Abstract

The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India. Four rounds of the survey have been conducted in 1992-93, 1998-99, 2005-06, and 2015-16. The fifth round of the survey (2019-2020) is currently in the field. All of the surveys are part of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The surveys provide information on population, health, and nutrition at the national and state level. Since 2015-16, the surveys have also provided information at the district level. Some of the major topics included in NFHS-4 (2015-16) are fertility, infant and child mortality, family planning, maternal and reproductive health, child vaccinations, prevalence and treatment of childhood diseases, nutrition, women’s empowerment, domestic violence, marriage, sexual activity, employment, anemia, anthropometry, HIV/AIDS knowledge and testing, tobacco and alcohol use, biomarker tests (anthropometry, anemia, HIV, blood pressure, and blood glucose), and water, sanitation, and hygiene. The primary objective of the NFHS surveys is to provide essential data on health and family welfare, as well as emerging issues in these areas. The information collected through the NFHS surveys is intended to assist policymakers and program managers in setting benchmarks and examining progress over time in India’s health sector. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India, designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the agency responsible for providing coordination and technical guidance for all of the surveys. IIPS has collaborated with a large number of field agencies for survey implementation. The Demographic and Health Surveys Program has provided technical assistance for all of the surveys.

Documentation

You can access the data through the DHS website. Data files are available in the following five formats:

• Hierarchical CSPro file
• Flat files: ASCII data with syntax, Stata, SPSS, SAS

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All datasets are distributed in archived ZIP files that include the data file and its associated documentation. The DHS Program is authorized to distribute, at no cost, unrestricted survey data files for legitimate academic research. Registration is required to access the data.

Additional information about the surveys is available on the India page on the DHS Program website. This page provides a list of surveys and reports, plus Country Quickstats for India, and it is the gateway to accessing more information about the India surveys and datasets.

Methodology

2015-16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4): Fieldwork for NFHS-4 was conducted in two phases, from January 2015 to December 2016. The fieldwork was conducted by 14 field agencies, including three Population Research Centers. Laboratory testing for HIV was done by seven laboratories throughout India. NFHS-4 collected information from a nationally representative sample of 601,509 households, 699,686 women age 15-49, and 112,122 men age 15-54. The survey covered all 29 states, 7 Union Territories, and 640 districts in India.

Funding for the survey was provided by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); UKAID/DFID; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; UNICEF; the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); and the MacArthur Foundation. Technical Assistance for NFHS-4 was provided by Macro International, Maryland, USA.

2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3): Fieldwork for NFHS-3 was conducted in two phases, from November 2005 to August 2006. The fieldwork was conducted by 18 field agencies, including six Population Research Centers. Laboratory testing for HIV was done by the SRL Ranbaxy laboratory in Mumbai. NFHS-3 collected information from a nationally representative sample of 109,041 households, 124,385 women age 15-49, and 74,369 men age 15-54. The survey covered all 29 states. Only the Union Territories were not included.

Funding for the survey was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID); the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; UNICEF; the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); and the Government of India. Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International, Maryland, USA.

1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2): Fieldwork for NFHS-2 was conducted in two phases, from November 1998 to December 1999. The fieldwork was conducted by 13 field agencies, including five Population Research Centers. NFHS-2 collected information from a nationally representative sample of 91,196 households and 89,188 ever-married women age 15-49. Male interviews were not included in the survey. The survey cover

Abstract

The National Family Health Survey 2019-21 (NFHS-5), the fifth in the NFHS series, provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India, each state/union territory (UT), and for 707 districts.

The primary objective of the 2019-21 round of National Family Health Surveys is to provide essential data on health and family welfare, as well as data on emerging issues in these areas, such as levels of fertility, infant and child mortality, maternal and child health, and other health and family welfare indicators by background characteristics at the national and state levels. Similar to NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also provides information on several emerging issues including perinatal mortality, high-risk sexual behaviour, safe injections, tuberculosis, noncommunicable diseases, and the use of emergency contraception.

The information collected through NFHS-5 is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in setting benchmarks and examining progress over time in India’s health sector. Besides providing evidence on the effectiveness of ongoing programmes, NFHS-5 data will help to identify the need for new programmes in specific health areas.

The clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical (CAB) component of NFHS-5 is designed to provide vital estimates of the prevalence of malnutrition, anaemia, hypertension, high blood glucose levels, and waist and hip circumference, Vitamin D3, HbA1c, and malaria parasites through a series of biomarker tests and measurements.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15 to 54

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, all men age 15-54, and all children aged 0-5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

A uniform sample design, which is representative at the national, state/union territory, and district level, was adopted in each round of the survey. Each district is stratified into urban and rural areas. Each rural stratum is sub-stratified into smaller substrata which are created considering the village population and the percentage of the population belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (SC/ST). Within each explicit rural sampling stratum, a sample of villages was selected as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs); before the PSU selection, PSUs were sorted according to the literacy rate of women age 6+ years. Within each urban sampling stratum, a sample of Census Enumeration Blocks (CEBs) was selected as PSUs. Before the PSU selection, PSUs were sorted according to the percentage of SC/ST population. In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 22 households per cluster was selected with an equal probability systematic selection from a newly created list of households in the selected PSUs. The list of households was created as a result of the mapping and household listing operation conducted in each selected PSU before the household selection in the second stage. In all, 30,456 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected across the country in NFHS-5 drawn from 707 districts as on March 31st 2017, of which fieldwork was completed in 30,198 PSUs.

For further details on sample design, see Section 1.2 of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four survey schedules/questionnaires: Household, Woman, Man, and Biomarker were canvassed in 18 local languages using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI).

Cleaning operations

Electronic data collected in the 2019-21 National Family Health Survey were received on a daily basis via the SyncCloud system at the International Institute for Population Sciences, where the data were stored on a password-protected computer. Secondary editing of the data, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions, was conducted in the field by the Field Agencies and at the Field Agencies central office, and IIPS checked the secondary edits before the dataset was finalized.

Field-check tables were produced by IIPS and the Field Agencies on a regular basis to identify certain types of errors that might have occurred in eliciting information and recording question responses. Information from the field-check tables on the performance of each fieldwork team and individual investigator was promptly shared with the Field Agencies during the fieldwork so that the performance of the teams could be improved, if required.

Response rate

A total of 664,972 households were selected for the sample, of which 653,144 were occupied. Among the occupied households, 636,699 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 98 percent.

