robert Bosch GmbH, Snap-on Inc., Stanley Black & Decker Inc., and Techtronic Industries Co. Ltd. among others.

What will the Power Tools Market Size in US be During the Forecast Period?

Download the Report Sample to Unlock the Power Tools Market Size in US for the Forecast Period and Other Important Statistics

Parent Market Analysis

The power tools market in US is a part of the global electrical components and equipment market. The global electrical components and equipment market was valued at USD 1,941.23 billion in 2020. Our Technavio Research categorizes the global market belonging to the Electrical Equipment industry. Our research report has extensively covered external factors influencing the parent market growth potential in the coming years, which will determine the levels of growth of the market during the forecast period.

Power Tools Market in US: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

Based on our research output, there has been a negative impact on the market growth during and post-COVID-19 era. The growing demand for power tools for DIY projects in the US is notably driving the power tools market growth in the US, although factors such as may impede the market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the power tools industry in US. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help deduce end goals and refine marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Power Tools Market Driver in US

One of the key factors driving growth in the market is the growing demand for power tools for DIY projects in US. DIY projects refer to activities in which individuals such as hobbyists, residents, amateurs, or enthusiasts engage themselves in modifying, upgrading, maintaining, and rebuilding their material possessions such as household appliances, automobiles, residences, and bicycles. DIY projects are performed using raw or semi-finished raw materials, suitable tools, and equipment with little or no assistance from professionals. Home improvement projects constitute the majority of DIY projects. Some home improvement projects include replacing a shower faucet or refinishing the basement and attic. Home improvement projects include activities such as woodworking; plumbing; landscaping; and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) utility repair works. A home is usually a life-long asset, and the demand for DIY tools, including power tools, for home improvement projects is growing in the US, as the large and affluent middle class in the US increasingly demands a better home space to ensure an improved standard of living. Moreover, with the spread of social media channels, more people are getting engaged in DIY projects to demonstrate their creative skills. Also, before hiring a working professional or labour, brainstorming has become a part of life, calculating the cost of professional plumbers, electricians, and mechanics. Such factors will positively impact the growth of the power tools market.

Key Power Tools Market Challenge in US

The risk of rising interest rates will be a major challenge for the market during the forecast period. The interest rates in the US have been rising since 2015. The US Federal Reserve increased the benchmark rates by approximately eight times in September 2018. A rising interest rate discourages borrowing by businesses and individuals and encourages savings. As a result of the rising benchmark rates in the US, the 30-year fixed rate mortgage in the US has increased by 25% between October 2017 and October 2018. This may lead to a reduction in the number of new home loan applications in the US in the forecast timeframe. Apart from this, a lean inventory of existing residences and the rising cost of construction have increased the prices of the existing residences. This is leading to a decline in the sales of the existing residences. The sale of existing residences is an important demand driver for power tools in the US as new owners invest in the modification and beautification of the acquired residence. The benchmark rates in the US are expected to rise further in 2019 due to the strong economic growth of

Brazil Long Term Interest Rate (TJLP): Per Month data was reported at 0.690 % per Month in Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.640 % per Month for Mar 2025. Brazil Long Term Interest Rate (TJLP): Per Month data is updated monthly, averaging 0.570 % per Month from Dec 1994 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 365 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.950 % per Month in Feb 1995 and a record low of 0.360 % per Month in Mar 2021. Brazil Long Term Interest Rate (TJLP): Per Month data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Central Bank of Brazil. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Brazil – Table BR.MC002: Lending Rate: Central Bank of Brazil. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Working Capital data was reported at 6.150 % in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.133 % for Dec 2024. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Working Capital data is updated quarterly, averaging 6.170 % from Mar 2012 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 53 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.190 % in Dec 2013 and a record low of 4.499 % in Mar 2022. Indonesia Banking Survey: Loan Interest Rate: Whole Year Estimation: in USD: Working Capital data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank Indonesia. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table ID.SE003: Banking Survey: Interest Rate. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Indonesia Banking Survey: Expectation: Loan Interest Rate: in Rupiah: Motor Vehicles data was reported at 10.277 % in Jun 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 10.096 % for Mar 2025. Indonesia Banking Survey: Expectation: Loan Interest Rate: in Rupiah: Motor Vehicles data is updated quarterly, averaging 12.640 % from Jun 2012 (Median) to Jun 2025, with 53 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 14.270 % in Jun 2012 and a record low of 10.096 % in Mar 2025. Indonesia Banking Survey: Expectation: Loan Interest Rate: in Rupiah: Motor Vehicles data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank Indonesia. The data is categorized under Indonesia Premium Database’s Business and Economic Survey – Table ID.SE003: Banking Survey: Interest Rate. [COVID-19-IMPACT]

