As of August 2020, the S&P 500 index had lost 34 percent of its value due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the Great Crash, which began with Black Tuesday, remains the most significant loss in value in its history. That market crash lasted for 300 months and wiped 86 percent off the index value.

In the first quarter of 2020, global stock indices posted substantial losses that were triggered by the outbreak of COVID-19. The period from March 6 to 18 was particularly dramatic, with several stock indices losing more than 20 percent of their value.

Worldwide panic hits markets From the United States to the United Kingdom, stock market indices suffered steep falls as the coronavirus pandemic created economic uncertainty. The Nasdaq 100 and S&P 500 are two indices that track company performance in the United States, and both lost value as lockdowns were introduced in the country. European markets also recorded significant slumps, which triggered panic selling among investors. The FTSE 100 – the leading share index of companies in the UK – plunged by as much as 21 percent in the opening weeks of March 2020.

Is it time to invest in tech stocks? The S&P 500 is regarded as the best representation of the U.S. economy because it includes more companies from the leading industries. However, helped in no small part by its focus on tech companies, the Nasdaq 100 has risen in popularity and seen remarkable growth in recent years. Global demand for digital technologies has increased further due to the coronavirus, with remote working and online shopping becoming part of the new normal. As a result, more investors are likely to switch to the tech stocks listed on the Nasdaq 100.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index dropped around 8,000 points in the four weeks from February 12 to March 11, 2020, but has since recovered and peaked at 44,910.65 points as of November 24, 2024. In February 2020 - just prior to the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the DJIA index stood at a little over 29,000 points. U.S. markets suffer as virus spreads The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a turbulent period for stock markets – the S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite also recorded dramatic drops. At the start of February, some analysts remained optimistic that the outbreak would ease. However, the increased spread of the virus started to hit investor confidence, prompting a record plunge in the stock markets. The Dow dropped by more than 3,500 points in the week from February 21 to February 28, which was a fall of 12.4 percent – its worst percentage loss in a week since October 2008. Stock markets offer valuable economic insights The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a stock market index that monitors the share prices of the 30 largest companies in the United States. By studying the performance of the listed companies, analysts can gauge the strength of the domestic economy. If investors are confident in a company’s future, they will buy its stocks. The uncertainty of the coronavirus sparked fears of an economic crisis, and many traders decided that investment during the pandemic was too risky.

data regarding stock exchange rates, data regarding CoVID-19, and government actions regarding 15 countries 1-6/2020

In 2024, 62 percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years, and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at 65 percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges, where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the Financial Crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

Supplementary information files for the article Emerging stock market volatility and economic fundamentals: the importance of US uncertainty spillovers, financial and health crises

Abstract: This paper studies the US and global economic fundamentals that exacerbate emerging stock markets volatility and can be considered as systemic risk factors increasing financial stability vulnerabilities. We apply the bivariate HEAVY system of daily and intra-daily volatility equations enriched with powers, leverage, and macro-effects that improve its forecasting accuracy significantly. Our macro-augmented asymmetric power HEAVY model estimates the inflammatory effect of US uncertainty and infectious disease news impact on equities alongside global credit and commodity factors on emerging stock index realized volatility. Our study further demonstrates the power of the economic uncertainty channel, showing that higher US policy uncertainty levels increase the leverage effects and the impact from the common macro-financial proxies on emerging markets’ financial volatility. Lastly, we provide evidence on the crucial role of both financial and health crisis events (the 2008 global financial turmoil and the recent Covid-19 pandemic) in raising markets’ turbulence and amplifying the volatility macro-drivers impact, as well.

As the coronavirus spreads around the world, the impact on the Polish stock exchange is increasing. As of 4 March, the WIG20 index was at the level of 1,860.95 points. Since then, the index has been systematically decreasing, and it reached the level of 1,305.73 points on 12 March. The reason for the falls on the stock exchange is a coronavirus (COVID-19). Fear of the epidemic has been visible in the markets for three weeks. As of 27 March, WIG20 has lost over 31 percent since the beginning of the year. Most probably, the first quarter of 2020 will be the worst in the history of the index. Even worse than the end of the memorable 2008, when the financial crisis broke out. On June 29, WIG20 index reached the closing value of 1,769.47, which is a decrease of 17.70 percent compared to the beginning of 2020.

