This is historical data. The update frequency has been set to "Static Data" and is here for historic value. Updated 8/14/2024. Number of deaths among Maryland residents for which diseases of the heart was the underlying cause of death. Diseases of the heart include deaths coded to the following International Classification of Diseases codes: ICD-3 (1920-1929) -- 87-90 ICD-4 (1930-1938) -- 56, 90-95 ICD-5 (1939-1948) -- 90-95 ICD-6 (1949-1957) -- 400-443 ICD-7 (1958-1967) -- 400-443 ICD-8 (1968-1978) -- 390-398, 402, 404, 410-429 ICD-9 (1979-1998) -- 390-398, 402, 404-429 ICD-10 (1999-present) -- I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51.

The coronavirus pandemic reminded us that infectious diseases are an integral part of humanity. The presented data show the number of people infected with particular infectious diseases in Warsaw in 1920. The most dangerous illness of that period was scarlet fever, from which over three thousand people suffered. One hundred years later, precisely on 4 March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 infection were detected in Poland. On 20 November, over 45 thousand patients with coronavirus were registered in Warsaw.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

This is historical data. The update frequency has been set to "Static Data" and is here for historic value. Updated 8/14/2024. Number of deaths among Maryland residents for which cerebrovascular disorders were the underlying cause of death. This includes deaths coded to the following International Classification of Diseases codes: ICD-3 (1920-1929) -- 74 ICD-4 (1930-1938) -- 82 ICD-5 (1939-1948) -- 83 ICD-6 (1949-1957) -- 330-334 ICD-7 (1958-1967) -- 330-334 ICD-8 (1968-1978) -- 430-438 ICD-9 (1979-1998) -- 430-438 ICD-10 (1999-present) -- I60-I69.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease, which occurs when long-term damage and scarring to the liver prevents it from functioning to its full capacity. Although the human liver is the only organ with the capacity to regenerate itself; there is no cure for liver cirrhosis, however the effects of the condition can be slowed and even minimalized by removing the cause of the damage. The most common causes of liver cirrhosis are alcohol abuse and hepatitis. While hepatitis can be combatted with vaccinations and medication, alcohol abuse can be more complicated due to the psychological impact it has on the user. The prevention of alcohol abuse and its side-effects was one of the major aims of the Prohibition movement in the United States in the 1920s, and records show that the number of deaths due to liver cirrhosis decreased greatly during the Prohibition era, and rose again following Prohibition's repeal in 1933. In the early 1900s, the death rate due to cirrhosis of the liver was as high as 14.8 deaths per 100,000 people, however it gradually fell in the wartime Prohibition of the First World War, and then plateaued at half of this level, between 7.1 and 7.5 deaths per 100,000 people, during federal Prohibition in the 1920s and early 1930s. After Prohibition was repealed at the end of 1933, deaths due to liver cirrhosis increased again, and by the late 1960s, the rate was consistently double it's Prohibition era level.

This report provides information on the number of reported cases of reportable communicable diseases by year for various ten-year periods

The leading causes of death in the United States have changed significantly from the year 1900 to the present. Leading causes of death in 1900, such as tuberculosis, gastrointestinal infections, and diphtheria have seen huge decreases in death rates and are no longer among the leading causes of death in the United States. However, other diseases such as heart disease and cancer have seen increased death rates. Vaccinations One major factor contributing to the decrease in death rates for many diseases since the year 1900 is the introduction of vaccinations. The decrease seen in the rates of death due to pneumonia and influenza is a prime example of this. In 1900, pneumonia and influenza were the leading causes of death, with around 202 deaths per 100,000 population. However, in 2023 pneumonia and influenza were not even among the ten leading causes of death. Cancer One disease that has seen a large increase in death rates since 1900 is cancer. Cancer currently accounts for almost 20 percent of all deaths in the United States, with death rates among men higher than those for women. The deadliest form of cancer for both men and women is cancer of the lung and bronchus. Some of the most common avoidable risk factors for cancer include smoking, drinking alcohol, sun exposure, and obesity.