In the interviewed households, 747,176 eligible women age 15-49 were identified for individual women’s interviews. Interviews were completed with 724,115 women, for a response rate of 97 percent. In all, there were 111,179 eligible men age 15-54 in households selected for the state module. Interviews were completed with 101,839 men, for a response rate of 92 percent.

The National Family Health Survey 2019-2021, the fifth in the NFHS series, provides information on the population, health, and nutrition of India and each state and union territory. Like NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also provides district-level estimates for many important indicators. The contents of NFHS-5 are similar to NFHS-4 to allow comparisons over time. However, NFHS-5 includes some new topics, such as preschool education, disability, access to a toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during menstruation, and methods and reasons for abortion. The scope of clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical testing has also been expanded to include the measurement of waist and hip circumferences, and the age range for the measurement of blood pressure and blood glucose has been expanded. However, HIV testing has been dropped. The NFHS-5 sample has been designed to provide national, state and union territory, and district level estimates of various indicators covered in the survey. However, estimates of indicators of sexual behaviour, husband's background and woman's work, HIV and AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, and domestic violence are available only at the state and union territory and national level.

Abstract

The World Bank conducted an in-depth analysis of the digital economy in Indonesia through the Digital Economic Household Survey (DEHS). The plan to survey 6,600 households was disrupted due to the pandemic. Thus, the DEHS dataset contains 3,063 households (HHs) out of planned 6,600 HHs (46%) from 311 enumeration areas (EAs) out of the planned 660 EAs.

The datasets contain household and individual data. Separate data files are provided for particular modules containing matrix-style questions. All household-level datasets contain the variable "hhid" as household identifier, whereas individual-level datasets contain both "hhid" and "hh_memberid" to identify individuals. These variables can be used for merging purposes across data files.

There are 6 modules available in these dataset: Module 1 contains general household-level information, including demographics, dwelling and ICT device usage. Module 2 asks on internet access and use, including device ownership, social media use, internet affordability, side effects and digital skills. Module 3 contains information related to service delivery, including government services, social assistance, education and health. Module 5 probes information related to household e-commerce activities as buyers and digital on-demand services. Module 6 focuses on use of digital finance in the household. Lastly, Module 9 collects information related to household enterprise activities, which includes e-commerce activities as sellers.

Geographic coverage

The survey is representative of major island regions in Indonesia (Sumatera, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua).

Analysis unit

Individual, Household

Sampling procedure

The survey uses Stratified Four-Stage PPES (Probability Proportional to Estimated Size) Sampling. As Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), districts in each region were stratified into 'rural' or 'urban'. Villages are Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs), while hamlets and households are Tertiary Sampling Units (TSUs) and Ultimate Sampling Units (USUs), respectively. Eligible villages are defined as villages with internet signal, regardless of the quality of the signal (4G, 3G, or 2.5G), based on Podes 2018 data.

Sampling deviation

The survey did not deviate from its sample design. However, the survey was unable to obtain its full sample (only 3,063 out of 6,600 households) due to early termination of the survey because of COVID-related restrictions.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The DEHS questionnaire includes the following modules:

Module 1: General Information (01_DEHS_Questionnaire_General_Module_final_070620_eng.pdf) Module 2: Internet Access and Use (02_DEHS_Questionnaire_internet_access_and_use_final_070620_eng.pdf) Module 3: Service Delivery (03_DEHS_Questionnaire_Service_Delivery_final_070620_eng.pdf) Module 5: E-commerce (05_DEHS_Questionnaire_e_Commerce_final_070620_eng.pdf) Module 6: Finance (06_DEHS_Questionnaire_Finance_final_070620_eng.pdf) Module 9: HH Enterprise (09_DEHS_Questionnaire_HH_Enterprise_final_070620_eng.pdf)

Note: The initial survey design also included module 7 (last mile internet service delivery) and module 8 (community retail price). However, both modules were ultimately dropped in order to save enumeration time, and reduce respondent fatigue.

Abstract

The 2019-20 Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (2019-20 GDHS) is a nationwide survey with a nationally representative sample of residential households. The survey was implemented by The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS) in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MoH).

The primary objective of the 2019-20 GDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the 2019-20 GDHS: ▪ collected data on fertility levels and preferences; contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; maternal mortality; gender; nutrition; awareness about HIV/AIDS; self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and other health issues relevant to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ▪ obtained information on the availability of, access to, and use of mosquito nets as part of the National Malaria Control Programme ▪ gathered information on other health issues such as injections, tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, and health insurance ▪ collected data on women’s empowerment, domestic violence, fistula, and female genital mutilation/cutting ▪ tested household salt for the presence of iodine ▪ obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and conducted anthropometric measurements to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 and women age 15-49 ▪ conducted anaemia testing of women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months ▪ conducted malaria testing of children age 6-59 months

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15 to 59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49, all men age 15-59, and all children aged 0-5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019-20 GDHS was based on an updated version of the 2013 Gambia Population and Housing Census (2013 GPHC) conducted by GBoS. The census counts were updated in 2015-16 based on district-level projected counts from the 2015-16 Integrated Household Survey (IHS). Administratively, The Gambia is divided into eight Local Government Areas (LGAs). Each LGA is subdivided into districts and each district is subdivided into settlements. A settlement, a group of small settlements, or a part of a large settlement can form an enumeration area (EA). These units allow the country to be easily separated into small geographical area units, each with an urban or rural designation. There are 48 districts, 120 wards, and 4,098 EAs in The Gambia; the EAs have an average size of 68 households.

The sample for the 2019-20 GDHS was a stratified sample selected in two stages. In the first stage, EAs were selected with a probability proportional to their size within each sampling stratum. A total of 281 EAs were selected.

In the second stage, the households were systematically sampled. A household listing operation was undertaken in all of the selected clusters. The resulting lists of households served as the sampling frame from which a fixed number of 25 households were systematically selected per cluster, resulting in a total sample size of 7,025 selected households. Results from this sample are representative at the national, urban, and rural levels and at the LGA levels.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019-20 GDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Fieldworker Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to The Gambia. Suggestions were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries, departments, and agencies; nongovernmental organisations; and international donors. All questionnaires were written in English, and interviewers translated the questions into the appropriate local language to carry out the interview.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via the Internet File Streaming System (IFSS) to the GBoS central office. The IFSS automatically encrypts the data and sends the data to a server, and the server in turn downloads the data to the data processing supervisor’s password-protected computer in the central office. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computeridentified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by two IT specialists and three secondary editors who took part in the main fieldwork training; they were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing and data processing were initiated in November 2019 and completed in May 2020.

