These are do-files for replicating all results in the paper "Disentangling the impact of civil association membership on political participation: Evidence from Swedish panel data". The replication material does not include data. See the online appendix for information about how to get access to the required data.

The ability to extract generative parameters from high-dimensional fields of data in an unsupervised manner is a highly desirable yet unrealized goal in computational physics. This work explores the use of variational autoencoders for non-linear dimension reduction with the specific aim of disentangling the low-dimensional latent variables to identify independent physical parameters that generated the data. A disentangled decomposition is interpretable, and can be transferred to a variety of tasks including generative modeling, design optimization, and probabilistic reduced order modelling. A major emphasis of this work is to characterize disentanglement using VAEs while minimally modifying the classic VAE loss function (i.e., the Evidence Lower Bound) to maintain high reconstruction accuracy. The loss landscape is characterized by over-regularized local minima which surround desirable solutions. We illustrate comparisons between disentangled and entangled representations by juxtaposing learned latent distributions and the true generative factors in a model porous flow problem. Hierarchical priors are shown to facilitate the learning of disentangled representations. The regularization loss is unaffected by latent rotation when training with rotationally-invariant priors, and thus learning non-rotationally-invariant priors aids in capturing the properties of generative factors, improving disentanglement. Finally, it is shown that semi-supervised learning - accomplished by labeling a small number of samples (O (1%))–results in accurate disentangled latent representations that can be consistently learned.

This is the matlab-data and readme-file for our paper.

Replication data for Disentangling the relationship between sociotropic and egotropic trade attitudes: A survey experiment in Japan.

Replication Data for: Disentangling the perceived performance effects of publicness and bureaucratic structure: A survey-experiment Stata 15

copy directly from abstract in PSRM publication

This dataset include the raw supporting data for the article titled "Lost in HELLS: disentangling the mystery of SALNR existence in senescence cellular models ".

Land-use change due to agriculture has a major influence on arthropod biodiversity, and may influence species differently depending on their traits. It is unclear how species traits vary across different land uses and their edges, with most studies focussing on single habitat types and overlooking edge effects. We examined variation in morphological traits of carabid beetles (Coleoptera:Carabidae) on both sides of edges between woodlands and four adjoining, but contrasting farmland uses in an agricultural landscape.

This dataset shows the magnitudes of BDOC within permafrost soils and ΔBDOC between permafrost and active-layer soils, and their influence factors including climate, vegetation, soil and DOC composition variables.

Leaf wax n-alkane traits and δ13Calk in Artemisia plants across a temperature gradient along 400 mm isohyet in China.

Data and replication code for study 'Martyrs for free speech? Disentangling the effects of legal prosecution of anti-immigration politicians on their electoral support'. Abstract: Several anti-immigration politicians in Europe have been prosecuted for hate speech; some of these trials were highly mediatized. To what extent, and how, does hate speech prosecution of anti-immigration politicians affect voting for their party? We address this question by an experiment (N = 372) using manipulated versions of a television news story about a politician of the Dutch party Forum for Democracy (FvD). We go beyond prior studies by disentangling the mechanisms driving the electoral ramifications of hate speech prosecution, assessing the moderating role of multiculturalist attitudes separately and in combination with six mediators (anti-establishment attitudes, issue salience immigration, perceived party’s effectiveness and legitimacy, support for free speech, and perceived party visibility). Among voters who are positive toward multiculturalism, exposure to a news story about prosecution boosts support for free speech and perceived visibility and support for the FvD. Both aspects are positively related to voting for FvD. This improves our understanding of the mechanisms of hate speech prosecution, informing public debates of how to react to controversial speech by politicians.

Partly due to global climate change, extreme weather and natural hazards have increased dramatically during the recent decades. Those sudden environmental changes often cause significant impacts on the living species on the planet via directly affecting the population structures or indirectly causing habitat loss or fragmentations. In August - October 2020, tremendous mortalities of avian species were reported in the western and central US, likely resulting from winter storms and wildfires based on previous evidence. However, the differences of how different species might respond to the environmental changes were still poorly understood. In this study, we focused on three species that have been recorded with the highest death observations collected by citizen scientists (i.e., Wilson’s warbler, barn owl, and common murre) and employed the random forest model to disentangle their responses to the two environmental changes. We found the mortalities of Wilson’s warbler were primarily impacted by early winter storms, with more deaths identified in areas with a higher average of maximum daily snowfalls. Barn owl responded to both wildfire effects and winter storms but with more deaths identified in places with high wildfire-induced air pollution. Both events had mild effects on common murre. Mortalities of common murre may be related to high water temperature. Our findings highlight the species-specific responses to environmental changes, which can provide significant insights into the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change and avian conservations.