Analysis of ‘Number of Heart Disease Deaths among Maryland Residents, 1920-2016’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/88e5b5cb-dac8-483d-a04f-e85cd592eacf on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Number of deaths among Maryland residents for which diseases of the heart was the underlying cause of death. Diseases of the heart include deaths coded to the following International Classification of Diseases codes: ICD-3 (1920-1929) -- 87-90 ICD-4 (1930-1938) -- 56, 90-95 ICD-5 (1939-1948) -- 90-95 ICD-6 (1949-1957) -- 400-443 ICD-7 (1958-1967) -- 400-443 ICD-8 (1968-1978) -- 390-398, 402, 404, 410-429 ICD-9 (1979-1998) -- 390-398, 402, 404-429 ICD-10 (1999-present) -- I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

This is historical data. The update frequency has been set to "Static Data" and is here for historic value. Updated 8/14/2024. Number of deaths among Maryland residents for which diabetes mellitus was the underlying cause of death. This includes deaths coded to the following International Classification of Diseases codes: ICD-3 (1920-1929) -- 57 ICD-4 (1930-1938) -- 59 ICD-5 (1939-1948) -- 61 ICD-6 (1949-1957) -- 260 ICD-7 (1958-1967) -- 260 ICD-8 (1968-1978) -- 250 ICD-9 (1979-1998) -- 250 ICD-10 (1999-present) -- E10-E14.

PERIOD: Japan proper. 1920-1929. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Japan.

Even in 2021, bubonic plague continues to exist in nature, and there are generally a few thousand human cases per year. Going back to the beginning of the 20th century, it is estimated that there were roughly one million cases per year in 1907. Within two decades, this number had fallen below one fifth of this level to 170,000 cases per year in the 1920s, and in the 1940s it was just over 20,000 per year. By the mid-20th century, it had fallen below 5,000 cases per year, but the rapid decrease in cases observed in the first half of the 1900s did not continue through the second half of the century. Even in 2019, there was one case of plague recorded in the United States. How infection occurs Yersinia pestis is the bacteria that causes the plague virus, and it is most commonly spread by rats and their fleas. The disease survives by fleas infecting rats, which in turn infect other fleas; the majority of rats survive the disease, which facilitates its spread; this is known as the "enzootic cycle ". Interestingly, the disease is usually fatal for the fleas, as it blocks their "stomachs" and causes them to starve; as the fleas get hungrier, they attempt to feed on more hosts, spreading the disease more rapidly. When the rats die, the parasitic fleas then search for a new host, which means that other animals (particularly mammals) are susceptible to this virus. While rat fleas can not survive on other hosts for very long, they can infect other (including human) fleas with the virus. The most common way for humans to contract the plague however, is when a rat flea bites its human host; during this process the flea simultaneously regurgitates Yersinia pestis bacteria into the wound, and this causes bubonic plague. Humans can then spread the disease among one another by coming into contact with the infected tissue or fluids of an infected person, or from the transfer of fleas. Continued existence of the plague Plague is extremely difficult to eradicate in nature, as rodent communities in the wild provide natural reservoirs for the disease to spread. In previous centuries, rats had much more frequent contact with humans for a variety of reasons; houses were more often made of wood (which made infestations easier), public spaces were much dirtier, and the presence of rats was tolerated more. As the understanding of epidemiology grew in the 20th century, this greatly reduced the frequency of plague in human populations. Unlike human diseases such as smallpox, which was eradicated through vaccination and other medical advancements, basic sanitation and the extermination of rats have been the driving force behind the decline of plague.