Response rate

All 6,985 households in the selected housing units were eligible for the survey, of which 6,736 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 6,549 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 97%. Among the households successfully interviewed, 1,948 interviews were completed in 2019 and 4,601 in 2020.

In the interviewed households, 12,481 women age 15-49 were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 11,865 women, yielding a response rate of 95%, a 4 percentage point increase from the 2013 GDHS. Among men, 5,337 were eligible for individual interviews, and 4,636 completed an interview; this yielded a response rate of 87%, a 5 percentage point increase from the previous survey.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2019-20 Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) to minimise this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2019-20 GDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2019-20 GDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearisation method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Household age distribution
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
• Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
• Completeness of reporting
• Births by calendar years
• Reporting of age at death in days
• Reporting of age at death in months
• Standardisation exercise results from anthropometry training
• Height and weight data completeness and quality for children
• Height measurements from random subsample of measured children
• Number of enumeration areas completed by month, according to Local Government Area, The Gambia DHS 2019-20
• Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having malaria according to RDT, by month and Local Government Area, The Gambia DHS 2019-20
• Completeness of information on siblings
• Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.

Abstract

The Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) currently constitutes one of the largest socio-economic household survey databases on Tanzania. Since 2003 EDI has interviewed roughly 20,000 households in 35 different districts. For 9 districts repeat surveys have been organised to track changes over time.

Rationale: Absence of district level survey data does not rhyme with the devolution of power to districts. Tanzania is undergoing a decentralisation process whereby each of its roughly 128 districts is becoming an increasingly important policy actor. A district taking on this challenge needs accurate information to monitor and develop its own policies. Much relevant information is currently not available as national statistics are not representative at district level and many of the routine data collection mechanisms are still under development. CWIQ then provides an attractive, one-stop survey-based method to collect basic development indicators. Furthermore, the survey results can be disseminated - through Swahili briefs and posters - to a district's population; thus increasing the extent to which people are able to hold their local governments accountable. Exciting new ground is being broken on such population-wide dissemination by the Prime Minister's Office.

Methodology: The data are collected through a small 10-page questionnaire, called the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ). The questionnaire and data software constitute an off-the-shelf survey package developed by the World Bank to produce standardised monitoring indicators of welfare. The questionnaire is purposively concise and is designed to collect information on household demographics, employment, education, health and nutrition as well as utilisation and satisfaction with social services. Questionnaires are scannable, with interviewers shading bubbles and writing numbers later recognised by the scanning software. The data system is fully automated allowing the results to roll out within weeks of the fieldwork.

Funding: projects are typically funded by organisations that care about making decentralisation work in Tanzania. CWIQ is a method to promote evidence-based policy formulation and debate in the district and a tool for the population to hold their local governments accountable. With funding from the RNE (Royal Netherlands Embassy) and SNV (Stichting Nederlands Vrijwilligers), CWIQ surveys were implemented between 2003-2005 in 16 districts. In 2006/07 PMO-RALG (Prime Minister's Office - Regional Administration and Local Government) commissioned EDI to cover a further 28 districts. In 9 of these districts this constituted a repeat survey and thus a unique opportunity arises to monitor changes that occurred in the district over this time period.

Dissemination: EDI disseminated the results of CWIQ on posters and briefs to district level stakeholders (councillors, district officials, NGOs, CBOs, Advocacy Groups, MPs, 'interested citizens', etc.), with the aim at district level, to: (i) promote evidence-based policy debate, (ii) promote evidence-based policy formulation, (iii) provide tools for district level M&E and (iv) increase accountability of LGA to citizens.

Public Domain: Currently in the public domain are (i) all CWIQ reports - note that Shinyanga 2004 and Kagera 2003 reports are organised into one region-wide report (ii) Swahili and English briefs for 5 pilot dissemination districts funded by the Prime Minister's Office - and (iii) raw data for all CWIQs conducted between 2003 and 2007.

Geographic coverage

Five rural districts of Kagera: Ngara, Biharamulo, Muleba, Bukoba Rural and Karagwe.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Data from the 2002 Population and Housing Census was used to select 15 households in 30 Enumeration areas in each rural district of the Kagera region. This brings the total number of households to 450 per district or 2,250 at rural regional level. Selection of households did not include refugee camps. Households were further stratified into rural and peri-urban areas and given statistical weights reflecting the number of households they represent.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Due to logistical constraints the completed questionnaires could not be scanned and automatically analysed through CWIQ software. This meant that the lay-out of the questionnaire had to be redesigned slightly to allow easy manual data entry. In order to avoid any problems with coding, missing variables, outliers etc. and to keep continuous thorough checks throughout the data analysis process, all tables and figures were manually produced and assessed for consistency with the data.

Abstract

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has developed a monitoring system in 26 food crisis countries to better understand the impacts of various shocks on agricultural livelihoods, food security and local value chains. The Monitoring System consists of primary data collected from households on a periodic basis (more or less every four months, depending on seasonality). The FAO launched a third-round survey in Pakistan which utilized a random sample of 6990 rural households representative at district level. The survey targeted the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Sindh, and was conducted from 30 March to 30 April 2022. For more information, please go to https://data-in-emergencies.fao.org/pages/monitoring

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

This third-round survey utilized a random sample of 6 990 rural households representative at district level. The survey targeted the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Sindh, and was conducted from 30 March to 30 April 2022. Face-to-face interviews were carried out in seven districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (Bajaur, Khyber, Kurram, Mohmand, North Waziristan, Orakzai and South Waziristan); twelve districts in Balochistan province (Chagai, Gawadar, Harnai, Kech, Kharan, Killa Abdullah, Loralai, Nushki, Panjgur, Pishin, Washuk and Zhob districts); and nine districts in Sindh province (Badin, Dadu, Jamshoro, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Sujawal, Tharparkar, Thatta and Umerkot).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

The datasets have been edited and processed for analysis by the Needs Assessment team at the Office of Emergency and Resilience, FAO, with some dashboards and visualizations produced. For more information, see https://data-in-emergencies.fao.org/pages/countries.

Abstract

The principal objective of the 2009-10 Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey (TLDHS) was to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behavior, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, child nutritional status, the utilization of maternal and child health services, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS.