This study examines the market return spillovers from the US market to 10 Asia-Pacific stock markets, accounting for approximately 91 per cent of the region’s GDP from 1991 to 2022. Our findings indicate an increased return spillover from the US stock market to the Asia-Pacific stock market over time, particularly after major global events such as the 1997 Asian and the 2008 global financial crises, the 2015 China stock market crash, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2008 global financial crisis had the most substantial impact on these events. In addition, the findings also indicate that US economic policy uncertainty and US geopolitical risk significantly affect spillovers from the US to the Asia-Pacific markets. In contrast, the geopolitical risk of Asia-Pacific countries reduces these spillovers. The study also highlights the significant impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on these spillovers. Given the increasing integration of global financial markets, the findings of this research are expected to provide valuable policy implications for investors and policymakers.

The impact from COVID is dire to economies, and G20 countries are no exception irrespective of how developed their market are. This is due to how investors respond to bad and good news alike. Using daily data, for the G20 countries and data on COVID, we employ quantile regression (QR) and quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) to explore the asymmetric nexus between COVID cases and G20 stock indices returns. Our results show that the pandemic fundamentally has a significant negative effect on all G20 stock returns with a heterogeneous nature across portions of the returns. Also, at varying quantiles of the distribution of stock, we highlight the fact that COVID pandemic has rather occasioned an asymmetric effect on G20 stock returns. Conversely, we notice positive link between the COVID and stock returns at the upper quantiles when the market started to bounce back from the crash. While the pandemic has largely slowed down, it is not completely swept out and the impacts may linger for a little long, hence investors are recommended to be more particular in the stock indices they wish to invest as they observe the erratic dynamics across the G20. The study is important to understand that for investors and policy-makers in the G20 countries, there are differences in how the COVID pandemic affected each country through their stock markets, and this is more complex than meets the eye. It should be noted that while concerted efforts are needed to address happenings like these, they should not be uniform. Investors need this information to spread their finances across the G20 markets to safeguard against losing it all.

The value of the DJIA index amounted to 43,191.24 at the end of March 2025, up from 21,917.16 at the end of March 2020. Global panic about the coronavirus epidemic caused the drop in March 2020, which was the worst drop since the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008. Dow Jones Industrial Average index – additional information The Dow Jones Industrial Average index is a price-weighted average of 30 of the largest American publicly traded companies on New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, and includes companies like Goldman Sachs, IBM and Walt Disney. This index is considered to be a barometer of the state of the American economy. DJIA index was created in 1986 by Charles Dow. Along with the NASDAQ 100 and S&P 500 indices, it is amongst the most well-known and used stock indexes in the world. The year that the 2018 financial crisis unfolded was one of the worst years of the Dow. It was also in 2008 that some of the largest ever recorded losses of the Dow Jones Index based on single-day points were registered. On September 29th of 2008, for instance, the Dow had a loss of 106.85 points, one of the largest single-day losses of all times. The best years in the history of the index still are 1915, when the index value increased by 81.66 percent in one year, and 1933, year when the index registered a growth of 63.74 percent.

Context

Due to the current situation of the markets, I have decided to analyse the current crash (covid-19 coronavirus) with previous historical crashes (2008, 1987, 1929)

Content

S&P500 data has been obtained through Yahoo's rest api service. DOW historical data has been obtained throught Macrotrends ( https://www.macrotrends.net/ )

Acknowledgements

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The growing trend of interdependence between the international stock markets indicated the amalgamation of risk across borders that plays a significant role in portfolio diversification by selecting different assets from the financial markets and is also helpful for making extensive economic policy for the economies. By applying different methodologies, this study undertakes the volatility analysis of the emerging and OECD economies and analyzes the co-movement pattern between them. Moreover, with that motive, using the wavelet approach, we provide strong evidence of the short and long-run risk transfer over different time domains from Malaysia to its trading partners. Our findings show that during the Asian financial crisis (1997–98), Malaysia had short- and long-term relationships with China, Germany, Japan, Singapore, the UK, and Indonesia due to both high and low-frequency domains. Meanwhile, after the Global financial crisis (2008–09), it is being observed that Malaysia has long-term and short-term synchronization with emerging (China, India, Indonesia), OECD (Germany, France, USA, UK, Japan, Singapore) stock markets but Pakistan has the low level of co-movement with Malaysian stock market during the global financial crisis (2008–09). Moreover, it is being seen that Malaysia has short-term at both high and low-frequency co-movement with all the emerging and OECD economies except Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia during the COVID-19 period (2020–21). Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia have long-term synchronization relationships with the Malaysian stock market at high and low frequencies during COVID-19. While in a leading-lagging relationship, Malaysia’s stock market risk has both leading and lagging behavior with its trading partners’ stock market risk in the selected period; this behavior changes based on the different trade and investment flow factors. Moreover, DCC-GARCH findings shows that Malaysian market has both short term and long-term synchronization with trading partners except USA. Conspicuously, the integration pattern seems that the cooperation development between stock markets matters rather than the regional proximity in driving the cointegration. The study findings have significant implications for investors, governments, and policymakers around the globe.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier market size will be USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Guardrails Energy Absorbent Terminals (GEAT) currently dominate the automotive crash test rigid barrier market due to their effective design in minimizing the severity of impacts during collisions