This is historical data. The update frequency has been set to "Static Data" and is here for historic value. Updated 8/14/2024. Number of deaths among Maryland residents for which malignant neoplasms were the underlying cause of death. This includes deaths coded to the following International Classification of Diseases codes: ICD-3 (1920-1929) -- 43-49 ICD-4 (1930-1938) -- 45-53, 72 ICD-5 (1939-1948) -- 45-55 ICD-6 (1949-1957) -- 140-205 ICD-7 (1958-1967) -- 140-205 ICD-8 (1968-1978) -- 140-209 ICD-9 (1979-1998) -- 140-208 ICD-10 (1999-present) -- C00-C97.

PERIOD: Japan proper, 1920-1929. Korea, Taiwan, South Sakhalin, Kwantung Province and South Pacific Mandate, 1925-1929. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Sanitary Bureau of the Home Department of the Imperial Japanese Government; [Statistics by government offices, overseas territories of Japan].

In the history of the United States, smallpox played a pivotal role in shaping the direction of the country's development. When Europeans first arrived in the Americas, they unintentionally introduced smallpox to the continent and the disease helped to wipe out as much as 95 percent of indigenous Americans. This was one factor that allowed European settlers to colonize the continent with relative ease, although the disease remained active in the Americas until the second half of the twentieth century. The number of smallpox cases in the United States fluctuated between 1900 and 1930, with as many as 110,000 reported cases in 1920, however the number of cases fell sharply in the 1930s, and there were no cases at all in the United States from 1950 onwards. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared the disease to be successfully eradicated on a global scale, making it the first infectious disease to be wiped out by intentional human activity.

PERIOD: Japan proper. 1920-1929. SOURCE: [Annual Statistical Report on Prisons].

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there were millions of smallpox cases every year until the 1970s, when the WHO's eradication program then successfully eliminated the disease in nature. Some academic estimates place smallpox's death toll at 300 million in the twentieth century, and 500 million in its final hundred years of existence. The development of the smallpox vaccination, which was the first successfully developed vaccine (the word vaccination comes from the Latin word for cow;"vacca", as cowpox was used to develop the smallpox vaccine), greatly contributed to the significant decline in infant and child mortality across the globe, and the boom in population growth during the twentieth century. Reported cases In spite of these large numbers, the figures for reported cases was only a tiny fraction of this; for example, the WHO estimates that there were fifty million cases in 1950, however less than one percent of these cases were recorded. In spite of this, the data is still useful for showing how smallpox developed and spread throughout the world; we know that the majority of these cases were recorded in the Indian sub-continent, and that epidemics across Asia drove the number of recorded cases up in the middle of the century. The final naturally-occurring cases were observed in 1977, while the two cases in 1978 were due to a lab accident in England, which resulted in one fatality.

The influenza pandemic of 1918, known as the Spanish Flu, was one of the deadliest and widespread pandemics in human history. The scale of the outbreak, as well as limitations in technology, medicine and communication, create difficulties when trying to uncover accurate figures relating to the pandemic. Estimates suggest that the virus, known as the H1N1 influenza virus, infected more than one quarter of the global population, which equated to approximately 500 million people in 1920. It was responsible for roughly 25 million fatalities, although some projections suggest that it could have caused double this number of deaths. The exact origins of this strain of influenza remain unclear to this day, however it was first noticed in Western Europe in the latter stages of the First World War. Wartime censorship in Europe meant that the severity of the pandemic was under-reported, while news outlets in neutral Spain were free to report openly about the impact of the virus; this gave the illusion that the virus was particularly strong in Spain, giving way to the term "Spanish Flu".

Effects of the virus

By late summer 1918, the pandemic had spread across the entire continent, and the H1N1 virus had mutated into a deadlier strain that weakened the infected's immune system more than traditional influenzas. Some studies suggest that, in contrast to these traditional influenza viruses, having a stronger immune system was actually a liability in the case of the H1N1 virus as it triggered what is known as a "cytokine storm". This is where white blood cells release proteins called cytokines, which signal the body to attack the virus, in turn releasing more white blood cells which release more cytokines. This cycle over-works and greatly weakens the immune system, often giving way to other infections; most commonly pneumonia in the case of the Spanish Flu. For this reason, the Spanish Flu had an uncommonly high fatality rate among young adults, who are traditionally the healthiest group in society. Some theories for the disproportionate death-rate among young adults suggest that the elderly's immune systems benefitted from exposure to earlier influenza pandemics, such as the "Asiatic/Russian Flu" pandemic of 1889.