The specific objectives of the survey were to: - collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of key demographic rates; - analyze the direct and indirect factors that determine the levels and trends in fertility; - measure the level of contraceptive knowledge among women and men, and measure the level of practice among women by method, according to urban or rural residence; - collect quality data on family health, including immunization coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care indicators, including antenatal visits, assistance at delivery, and postnatal care; - collect data on infant and child mortality and on maternal and adult mortality; - obtain data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collect anthropometric measures to use in assessing the nutritional status of women and children; - collect information on knowledge of tuberculosis (TB), knowledge of the spread of TB, and attitudes towards people infected with TB among women and men; - collect data on use of treated and untreated mosquito nets, persons who sleep under the nets, use of drugs for malaria during pregnancy, and use of antimalarial drugs fortreatment of fever among children under age 5; - collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, and evaluate patterns of recent behavior regarding condom use; - collect information on the sexual practices of women and men; their number of sexual partners in the past 12 months, and over their lifetime; risky sexual behavior, including condom use at last sexual intercourse; and payment for sex; - conduct hemoglobin testing on women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months in a subsample of households selected for the survey to provide information on the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age and young children; - collect information on domestic violence

This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programs on health in general, and on reproductive health in particular, at both the national and district levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of government organizations to plan, conduct, process, and analyze data from complex national population and health surveys. Moreover, the 2009-10 TLDHS provides national and district-level estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries. The first Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Timor-Leste was done in 2003. Unlike the 2003 DHS, however, the 2009-10 TLDHS was conducted under the worldwide MEASURE DHS program, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and with technical assistance provided by ICF Macro. Data from the 2009-10 TLDHS allow for comparison of information gathered over a longer period of time and add to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health variables.

The 2009-10 TLDHS supplements and complements the information collected through the censuses, updates the available information on population and health issues, and provides guidance in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating Timor-Leste's health programs. Further, the results of the survey assist in monitoring the progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other international initiatives.

The 2009-10 TLDHS includes topics related to fertility levels and determinants; family planning; fertility preferences; infant, child, adult and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; nutrition; malaria; domestic violence; knowledge of HIV/AIDS and women's empowerment. The 2009-10 TLDHS for the first time also includes anemia testing among women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months. As well as providing national estimates, the survey also provides disaggregated data at the level of various domains such as administrative district, as well as for urban and rural areas. This being the third survey of its kind in the country (after the 2002 MICS and the 2003 DHS), there is considerable trend information on demographic and reproductive health indicators.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary focus of the 2009-10 TLDHS was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas separately. In addition, the sample was designed to provide estimates of most key variables for the 13 districts.

Sampling Frame

The TLDHS used the sampling frame provided by the list of census enumeration areas (EAs) with population and household information from the 2004 Population and Housing Census (PHC). Administratively, Timor-Leste is divided into 13 districts. Stratification is achieved by separating each of the 13 districts into urban and rural areas. In total, 26 sampling strata were created. Samples were selected independently in every stratum, through a two-stage selection process. Implicit stratification was achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame before sample selection, both according to administrative units and also by using a probability proportional-to-size selection at the first stage of sampling. The implicit stratification also allowed for the proportional allocation of sample points at each of the lower administrative levels.

Sample Selection

At the first stage of sampling, 455 enumeration areas (116 urban areas and 339 rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to the EA size, which is the number of households residing in the EA at the time of the census. A complete household listing operation in all of the selected EAs is the usual procedure to provide a sampling frame for the second-stage selection of households. However, a complete household listing was only carried out in select clusters in Dili, Ermera, and Viqueque, where more than 20 percent of the households had been destroyed. In all other clusters, a complete household listing was not possible because the country does not have written boundary maps for clusters. Instead, using the GPS coordinate locations for structures in each selected cluster as provided for by the 2004 PHC, households were randomly selected using their Geographic Information System (GIS) location identification in the central office. A map for each cluster was then generated, marking the households to be surveyed with their location identification. The maps also contained all the other households, roads, rivers, and major landmarks for easier location of selected households in the field. To provide statistically reliable estimates of key demographic and health variables and to cater for nonresponse, 27 households each were selected.

The survey was designed to cover a nationally representative sample of 12,285 residential households, taking into account nonresponse; to obtain completed interviews of 11,800 women age 15-49 in every selected household; and to obtain completed interviews of 3,800 men age 15-49 in every third selected household.

Note: See detailed description of the sample design in Appendix A of the report presented in this documentation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were administered in the TLDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from the standard MEASURE DHS core questionnaires to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Timor-Leste based on a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, NGOs, and international donors. The final draft of each questionnaire was discussed at a questionnaire design workshop organized by NSD on March 10, 2009, in Dili. These questionnaires were then translated and back translated from English into the two main local languages-Tetum and Bahasa—and pretested prior to the main fieldwork to ensure that the original meanings of the questions were not lost in translation.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership of mosquito nets. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire was used to record height and weight measurements for women age 15-49 and children under age 5, and to list hemoglobin measurements for women age 15-49 and children age 6-59 months.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from women age 15-49.

Get data of Health and Family Welfare Statistics - 2017, it provides health and family welfare performance statistics on the various facets of the health and family welfare programmes in India . It includes data on Population and Vital Statistics indicators, Performances of Family Welfare Programmes, Targets/Need Assessed and Achievements of Maternal Health Activities, Child Health, findings of Surveys on Health and Family Welfare Key Indicators [These surveys inter-alia include, National Family Health Survey (NFHS), District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS), Annual Health Survey (AHS), Coverage Evaluation Survey (CES) etc.], information on selected indicators from Annual Health Survey (AHS) and Concurrent Evaluation of National Health Mission, information on Infrastructure etc.

The National Family Health Survey 2019-2021, the fifth in the NFHS series, provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India and each state and union territory. Like NFHS-4, NFHS-5 also provides district-level estimates for many important indicators. The contents of NFHS-5 are similar to NFHS-4 to allow comparisons over time. However, NFHS-5 includes some new topics, such as preschool education, disability, access to a toilet facility, death registration, bathing practices during menstruation, and methods and reasons for abortion. The scope of clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical testing has also been expanded to include the measurement of waist and hip circumferences and the age range for the measurement of blood pressure and blood glucose has been expanded. However, HIV testing has been dropped. The NFHS-5 sample has been designed to provide national, state, and union territory, and district-level estimates of various indicators covered in the survey. However, estimates of indicators of sexual behavior, husband's background and woman's work, HIV and AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behavior, and domestic violence are available only at the state and union territory and national level

Abstract

The primary objective of the 2006 DHS is to provide to the Department of Health (DOH), Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM) and other relevant institutions and users with updated and reliable data on infant and child mortality, fertility preferences, family planning behavior, maternal mortality, utilization of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and behavior, sexually risk behavior and information on the general household amenities. This information contributes to policy planning, monitoring, and program evaluation for development at all levels of government particularly at the national and provincial levels. The information will also be used to assess the performance of government development interventions aimed at addressing the targets set out under the MDG and MTDS. The long-term objective of the survey is to technically strengthen the capacity of the NSO in conducting and analyzing the results of future surveys.

