House prices grew year-on-year in most states in the U.S. in the third quarter of 2024. The District of Columbia was the only exception, with a decline of three percent. The annual appreciation for single-family housing in the U.S. was 0.71 percent, while in Hawaii—the state where homes appreciated the most—the increase exceeded 10 percent. How have home prices developed in recent years? House price growth in the U.S. has been going strong for years. In 2024, the median sales price of a single-family home exceeded 413,000 U.S. dollars, up from 277,000 U.S. dollars five years ago. One of the factors driving house prices was the cost of credit. The record-low federal funds effective rate allowed mortgage lenders to set mortgage interest rates as low as 2.3 percent. With interest rates on the rise, home buying has also slowed, causing fluctuations in house prices. Why are house prices growing? Many markets in the U.S. are overheated because supply has not been able to keep up with demand. How many homes enter the housing market depends on the construction output, whereas the availability of existing homes for purchase depends on many other factors, such as the willingness of owners to sell. Furthermore, growing investor appetite in the housing sector means that prospective homebuyers have some extra competition to worry about. In certain metros, for example, the share of homes bought by investors exceeded 20 percent in 2024.

In the United States, interest rates for all mortgage types started to increase in 2021. This was due to the Federal Reserve introducing a series of hikes in the federal funds rate to contain the rising inflation. In the first quarter of 2024, the 30-year fixed rate declined slightly, to 6.75 percent. Despite the cut, this was about 3.9 percentage points higher than the same quarter in 2021. Why have U.S. home sales decreased? Cheaper mortgages normally encourage consumers to buy homes, while higher borrowing costs have the opposite effect. As interest rates increased in 2022, the number of existing homes sold plummeted. Soaring house prices over the past 10 years have further affected housing affordability. Between 2013 and 2023, the median price of an existing single-family home risen by about 88 percent. On the other hand, the median weekly earnings have risen much slower. Comparing mortgage terms and rates Between 2008 and 2023, the average rate on a 15-year fixed-rate mortgage in the United States stood between 2.28 and 6.11 percent. Over the same period, a 30-year mortgage term averaged a fixed-rate of between 3.08 and 6.81 percent. Rates on 15-year loan terms are lower to encourage a quicker repayment, which helps to improve a homeowner’s equity.

Mortgage interest rates in Spain soared in 2022, after falling below 1.5 percent at the end of 2021. In the second quarter of 2024, the average weighted interest rate stood at 3.46 percent. That was lower than the rate in the same period the previous year. Despite the increase, Spain had a considerably lower mortgage interest rate than many other European countries.The aftermath of the property bubble Before the bursting of the real estate bubble, the housing market experienced a period of intense activity. A context marked by economic growth, high employment rate, low interest rates, skyrocketing house prices and land speculation, among others, encourage massive lending for the acquisition of property; in 2005 alone, more than 1.3 million home mortgages were granted in Spain. When the bubble burst and the financial crisis hit the country, residential real estate transactions plummeted and households’ non-performing loans jumped to nearly 50 billion euros as countless families were not able to cope with their debts. Over a decade after the onset of the crisis, and despite falling mortgage rates, the volume of mortgage loans keeps decreasing every year. A homeowner country Traditionally, Spain has been a country of homeowners; in 2021, the homeownership rate was roughly 76 percent. While nearly half of Spanish households own their property with no outstanding payment, the percentage of households that have loan or mortgage pending has been decreasing in recent years. Despite ownership remaining as the preferred tenure option, cultural changes, job insecurity and mounting house prices are prompting Spaniards to opt more and more to become tenants instead of owners, as shown in the changing dynamics of the Spanish residential rental market.

The benchmark interest rate in Sweden was last recorded at 2.25 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Sweden Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain were widely considered the Eurozone's weakest economies during the Great Recession and subsequent Eurozone debt crisis. These countries were grouped together due to the similarities in their economic crises, with much of them driven by house price bubbles which had inflated over the early 2000s, before bursting in 2007 due to the Global Financial Crisis. Entry into the Euro currency by 2002 had meant that banks could lend to house buyers in these countries at greatly reduced rates of interest.

This reduction in the cost of financing contributed to creating housing bubbles, which were further boosted by pro-cyclical housing policies among many of the countries' governments. In spite of these economies experiencing similar economic problems during the crisis, Italy and Portugal did not experience housing bubbles in the same way in which Greece, Ireland, and Spain did. In the latter countries, their real housing prices (which are adjusted for inflation) peaked in 2007, before quickly declining during the recession. In particular, house prices in Ireland dropped by over 40 percent from their peak in 2007 to 2011.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Real Estate Sector market size will be USD 3625.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1450.20 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1087.65 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 833.87 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 181.28 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 72.51 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Commercial real estate is the fastest-growing segment, driven by economic development, urbanization, and a shift toward modern, multi-use spaces

Market Dynamics of Real Estate Sector Market

Key Drivers for Real Estate Sector Market

Urbanization and Population Growth to Boost Market Growth

Urbanization is one of the primary drivers of the real estate sector. As more people migrate from rural areas to urban centers, there is an increasing demand for both residential and commercial properties. The growth of megacities around the world has spurred significant development in infrastructure, housing, and office spaces. This trend is expected to continue as populations in cities grow, creating new opportunities for real estate developers to meet the expanding demand for housing, retail spaces, and industrial areas. Additionally, urbanization leads to an increase in disposable income, further boosting the demand for better housing options and modern amenities. For instance, in October 2021, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) stated that the benchmark interest rate would remain at 4%, providing a substantial boost to the country's real estate sector. Low house loan interest rates are predicted to fuel housing demand and boost sales by 35-40% during the holiday season of 2021

Economic Expansion and Rising Income Levels to Drive Market Growth

The overall economic expansion in many countries is another key driver for the real estate market. As economies grow, the demand for residential, commercial, and industrial properties rises in tandem. Rising income levels also contribute to increased purchasing power, allowing more people to invest in homes and businesses. Furthermore, a strong economy often leads to higher investor confidence, attracting more capital into the real estate sector. The construction of new infrastructure projects such as highways, airports, and transport systems also fuels further demand for real estate, thereby benefiting the market.