Market Dynamics of Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market

Key Drivers for Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market

Stringent Regulatory Standards Driving Safety Compliance to Boost Market Growth

One of the primary drivers in the Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market is the increasing stringency of safety regulations imposed by governments and global safety agencies. Regulatory bodies, such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), are continuously raising safety benchmarks, pushing automakers to enhance vehicle crashworthiness. This is resulting in a higher demand for advanced crash test barriers that meet these regulatory requirements. As manufacturers strive to achieve high safety ratings, the market for rigid barriers used in testing vehicles against simulated crash conditions is expanding, propelling the industry's growth. For instance, In June 2022, Trinity Highway Products LLC Signed an agreement with Highway Care Ltd. Produce, sell and rent the MASH-tested Highway Guard Barriers in North America. With this partnership, trinity highway broadened its commitment to offer innovative roadway solutions of highway gourd to Mexico, USA, and Canada

Growing Consumer Awareness of Vehicle Safety Features to Drive Market Growth

The rise in consumer awareness regarding vehicle safety has also become a significant market driver. With safety ratings becoming a critical factor in purchasing decisions, automakers are under pressure to demonstrate the crash resilience of their vehicles. As a result, automotive companies are investing heavily in advanced crash testing to meet consumer expectations for safety. This increasing emphasis on passenger protection and crashworthiness has fueled the demand for rigid barriers, as they are essential for conducting comprehensive and reliable crash tests. Enhanced safety technologies and the integration of autonomous driving systems further underscore the need for precise and accurate crash test equipment.

Restraint Factor for the Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market

High Costs of Crash Testing Infrastructure, will Limit Market Growth

A key restraint in the Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market is the high cost associated with setting up and maintaining advanced crash testing infrastructure. Rigid barriers, testing facilities, and the necessary high-tech equipment required for accurate simulations and assessments involve substantial capital investment. Smaller automotive manufacturers and testing labs may struggle to meet these financial demands, which can slow down the adoption of advanced crash test systems. Additionally, the continuous need for equipment upgrades to comply with evolving safety standards adds to the overall cost burden, creating a significant barrier to market growth.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the Automotive Crash Test Rigid Barrier Market. During the peak of the pandemic, disruptions in global supply chains, ...

On March 9, 2020, also referred to as Black Monday 2020, a global stock market crash took place, stemming from the collapse of the OPEC deal and the economic impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19). As a result, Russian oil companies suffered the most significant falls in shares. Lukoil and Rosneft saw their shares plunge by 22.1 and 21.5 percent, respectively.

As of December 30, 2024, 14 economies reported a negative value for their ten year minus two year government bond yield spread: Ukraine with a negative spread of 1,370 percent; Turkey, with a negative spread of 1332 percent; Nigeria with -350 percent; and Russia with -273 percent. At this time, almost all long-term debt for major economies was generating positive yields, with only the most stable European countries seeing smaller values. Why is an inverted yield curve important? Often called an inverted yield curve or negative yield curve, a situation where short term debt has a higher yield than long term debt is considered a main indicator of an impending recession. Essentially, this situation reflects an underlying belief among a majority of investors that short term interest rates are about to fall, with the lowering of interest rates being the orthodox fiscal response to a recession. Therefore, investors purchase safe government debt at today's higher interest rate, driving down the yield on long term debt. In the United States, an inverted yield curve for an extended period preceded (almost) all recent recessions. The exception to this is the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic – however, the U.S. ten minus two year spread still came very close to negative territory in mid-2019. Bond yields and the coronavirus pandemic The onset of the coronavirus saw stock markets around the world crash in March 2020. This had an effect on bond markets, with the yield of both long term government debt and short term government debt falling dramatically at this time – reaching negative territory in many countries. With stock values collapsing, many investors placed their money in government debt – which guarantees both a regular interest payment and stable underlying value - in contrast to falling share prices. This led to many investors paying an amount for bonds on the market that was higher than the overall return for the duration of the bond (which is what is signified by a negative yield). However, the calculus is that the small loss taken on stable bonds is less that the losses likely to occur on the market. Moreover, if conditions continue to deteriorate, the bonds may be sold on at an even higher price, partly offsetting the losses from the negative yield.