The successful conduct and completion of this survey is a result of the combined effort of individuals and institutions particularly in their participation and cooperation in the Users Advisory Committee (UAC) and the National Steering Committee (NSC) in the different phases of the survey.

The survey was conducted by the Population and Social Statistics Division of the National Statistical Office of PNG. The 2006 DHS was jointly funded by the Government of PNG and Donor Partners through ADB while technical assistance was provided by International Consultants and NSO Philippines.

Geographic coverage

National level Regional level Urban and Rural

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women and men aged 15-50 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary focus of the 2006 DHS is to provide estimates of key population and health indicators at the national level. A secondary but important priority is to also provide estimates at the regional level, and for urban and rural areas respectively. The 2006 DHS employed the same survey methodology used in the 1996 DHS. The 2006 DHS sample was a two stage self-weighting systematic cluster sample of regions with the first stage being at the census unit level and the second stage at the household level. The 2000 Census frame comprised of a list of census units was used to select the sample of 10,000 households for the 2006 DHS.

A total of 667 clusters were selected from the four regions. All census units were listed in a geographic order within their districts, and districts within each province and the sample was selected accordingly through the use of appropriate sampling fraction. The distribution of households according to urban-rural sectors was as follows:

8,000 households were allocated to the rural areas of PNG. The proportional allocation was used to allocate the first 4,000 households to regions based on projected citizen household population in 2006. The other 4,000 households were allocated equally across all four regions to ensure that each region have sufficient sample for regional level analysis.

2,000 households were allocated to the urban areas of PNG using proportional allocation based on the 2006 projected urban citizen population. This allocation was to ensure that the most accurate estimates for urban areas are obtained at the national level.

All households in the selected census units were listed in a separate field operation from June to July 2006. From the list of households, 16 households were selected in the rural census units and 12 in the urban census units using systematic sampling. All women and men age 15-50 years who were either usual residents of the selected households or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Further information on the survey design is contained in Appendix A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the 2006 DHS namely; the Household Questionnaire (HHQ), the Female Individual Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Male Individual Questionnaire (MIQ). The planning and development of these questionnaires involved close consultation with the UAC members comprising of the following line departments and agencies namely; Department of Health (DOH), Department of Education (DOE), Department of National Planning and Monitoring (DNPM), National Aids Council Secretariat (NACS), Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL), Department of Labour and Employment (DLE), University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG), National Research Institute (NRI) and representatives from Development partners.

The HHQ was designed to collect background information for all members of the selected households. This information was used to identify eligible female and male respondents for the respective individual questionnaires. Additional information on household amenities and services, and malaria prevention was also collected.

The FIQ contains questions on respondents background, including marriage and polygyny; birth history, maternal and child health, knowledge and use of contraception, fertility preferences, HIV/AIDS including new modules on sexual risk behaviour and attitudes to issues of well being. All females age 15-50 years identified from the HHQ were eligible for interview using this questionnaire.

The MIQ collected almost the same information as in the FIQ except for birth history. All males age 15-50 years identified from the HHQ were eligible to be interviewed using the MIQ.

Two pre-tests were carried out aimed at testing the flow of the existing and new questions and the administering of the MIQ between March and April 2006. The final questionnaires contained all the modules used in the 1996 DHS including new modules on malaria prevention, sexual risk behaviour and attitudes to issues of well being.

Cleaning operations

All questionnaires from the field were sent to the NSO headquarters in Port Moresby in February 2007 for editing and coding, data entry and data cleaning. Editing was done in 3 stages to enable the creation of clean data files for each province from which the tabulations were generated. Data entry and processing were done using the CSPro software and was completed by October 2008.

Response rate

Table A.2 of the survey report provides a summary of the sample implementation of the 2006 DHS. Despite the recency of the household listing, approximately 7 per cent of households could not be contacted due to prolonged absence or because their dwellings were vacant or had been destroyed. Among the households contacted, a response rate of 97 per cent was achieved. Within the 9,017 households successfully interviewed, a total of 11, 456 women and 11, 463 of men age 15-49 years were eligible to be interviewed. Successful interviews were conducted with 90 per cent of eligible women (10, 353) and 88 per cent of eligible men (10,077). The most common cause of non-response was absence (5 per cent). Among the regions, the rate of success among women was highest in all the regions (92 per cent each) except for Momase region at 86 per cent. The rate of success among men was highest in Highlands and Islands region and lowest in Momase region. The overall response rate, calculated as the product of the household and female individual response rate (.97*.90) was 87 per cent.

Sampling error estimates

Appendix B of the survey report describes the general procedure in the computation of sampling errors of the sample survey estimates generated. It basically follows the procedure adopted in most Demographic and Health Surveys.

Data appraisal

Appendix C explains to the data users the quality of the 2006 DHS. Non-sampling errors are those that occur in surveys and censuses through the following causes: a) Failure to locate the selected household b) Mistakes in the way questions were asked c) Misunderstanding by the interviewer or respondent d) Coding errors e) Data entry errors, etc.

Total eradication of non-sampling errors is impossible however great measures were taken to minimize them as much as possible. These measures included: a) Careful questionnaire design b) Pretesting of survey instruments to guarantee their functionality c) A month of interviewers’ and supervisors’ training d) Careful fieldwork supervision including field visits by NSOHQ personnel e) A swift data processing prior to data entry f ) The use of interactive data entry software to minimize errors

Abstract

The 2015-16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), the fourth in the NFHS series, provides information on population, health, and nutrition for India and each state and union territory. For the first time, NFHS-4 provides district-level estimates for many important indicators. All four NFHS surveys have been conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India. MoHFW designated the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency for the surveys. Funding for NFHS-4 was provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), UNICEF, UNFPA, the MacArthur Foundation, and the Government of India. Technical assistance for NFHS-4 was provided by ICF, Maryland, USA. Assistance for the HIV component of the survey was provided by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-54

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The NFHS-4 sample was designed to provide estimates of all key indicators at the national and state levels, as well as estimates for most key indicators at the district level (for all 640 districts in India, as of the 2011 Census). The total sample size of approximately 572,000 households for India was based on the size needed to produce reliable indicator estimates for each district and for urban and rural areas in districts in which the urban population accounted for 30-70 percent of the total district population. The rural sample was selected through a two-stage sample design with villages as the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) at the first stage (selected with probability proportional to size), followed by a random selection of 22 households in each PSU at the second stage. In urban areas, there was also a two-stage sample design with Census Enumeration Blocks (CEB) selected at the first stage and a random selection of 22 households in each CEB at the second stage. At the second stage in both urban and rural areas, households were selected after conducting a complete mapping and household listing operation in the selected first-stage units.