Decrease in life expectancy As the war in Europe came to an end, soldiers returning home brought the disease to all corners of the world, and the pandemic reached global proportions. Isolated and under-developed nations were especially vulnerable; particularly in Samoa, where almost one quarter of the population died within two months and life expectancy fell to just barely over one year for those born in 1918; this was due to the arrival of a passenger ship from New Zealand in November 1918, where the infected passengers were not quarantined on board, allowing the disease to spread rapidly. Other areas where life expectancy dropped below ten years for those born in 1918 were present-day Afghanistan, the Congo, Fiji, Guatemala, Kenya, Micronesia, Serbia, Tonga and Uganda. The British Raj, now Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, saw more fatalities than any other region, with as many as five percent of the entire population perishing as a result of the pandemic. The pandemic also had a high fatality rate among pregnant women and infants, and greatly impacted infant mortality rates across the world. There were several waves of the pandemic until late 1920, although they decreased in severity as time progressed, and none were as fatal as the outbreak in 1918. A new strain of the H1N1 influenza virus did re-emerge in 2009, and was colloquially known as "Swine Flu"; thankfully it had a much lower fatality rate due to medical advancements across the twentieth century.

AbstractAlthough bubonic plague is an endemic zoonosis in many countries around the world, the factors responsible for the persistence of this highly virulent disease remain poorly known. Classically, the endemic persistence of plague is suspected to be due to the coexistence of plague resistant and plague susceptible rodents in natural foci, and/or to a metapopulation structure of reservoirs. Here, we test separately the effect of each of these factors on the long-term persistence of plague. We analyse the dynamics and equilibria of a model of plague propagation, consistent with plague ecology in Madagascar, a major focus where this disease is endemic since the 1920s in central highlands. By combining deterministic and stochastic analyses of this model, and including sensitivity analyses, we show that (i) endemicity is favoured by intermediate host population sizes, (ii) in large host populations, the presence of resistant rats is sufficient to explain long-term persistence of plague, and (iii) the metapopulation structure of susceptible host populations alone can also account for plague endemicity, thanks to both subdivision and the subsequent reduction in the size of subpopulations, and extinction-recolonization dynamics of the disease. In the light of these results, we suggest scenarios to explain the localized presence of plague in Madagascar., Usage notesFigure1R script computing and plotting the equilibrium states for a susceptible population, according to the rat's maximal birth rate, r, and the transmission rate, beta. (a) K = 25,000 rats, (b) K = 1,000 rats.figure1.rFigure 1 - system dynamicsSystem dynamics (in C language) used in figure1.r (system (S1.1) in the supporting text S1 of the article).si_fig1.cFigure 2R script computing and plotting the equilibrium states for a rat population including resistant rats, according to the maximal birth rate of rats, r, and the transmission rate, beta. K = 25,000 rats.figure2.rFigure 2 - system dynamicsSystem dynamics (in C language) used in figure2.r (system (1) in the main text of the article).sir_fig2.cFigure 3R script computing the equilibrium states for a susceptible host metapopulation composed of (a) 2 subpopulations, (b) 4 subpopulations and (c) 25 subpopulations (deterministic analysis). Total carrying capacity = 25,000 rats.figure3.rFigure 3 (a) - system dynamics with 2 subpopulationsSystem dynamics (in C language) used in figure3.r to compute the equilibrium states of a host structured susceptible population composed of 2 subpopulations.sir2P_fig3a.cFigure 3 (b) - system dynamics with 4 subpopulationsSystem dynamics (in C language) used in figure3.r to compute the equilibrium states of a host structured susceptible population composed of 4 subpopulations.sir4P_fig3b.cFigure 3 (c) - system dynamics with 25 subpopulationsSystem dynamics (in C language) used in figure3.r to compute the equilibrium states of a host structured susceptible population composed of 25 subpopulations.sir25P_fig3c.cFigure 4 (a)R script computing and plotting the estimated probability of persistence of susceptible rats S and infectious rats I through time, in a non structured population of K=25,000 rats. To get Figures 4(b) and 4(c), only the parameter values need to be modified in this file.figure4a.r