Following the drastic increase directly after the COVID-19 pandemic, the delinquency rate started to gradually decline, falling below *** percent in the second quarter of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the delinquency rate picked up but remained stable throughout 2024. In the second quarter of 2025, **** percent of mortgage loans were delinquent. That was significantly lower than the **** percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 or the peak of *** percent during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2010. What does the mortgage delinquency rate tell us? The mortgage delinquency rate is the share of the total number of mortgaged home loans in the U.S. where payment is overdue by 30 days or more. Many borrowers eventually manage to service their loan, though, as indicated by the markedly lower foreclosure rates. Total home mortgage debt in the U.S. stood at almost ** trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. Not all mortgage loans are made equal ‘Subprime’ loans, being targeted at high-risk borrowers and generally coupled with higher interest rates to compensate for the risk. These loans have far higher delinquency rates than conventional loans. Defaulting on such loans was one of the triggers for the 2007-2010 financial crisis, with subprime delinquency rates reaching almost ** percent around this time. These higher delinquency rates translate into higher foreclosure rates, which peaked at just under ** percent of all subprime mortgages in 2011.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Certificate of Deposit market size was USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The Less than 1 year held the highest Certificate of Deposit market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Certificate of Deposit Market

Key Drivers for Certificate of Deposit Market

Growing Demand for Early Retirement Planning to Increase the Demand Globally

The growing demand for early retirement planning is driving the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market as individuals increasingly seek secure and reliable investment options to ensure financial stability in their retirement years. CDs offer a low-risk investment with guaranteed returns, making them an attractive choice for conservative investors looking to preserve capital and generate predictable income. With an aging population and heightened awareness of the need for financial planning, more people are prioritizing investments that provide safety and stability. CDs, with their fixed interest rates and protection against market volatility, align well with the goals of early retirees who prioritize preserving their savings while earning a steady return. This trend fuels the growth of the CD market as part of comprehensive retirement strategies.

Growing Demand of Enhanced CD products to Propel Market Growth

The growing demand for enhanced Certificate of Deposit (CD) products is driving the market due to their ability to offer higher returns and additional features compared to traditional CDs. Enhanced CDs, such as those with variable interest rates, callable options, or market-linked returns, attract investors seeking better yields while still enjoying the security and low risk associated with CDs. These innovative products appeal to a broader range of investors, including those looking for diversified income streams and higher growth potential. Additionally, the customization and flexibility of enhanced CDs cater to the evolving preferences of investors, who are increasingly sophisticated and seeking tailored financial solutions. This trend boosts the attractiveness and market adoption of CDs, expanding their role in investment portfolios.

Restraint Factor for the Certificate of Deposit Market

Low Interest Rates to Limit the Sales

Low interest rates restrain the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market by reducing the attractiveness of these financial instruments to investors seeking higher returns. When interest rates are low, the yields on CDs decrease, making them less appealing compared to other investment options such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, which may offer higher potential returns. This diminished appeal leads to reduced demand for CDs among both retail and institutional investors. Additionally, low interest rates can prompt banks and financial institutions to offer fewer incentives or promotional rates for CDs, further dampening market growth. The overall impact is a slowdown in the market's expansion, as investors seek alternative investments that promise better returns in a low-interest-rate environment.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Certificate of Deposit Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market. On one hand, economic uncertainty and market volatility drove many investors towards safer, more stable investment options like CDs. This increased demand for secure, low-risk instruments as people sought to protect their capital. On the other ...

Identification and isolation of COVID-19 infected persons plays a significant role in the control of COVID-19 pandemic. A country's COVID-19 positive testing rate is useful in understanding and monitoring the disease transmission and spread for the planning of intervention policy. Using publicly available data collected between March 5th, 2020 and May 31st, 2021, we proposed to estimate both the positive testing rate and its daily rate of change in South Africa with a flexible semi-parametric smoothing model for discrete data. There was a gradual increase in the positive testing rate up to a first peak rate in July, 2020, then a decrease before another peak around mid-December 2020 to mid-January 2021. The proposed semi-parametric smoothing model provides a data driven estimates for both the positive testing rate and its change. We provide an online R dashboard that can be used to estimate the positive rate in any country of interest based on publicly available data. We believe this is a useful tool for both researchers and policymakers for planning intervention and understanding the COVID-19 spread.