The figures of NFHS-4 and that of earlier rounds may not be strictly comparable due to differences in sample size and NFHS-4 will be a benchmark for future surveys. NFHS-4 fieldwork for Bihar was conducted in all 38 districts of the state from 16 March to 8 August 2015 by the Academic Management Studies (AMS) and collected information from 36,772 households, 45,812 women age 15-49 (including 7,464 women interviewed in PSUs in the state module), and 5,872 men age 15-54.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires - household, woman's, man's, and biomarker, were used to collect information in 19 languages using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI).

NFHS-5 (2019-21)

The National Family & Health Survey (NFHS) is a survey in India that attempts to collect information on health conditions, nutrition, family planning, domestic violence, and a host of other factors through conducting surveys on a random ("representative") sample of Indian households in all states. The fifth NFHS was conducted through 2019-21, and the reports were released to the public in 2021 and can be found at this link. The original data was released as PDFs; this Kaggle dataset was created by extracting the tabular data from PDFs into JSONs.

What kind of information is collected in this survey?

Here's a non-comprehensive list of some indicators collected by this survey:

1. Female population age 6 years and above who ever attended school (%)
2. Women age 20-24 years married before age 18 years (%)
3. Institutional births in public facility (%)
4. Children with diarrhoea in the 2 weeks preceding the survey who received oral rehydration salts (ORS) (%)
5. Blood sugar level - high or very high (>140 mg/dl) or taking medicine to control blood sugar level (%)
6. Women age 15 years and above who use any kind of tobacco (%)

Major news outlets in India analysed the results of the study too - here are some interesting articles that show what sorts of "stories" or insights you van look for in this data:

• 50% women, kids in 14 states and UTs are anaemic: National Family Health Survey
• Latest Family Health Survey Proves Prohibition Has Not Worked In Bihar, Alcohol Consumption Is Rife
• Sex Ratio In India Was Estimated As 1,020 By National Family Health Survey During 2019 to 2021, Says MoS Health Dr Bharati Pravin Pawar
• A close reading of the NFHS-5, the health of India
• What the latest NFHS data says about the New Welfarism
• More hospital births, but limited gains in childhood nutrition: National Family Health Survey-5

Note: I used a Python script to parse the data automatically. I tried my best to make sure the data was parsed correctly, but there is a possibility that some data in JSON might not be 100% accurate - there is no way I could have manually verified all 704 PDF files and their outputs, so I randomly sampled and verified a couple of files, all of which looked okay. If you want to see the scripts used to parse this PDFs, please visit my GitHub repo.

Dataset cover photo by Naveed Ahmed on Unsplash.com

Abstract

The Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS) 1999/2000 was carried out to provide estimates of area and production of major crops and other characteristics of the agricultural enterprises at national, regional and to a limited extent some district level estimates. In addition the survey findings provided insights to the effects of various government policy measures and programs at household and community levels. The results assisted in addressing specific needs of different users and also filled in the gaps in the socio-economic indicators for monitoring development performance. The data collection for the survey was between August 1999 to July 2000, and it covered 10,700 randomly selected households. The survey was carried out by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBoS).The main objectives of the survey include:

1. To plan, design and conduct a countrywide crop farming survey through the household approach and to prepare reports there-on providing estimates of area and production of major crops and other characteristics of enterprises at national and regional levels including separate estimates for some major districts. 2.To integrate household socioeconomic and LC 1 level community surveys in the total survey program to provide an integrated data-set so as to understand the mechanisms and effects of structural adjustment program and other policy measures on a comparative basis over time.
2. To meet special data needs of users in the Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project (NECDP), National Council of Children and others to monitor the progress of their project activities and interventions aimed at improvement of child-health and mother care.
3. To fill in gaps in socioeconomic data to serve needs of planning and building social and economic indicators to monitor the progress towards social and economic development goals of the country. To consolidate efforts being made in building permanent national household survey capability in the then Statistics Department of the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development and now the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBoS).

Geographic coverage

The UNHS 1999/00 covered all districts in the country, except the districts of Kitgum, Gulu, Kasese and Bundibugyo.

Analysis unit

• Individuals
• Households
• Communities
• Consumption expenditure commodities/ items

Universe

The survey covered the following populations: - All the resident population with the exception of the nomads, homeless, and refugees - Women aged 12 years and above - Children under 5 years

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling design adopted for the survey is similar to what was used for the Integrated Household Survey (IHS) 1992/93 and the subsequent monitoring surveys. It is typically a stratified two-stage sampling design except in some districts where the sample was selected in three stages due to lack of an Enumeration Area (EA) frame.

The first stage sampling unit was the EA of the 1991 Population Census in districts with two-stage sampling design, and households as the second stage sampling units. For districts with a three stage design, the first stage sampling units was the parish, while the second stage sampling unit was the LC 1 (village) and the third stage sampling unit is the household. The survey included panel EA's and panel households from the 1992/93 Integrated Household Survey as well as new EA's and new households. In implementing this rather complicated design, services of a Survey Design Consultant were utilized.

The sampling frame is divided into fairly homogeneous strata in order to improve the efficiency of the sampling design. The first level of stratification is also designed to provide separate and reliable estimates of several parameters for the different domains of interest. In addition to national level estimates, separate estimates are desired for the urban and rural sectors of the statistical regions and 16 selected districts. All districts were sub-stratified into urban, other urban and rural areas (with the exception of Kampala, which is wholly urban). The district headquarters are designated as urban and other urban areas are the town boards, trading centers, etc. as defined during the 1991 Population Census.