Clumped isotope, marine ostracods and FTIR data from the middle Eocene Barton Clay formation in the Hampshire basin (southern England)

This record contains the underlying research data for the publication "Disentangling greenhouse warming and aerosol cooling to reveal Earth's climate sensitivity" and the full-text is available from: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soe_research/1845Earth's climate sensitivity has long been subject to heated debate and has spurred renewed interest after the latest IPCC assessment report suggested a downward adjustment of its most likely range(1). Recent observational studies have produced estimates of transient climate sensitivity, that is, the global mean surface temperature increase at the time of CO2 doubling, as low as 1.3 K (refs 2,3), well below the best estimate produced by global climate models (1.8 K). Here, we present an observation-based study of the time period 1964 to 2010, which does not rely on climate models. The method incorporates observations of greenhouse gas concentrations, temperature and radiation from approximately 1,300 surface sites into an energy balance framework. Statistical methods commonly applied to economic time series are then used to decompose observed temperature trends into components attributable to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and surface radiation. We find that surface radiation trends, which have been largely explained by changes in atmospheric aerosol loading, caused a cooling that masked approximately one-third of the continental warming due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations over the past half-century. In consequence, the method yields a higher transient climate sensitivity (2.0 +/- 0.8 K) than other observational studies.

Replication data set (STATA format) and R code to reproduce analyses and figures in the paper. Abstract: What citizens think about Muslim immigrants is of great importance for some of the most pressing challenges facing Western democracies. To advance our understanding of what “Islamophobia” really is – i.e. whether it is a dislike based on immigrants` ethnic background, their religious identity or their specific religious behaviour – we fielded a representative online survey experiment in the UK in the summer 2015. Our results suggest that Muslims are not per se viewed more negatively than Christian immigrants. Instead, we provide evidence that citizens’ uneasiness with Muslim immigration is first and foremost the result of a rejection of fundamentalist forms of religiosity. This suggests that com-mon explanations, which are based on simple dichotomies between liberal supporters and conservative critics of immigration need to be re-evaluated. While the politically left and culturally liberal have more positive attitudes towards immigrants than right leaning and conservatives, they are also far more critical towards religious groups. We conclude that a large part of the current political controver-sy over Muslim immigration has to do with this double opposition. Importantly, the current political conflict over Muslim immigration is not so much about immigrants versus natives or even Muslim versus Christians as it is about political liberalism versus religious fundamentalism.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian labour market: Disentangling the effect of sector-specific mobility restrictions", by Morales, Bonilla-Mejía, Pulido, Flórez, Hermida, Pulido-Mahech and Lasso-Valderrama. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

A .csv file containing the khulan data analyzed in the manuscript.

1. Structural complexity of habitats modifies trophic interactions by providing refuges and altering predator and prey behaviour. Nonlinear effects on trophic interaction strengths driven by these mechanisms may alter food web dynamics and community structure in response to habitat modifications. However, changes in functional response, the relationship between prey density and feeding rate, along habitat complexity (HC) gradients are little understood. 2. We quantified functional responses along a HC gradient from an entirely unstructured to highly structured habitat in a freshwater system, using dragonfly larvae (Aeshna cyanea) preying on Chaoborus obscuripes larvae. To disentangle mechanisms by which changes in HC affect functional responses, we used two different approaches – a population-level and a behavioural experiment–, applied an information theoretic approach to identify plausible links between HC and functional response parameters, and compared our results to previous studies. 3. Functional response shape did not change, but we found strong evidence for nonlinear dependence of attack rate and handling time on HC in our study. Combined results from both experiments imply that attack rate increased stepwise between the unstructured and structured habitats in line with the threshold hypothesis, because the predators gained better access to the prey. Handling time was lowest at an intermediate HC level in the population-level experiment, while the direct estimate of handling time did not vary with HC in the behavioural experiment. These differences point toward HC-driven changes in foraging activity and other predator and prey behaviour. 4. Most previous studies reported stepwise decrease in attack rate in line with the threshold hypothesis or no change with increasing HC. Moreover, changes in the handling time parameter with HC appear to be relatively common but not conforming to the threshold hypothesis. Overall, increased HC appears to respectively weaken and strengthen trophic links in 2D and 3D predator-prey interactions. 5. We conclude that detailed understanding of HC effects on food webs requires complementary experimental approaches across HC gradients that consider predator foraging strategies and predator and prey behaviour. Such studies can also help guide conservation efforts as addition of structural elements is frequently used for restoration of degraded aquatic habitats. 23-Feb-2021

The easy access to large data sets has allowed for leveraging methodology in network physics and complexity science to disentangle patterns and processes directly from the data, leading to key insights in the behavior of systems. Here we use country specific food production data to study binary and weighted topological properties of the bipartite country-food production matrix. This country-food production matrix can be: 1) transformed into overlap matrices which embed information regarding shared production of products among countries, and or shared countries for individual products, 2) identify subsets of countries which produce similar commodities or subsets of commodities shared by a given country allowing for visualization of correlations in large networks, and 3) used to rank country fitness (the ability to produce a diverse array of products weighted on the type of food commodities) and food specialization (quantified on the number of countries producing a specific food product weighted on their fitness). Our results show that, on average, countries with high fitness produce both low and high specializion food commodities, whereas nations with low fitness tend to produce a small basket of diverse food products, typically comprised of low specializion food commodities.