Issa al-Araj (92 years old from Bethlehem) is interviewed by Grace al-Ali on 15 April 1995.Interview focuses on the great snow of 1920; snow was 2 metres deep and people could not even go outside; people had to burn wood to keep warm; everyone was hungry and cold; illness and disease quickly spread; the snow lasted for a whole month; people used to work together to clear the snow; the snowfall severely damaged the houses in Bethlehem and especially the souq; poor people were the worst affected.Original audio recording: cassette tape.Transcript: summary.In the original collection at Bethlehem University this cassette tape was categorised as File 20 of Box 21.This fileset exists as part of the 1920 Great Snow & 1927 Earthquake collection within the Bethlehem University Oral History project of the Planet Bethlehem Archive.

Life expectancy in India was 25.4 in the year 1800, and over the course of the next 220 years, it has increased to almost 70. Between 1800 and 1920, life expectancy in India remained in the mid to low twenties, with the largest declines coming in the 1870s and 1910s; this was because of the Great Famine of 1876-1878, and the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919, both of which were responsible for the deaths of up to six and seventeen million Indians respectively; as well as the presence of other endemic diseases in the region, such as smallpox. From 1920 onwards, India's life expectancy has consistently increased, but it is still below the global average.

Since the 1780s, over 25,000 United States law enforcement officers have died while on active duty, or due to injuries and illnesses obtained while on duty. Gunfire is responsible for over half of all total law enforcement deaths recorded, particularly before the 1930s. From this point on, the total share of gunfire deaths has decreased significantly, mostly due to the increase in vehicle or health related deaths, although gunfire has remained the most common individual cause of death in almost every year. Gunfire deaths These deaths rose steadily after the Civil War, and peaked at over 200 annual deaths during the 1920s, due to the increase in criminal activity during prohibition. Because of this, the National Firearms Act of 1934 was introduced in an attempt to reduce gun-related crime, by requiring the registration of any transfer of ownership and imposing a tax on gun manufacturers and distributors. After Prohibition's end and the introduction of these measures, annual law enforcement deaths from gunfire have been well below 100 in almost every year, except for a brief spike in the early 1970s, during the crime wave that began in the 1960s and the beginning of the "War on Drugs". Overall, gunfire deaths of law enforcement have fallen since the 1970s, reaching a low of just 34 deaths in 2013. In contrast, the total number of people killed by police shootings has consistently been above one thousand for most of the past decade.

Increase in health-related deaths

The majority of non-gunfire deaths are a result of vehicle-related accidents, and the number of crashes and accidents rose throughout the 20th century in line with the increase in car ownership. However, the number of deaths from heart attacks and job-related illness has also risen over time, due to the aging of the population and increasingly unhealthy lifestyle trends across the country. In recent decades, additional health issues have emerged that have had a disproportionate impact on law enforcement. In 2001, 72 officers died as a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks, and over 350 additional deaths have been attributed to the adverse health effects (primarily respiratory illnesses) sustained by first responders from law enforcement. From 2020-2022, COVID-19 became the largest single cause of law enforcement deaths. Figures relate to cases where the individual contracted COVID-19 while on duty, and highlights the increased exposure to the virus faced by those considered to be frontline or essential workers. This number is likely to fall in the future as infection rates fall and newer strains of the virus are less lethal.