Sampling deviation

The UNHS 1999/2000 covered all districts in the country, except the districts of Kitgum, Gulu, Kasese and Bundibugyo. The report therefore has quantitative analysis exclusive of these four districts.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

These were the following questionnaires: 1. Socio-Economic Survey Questionnaire 2. Crop Survey Questionnaire 3. Community Survey Questionnaire

Cleaning operations

A manual system of editing questionnaires was set-up in September 1999 (a month after commencement of fieldwork). A set of scrutiny notes to guide in manual checking was developed to assess the consistency of the data collected. This is referred to as cold-deck scrutiny. A computer program (hot-deck scrutiny) for verification and validation was developed and operated during data processing. In addition, a set of matching-rules for the panel households was developed in September 1999. These were straightforward by using four variables namely; name, sex, age and education of the head of household. The matching exercise as well as manual scrutiny was a continuous process, which was finally accomplished in September 2000.

Abstract

This data is from the first round of a unique, cross-country panel survey conducted in Pakistan by the Secure Livelihoods Research Consortium (SLRC). The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) is the lead organisation of SLRC. SLRC partners who participated in the survey were: the Centre for Poverty Analysis (CEPA) in Sri Lanka, Feinstein International Center (FIC, Tufts University), the Sustainable Development Policy Institute(SDPI) in Pakistan, Humanitarian Aid and Reconstruction, based at Wageningen University (WUR) in the Netherlands, the Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

This survey generated the first round of data on people's livelihoods, their access to and experience of basic services, and their views of governance actors. SLRC will attempt to re-interview the same respondents in 2015 to find out how the livelihoods and governance perceptions of people shift (or not) over time, and which factors may have contributed towards that change.

Geographic coverage

Pakistan: Swat and Lower Dir districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Rural and urban

Analysis unit

Some questions are at the level of individuals in household (e.g. livelihood activities, education levels); other questions are at the household level (e.g. assets). A sizeable share of the questionnaire is devoted to perceptions based questions, which are at the individual (respondent) level.

Universe

Randomly selected households in purposely sampled sites (sampling procedure varied slightly by country).

Within a selected household, only one household members was interviewed about the household. Respondents were adults and we aimed to interview a fairly even share of men/ women. In some countries this was achieved, but in other countries the share of male respondents is substantially higher (e.g. Pakistan).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling strategy was designed to select households that are relevant to the main research questions and as well as being of national relevance, while also being able to produce statistically significant conclusions at the study and village level. To meet these objectives, purposive and random sampling were combined at different stages of the sampling strategy. The first stages of the sampling process involved purposive sampling, with random sampling only utilized in the last stage of the process. Sampling locations were selected purposely (including districts and locations within districts), and then randomly households were selected within these locations. A rigorous sample is geared towards meeting the objectives of the research. The samples are not representative for the case study countries and cannot be used to represent the case study countries as a whole, nor for the districts. The samples are representative at the village level, with the exception of Uganda.

Sampling locations (sub-regions or districts, sub-districts and villages) were purposively selected, using criteria, such as levels of service provision or levels of conflict, in order to locate the specific groups of interest and to select geographical locations that are relevant to the broader SLRC research areas and of policy relevance at the national level. For instance, locations experienced high/ low levels of conflict and locations with high/ low provision of services were selected and locations that accounted for all possible combinations of selection criteria were included. Survey locations with different characteristics were chose, so that we could explore the relevance of conflict affectedness, access to services and variations in geography and livelihoods on our outcome variables. Depending on the administrative structure of the country, this process involved selecting a succession of sampling locations (at increasingly lower administrative units).

The survey did not attempt to achieve representativeness at the country /or district level, but it aimed for representativeness at the sub-district /or village level through random sampling (Households were randomly selected within villages so that the results are representative and statistically significant at the village level and so that a varied sample was captured. Households were randomly selected using a number of different tools, depending on data availability, such as random selection from vote registers (Nepal), construction of household listings (DRC) and a quasi-random household process that involved walking in a random direction for a random number of minutes (Uganda).

The samples are statistically significant at the survey level and village level (in all countries) and at the district level in Sri Lanka and sub-region level in Uganda. The sample size was calculated with the aim to achieve statistical significance at the study and village level, and to accommodate the available budget, logistical limitations, and to account for possible attrition between 2012-2015. In a number of countries estimated population data had to be used, as recent population data were not available.

The minimum overall sample size required to achieve significance at the study level, given population and average household size across districts, was calculated using a basic sample size calculator at a 95% confidence level and confidence interval of 5. The sample size at the village level was again calculated at the using a 95% confidence level and confidence interval of 5. . Finally, the sample was increased by 20% to account for possible attrition between 2012 and 2015, so that the sample size in 2015 is likely to be still statistically significant.

The overall sample required to achieve the sampling objectives in selected districts in each country ranged from 1,259 to 3,175 households.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

One questionnaire per country that includes household level, individual level and respondent level perceptions based questions.

The general structure and content of the questionnaire is similar across all five countries, with about 80% of questions similar, but tailored to the country-specific process. Country-specific surveys were tailored on the basis of a generic survey instrument that was developed by ODI specifically for this survey.

The questionnaires are published in English.

Cleaning operations

CSPro was used for data entries in most countries.

Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing, including: • Office editing and coding • During data entry • Structure checking and completeness • Extensive secondary editing conducted by ODI

Response rate

The required sample sizes were achieved in all countries. Response rates were extremely high, ranging from 99%-100%.

Sampling error estimates

No further estimations of sampling error was conducted beyond the sampling design stage.

Data appraisal

Done on an ad hoc basis for some countries, but not consistently across all surveys and domains.

Data and analysis code for "The interaction between district-level development and individual-level socio-economic gradients of cardiovascular disease risk factors in India: A cross-sectional study of 2.4 million adults " (accepted in Social Science and Medicine) and "Nationally representative household survey data for studying the interaction between district-level development and individual-level socioeconomic gradients of cardiovascular disease risk factors in India" (submitted in Data in brief)

ObjectiveThe implemented multiple-strategy community intervention National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) between 2005 and 2012 aimed to reduce maternal and child health (MCH) inequalities across geographical, socioeconomic and gender categories in India. The objective of this study is to quantify the extent of reduction in these inequalities pre- and post-NRHM in Haryana, North India.MethodsData of district-level household surveys (DLHS) held before (2002–04), during (2007–08), and after (2012–13) the implementation of NRHM has been used. Geographical, socioeconomic and gender inequalities in maternal and child health were assessed by estimating the absolute differences in MCH indicators between urban and rural areas, between the most advantaged and least advantaged socioeconomic groups and between male and female children. Logistic regression analyses were done to observe significant differences in these inequalities between 2005 and 2012.ResultsThere were significant improvements in all MCH indicators (p

Abstract

The GHS is an annual household survey specifically designed to measure the living circumstances of South African households. The GHS collects data on education, employment, health, housing and household access to services. GHS is designed to measure the level of development and performance of various government programmes and projects.