The Irish Pension Funding industry is immature compared to other OECD countries. The proportion of the workforce enrolled in some form of pension scheme is low. The industry has been affected by high volatility in financial markets. Revenue is expected to remain flat over the five years through 2024, sitting at €18.7 billion, including forecast growth of 4.4% in 2024. Changing consumer preferences have induced a continued shift in demand from defined benefit (DB) schemes to defined contribution (DC) schemes. Pension providers have had to contend with greater compliance costs and weaker investment returns in the face of fierce regulation relating to reserve requirements for DB schemes. Most notably, the introduction of the IORP II Directive in 2021 has changed the state of the pensions industry, requiring stricter risk assessments and internal audit schemes. Turbulent financial markets have created similarly erratic investment returns, especially during the stock market boom of 2021 following COVID-19 and the record crash of bonds in 2022 amid rampant inflation. Investors were bracing themselves for a similarly bleak 2023. However, capital markets defied expectations, as equities and bonds rallied at the tail-end of the year amid bets on rate cuts from central banks. Markets are set to continue on their upward trajectory in 2024, although losing some of the potency seen in the prior year, as bond values reprice closer to their fundamental values, with investors reining in their optimism for multiple rate cuts during the year. Over the five years through 2029, revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 5.7% to €24.7 billion. The introduction of the automatic enrolment scheme in 2025 will ramp up demand for pension schemes and catalyse the ongoing shift from DB to DC schemes. The introduction of the IORP II Directive standardising pension funding across Europe will ratchet consolidation activity over the coming years. However, the new legislation will also incite a shift from DC schemes towards master trusts, which aren't as heavily regulated.

In 2019, the global cassava market increased by 0.4% to $164.1B, the consumption continues to indicate a relatively flat trend pattern over the last five years. Cassava features among staple food products which are rather tolerant to crisis periods in terms of consumption. Given the fact that cassava is largely consumed in countries with low incomes and where it constitutes an affordable and important diet item, it is not expected that the COVID crisis will lead to a deep decrease in cassava consumption.

The emergence of the covid-19 health crisis, in this advanced technological era where connections between markets, nations, and economies have grown stronger than ever before, the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic quickly had an impact on both physical and digital financial assets. The Chinese financial market experienced the first consequences of the covid-19 pandemic, then spilled over to other financial markets, including those for cryptocurrencies and the precious metals. This study examines the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the volatilities of the dynamics of bitcoin and gold. Both assets share some characteristics, such as online trading platforms, however, gold is a tangible financial asset unlike bitcoin, which is digitally generated without any physical form. This study argues that the similarities and differences between bitcoin and gold play major roles in how the covid-19 crisis affected their respective dynamics. Using daily data ranging from 9/22/2014 to 1/31/2023 and employing ARMA as the mean equation for GARCH model, the impact of the health crisis (covid-19) is examined on the volatilities of the prices and volumes of bitcoin and gold. Empirical evidence points out that, the pandemic has a symmetric impact on the volatilities of bitcoin and gold price returns, causing them to be more volatile. The impact of the covid-19 observed on the volume returns of the assets, however, is asymmetrical. The empirical results give evidence to the role that the vital differences existing between these assets played during the covid-19 pandemic.

Between March 4 and March 11, 2020, the S&P 500 index declined by twelve percent, descending into a bear market. On March 12, 2020, the S&P 500 plunged 9.5 percent, its steepest one-day fall since 1987. The index began to recover at the start of April and reached a peak in December 2021. As of December 29, 2024, the value of the S&P 500 stood at 5,942.47 points. Coronavirus sparks stock market chaos Stock markets plunged in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, with investors fearing its spread would destroy economic growth. Buoyed by figures that suggested cases were leveling off in China, investors were initially optimistic about the virus being contained. However, confidence in the market started to subside as the number of cases increased worldwide. Investors were deterred from buying stocks, and this was reflected in the markets – the values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq Composite also dived during the height of the crisis. What is a bear market? A bear market occurs when the value of a stock market suffers a prolonged decline of more than 20 percent over a period of at least two months. The COVID-19 pandemic caused severe concern and sent stock markets on a steep downward spiral. The S&P 500 achieved a record closing high of 3,386 on February 19, 2020. However, just over three weeks later, the market closed on 2,480, which represented a decline of around 26 percent in only 16 sessions.

On March 1st 2020, the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BET) index registered a drop of -9.67 percent largely influenced by the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) in the country. By the 15th of March 2020, the Bucharest Stock Exchange already reached a drop of -17.6 percent on the stock market, being one of the lowest drops since the financial crisis in 2007. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.