Geographic coverage

The survey is representative at national level and at provincial level.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents) of households in the nine provinces of South Africa and residents in workers' hostels. The survey does not cover collective living quarters such as students' hostels, old age homes, hospitals, prisons and military barracks.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample is multi-stage stratified using probability proportional to size principles. The first stage is stratification by province, then by type of area within each province. Primary sampling units (PSUs) are then selected proportionally within each stratum (urban or non-urban) in all provinces.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

GHS uses questionnaires as data collection instruments

Data appraisal

Earlier versions of the GHS datasets 2002 to 2007 include a District Council variable. This is no longer available in the later versions issued by Statistics SA. They caution that although the GHS 2005-2007 sample was designed to report at DC level, estimations are not reliable at this level. The 2008 - 2013 sample was designed to report at provincial and metro level. However, StatsSA did not take the absent population at metro into account when weighting the data and therefore this data is not reliable at Metro level.

The new programs that were introduced for weighting of the general household surveys from 2008 onwards, discard all records with missing values for age, sex or population group (for observations at household level, they are the values for age, sex or population group of the household head). This means that missing values of those variables were imputed. The emphasis was on obtaining reliable imputations rather than a 100% imputation rate, so some persons/households were discarded during the weighting.

Abstract

The Second Malawi Integrated Household Survey is a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on the various aspects of household welfare in Malawi. The survey was conducted by the National Statistical Office from March 2004- April 2005. The survey collected information from a nationally representative sample of 11,280 households. The sampling design is representative at both national and district level hence the survey provides reliable estimates for those areas.

This is the third survey conducted under the Integrated Household Surveys Programme. The other surveys conducted under this Programme were; the Household Expenditure and Small Scale Economic Activities (HESSEA) conducted in 1990 and the first Integrated Household Survey (IHS1) conducted in 1997/98. The National Statistical Office also conducted the Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) in 2002 and the Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS 2005). The WMS has been designed to provide quick results of welfare levels of the country and is less comprehensive relative to the IHS.

The survey is designed to cover a wide array of subject matter, whose primary objective of is to provide a complete and integrated data set to better understand the target population of households affected by poverty. Some specific objectives of the survey are as follows; · Provide timely and reliable information on key welfare and socio-economic indicators and meet special data needs for the review of the Malawi Poverty Reduction Strategy, which have been implemented in Malawi for the last five years since year 2002. · Provide data to come up with an update of the poverty profile for Malawi (poverty incidence, poverty gap, severity of poverty) · Derive indicators for monitoring of Malawi’s progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) and the MPRS targets. · Provide an understanding of the people of Malawi’s living conditions. · Derive an independent estimate of total household expenditure. · Provide information on household consumption on selected items with the aim of revising the weights in the Malawi Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Geographic coverage

The sample frame includes all three regions of Malawi: north, centre and south and it is representative at both national and district level

Analysis unit

Households Individuals Communities

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The IHS2 had a total sample size of 11,280 households. The sample for IHS-2 was drawn using a two-stage stratified sampling procedure from a sample frame using the 1998 Population and Housing Census enumeration areas (EAs). Each of the twenty-seven districts was considered as a separate sub-stratum of the main rural stratum (except for Likoma district). The urban stratum includes the four major urban areas: Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu, and the Municipality of Zomba.

The IHS-2 used a two-stage stratified sample selection process. The primary sampling units (PSU) were the Enumeration areas. These were selected for each strata on the basis of probability proportional to size (PPS). The second stage involved randomly selecting 20 households in each EA. Every listed household in an EA had an equal chance of being selected to be enumerated.

The sample frame includes all three regions of Malawi: north, centre and south. The IHS-2 stratified the country into rural and urban strata. The total sample was 11,280 households (564 EAs x 20 households)

The listing of all households in the enumeration area was conducted by NSO staff in three phases in January, May and October 2004.

.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The IHS-2 household questionnaire maintained comparisons with the earlier IHS-1 household questionnaire wherever possible. However, the IHS-2 questionnaire is more detailed and new modules were added. The questionnaire covered the socio economic characteristics of the household in the following modular aspects; · Demographic, · Education, · Health · Agriculture · Labour-force · Anthropometric information

There were five modules included in the 2004 questionnaire that did not appear in the 1997-98 questionnaire. These included; · Security and Safety, · Social Safety Nets, · Credit, · Subjective Assessment of Well-being, and · Recent Shocks to the Household.

In addition there were seven agricultural modules that collected more detailed information on the agricultural situation in households than was collected in IHS-1.

The IHS-2 Community Questionnaire was designed to collect information that is common to all households in a given area. During the survey a “community” was defined as the village or urban location surrounding the selected enumeration area, which most residents recognise as being their community. The questionnaire was administered to a group of several knowledgeable residents such as the village headman, headmaster of the local school, agricultural field assistant, religious leaders, local merchants, health workers and long-term knowledgeable residents. Information collected included basic physical and demographic characteristics of the community; access to basic services; economic activities; agriculture; how conditions have changed over the last five years; and prices for 47 common food items, non-food items, and ganyu labor.

Cleaning operations

(a) Data Entry Data capturing for the IHS-2 started as soon as the first months of fieldwork was completed in April 2005. Data entry was done concurrently with data collection. The IHS-2 data entry centre was centralised at the National Statistical Office headquarters and was organized as follows; Once the questionnaires arrived the data editor checked the questionnaires and assigned questionnaire numbers. The CSPRO software was used to capturer the data. This software provides automatic data checks for acceptable values for the variables, and checks between different modules of the questionnaire.

(b) Data Cleaning The data cleaning process was done in several stages. The first stage was to make sure that the data as captured reflected the information that the informants provided. The data processing manager did the error checks for each enumeration area. These were cross-examined physically with the questionnaires, and the errors were documented.

Response rate

total of 11,280 were selected for the sample of which 10,777 households were occupied and successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. Of the selected households 507 replacements were made. The primary reason for replacement was that the dwelling could be found but no household member could be found after repeated attempts or the dwelling was unoccupied.

*all maternal health service utilisation includes: received any ANC service, had institutional delivery, and received postnatal care check-up.Proportion of currently married women who used maternal health services and received advice by background characteristics (Uttar Pradesh, India; DLHS, 2007–08).