Restraint Factor for the Real Estate Sector Market

High Construction Costs, will Limit Market Growth

One of the significant restraints in the real estate sector is the rising cost of construction materials and labor. The volatility in the prices of raw materials such as steel, cement, and timber, combined with labor shortages, leads to higher construction costs, which can delay projects and reduce profit margins. Additionally, increased costs can make property prices unaffordable for potential buyers, thus slowing the pace of development. This situation is exacerbated by global supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures, which negatively affect the overall cost structure in real estate development. Developers must navigate these challenges while maintaining competitive pricing to ensure market viability.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Real Estate Sector Market

Covid-19 pandemic significantly impacted the real estate sector, leading to shifts in both demand and operational dynamics. During the early phases of the pandemic, lockdowns and economic uncertainties caused a slowdown in construction activities, delays in project completions, and a decline in property transactions. The residential market experienced a surge in demand for larger homes and properties in suburban areas as people ...

The South Korean luxury real estate market, valued at $43.56 billion in 2025, is poised for robust growth, projected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, a rising high-net-worth individual (HNWI) population in South Korea, fueled by economic growth and a thriving tech sector, is increasing demand for premium properties. Secondly, the increasing preference for larger, more luxurious homes, particularly in prime locations like Seoul and Busan, is a significant driver. Finally, government policies aimed at stimulating the economy, though potentially impacting affordability in some segments, indirectly support the luxury market by bolstering overall economic confidence. The market is segmented by property type (apartments & condominiums, villas & landed houses) and city (Seoul, Busan, other cities), with Seoul and Busan consistently commanding the highest prices due to their central location and established infrastructure. Major players like Samsung C&T Corporation, Bando Engineering & Construction, and Ssangyong Engineering & Construction are shaping the market through high-end development projects. While the market shows strong potential, challenges like fluctuating interest rates and potential government regulations aimed at controlling property prices could pose some restraints to growth in the coming years. However, the long-term outlook for the South Korean luxury real estate market remains positive due to the continued growth of the affluent population and sustained demand for upscale properties. The international influence on South Korea's luxury real estate market is noticeable, but currently secondary to domestic demand. While data on specific regional contributions isn't provided, it's reasonable to assume that Asia-Pacific regions, particularly those with strong economic ties to South Korea, contribute significantly to foreign investment in luxury properties. North American and European investors also likely play a role, though potentially to a lesser degree compared to other Asian markets. The presence of established global developers also highlights the international appeal of the market. Further research would be needed to quantify the precise influence of each region, but the trend towards globalization points to a gradual increase in international investment over the forecast period. Future analysis may consider factors like exchange rate fluctuations and global economic conditions, as they impact foreign investors' participation. Unlocking the Potential: A Deep Dive into South Korea's Luxury Real Estate Market (2019-2033) This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of South Korea's burgeoning luxury real estate market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. With a base year of 2025 and an estimated year of 2025, the report offers valuable insights for investors, developers, and industry professionals seeking to navigate this dynamic sector. High-search-volume keywords such as South Korea luxury apartments, Seoul luxury real estate, Busan luxury villas, and Korean luxury property investment are strategically integrated throughout the report to maximize search engine optimization (SEO). Key drivers for this market are: 4., South Korea's status as a global business hub can attract expatriates and foreign executives seeking high-end accommodation options4.; Incorporating advanced technology and smart home features making luxury properties more appealing to tech-savvy buyers. Potential restraints include: 4., Lack of foreign investment4.; Stricter government regulation inhibiting the growth. Notable trends are: Reduction in prices creating demand for low-priced luxury real estate.

The benchmark interest rate in Norway was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Norway Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Just as in many other countries, the housing market in the UK grew substantially during the coronavirus pandemic, fueled by robust demand and low borrowing costs. Nevertheless, high inflation and the increase in mortgage rates has led to house price growth slowing down. According to the forecast, 2024 is expected to see house prices decrease by three percent. Between 2024 and 2028, the average house price growth is projected at 2.7 percent. A contraction after a period of continuous growth In June 2022, the UK's house price index exceeded 150 index points, meaning that since 2015 which was the base year for the index, house prices had increased by 50 percent. In just two years, between 2020 and 2022, the index surged by 30 index points. As the market stood in December 2023, the average price for a home stood at approximately 284,691 British pounds. Rents are expected to continue to grow According to another forecast, the prime residential market is also expected to see rental prices grow in the next years. Growth is forecast to be stronger in 2024 and slow down in the period between 2025 and 2028. The rental market in London is expected to follow a similar trend, with Central London slightly outperforming Greater London.

Exploiting variation in the timing of resets of adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), we find that a sizable decline in mortgage payments (up to 50 percent) induces a significant increase in car purchases (up to 35 percent). This effect is attenuated by voluntary deleveraging. Borrowers with lower incomes and housing wealth have significantly higher marginal propensity to consume. Areas with a larger share of ARMs were more responsive to lower interest rates and saw a relative decline in defaults and an increase in house prices, car purchases, and employment. Household balance sheets and mortgage contract rigidity are important for monetary policy pass-through.

The benchmark interest rate in Hong Kong was last recorded at 4.75 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Hong Kong Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The financial and operational success of property development markets depends on a range of socio-economic factors, such as property values, market sentiment and credit conditions. Building project developers' revenue is forecast to slide at a compound annual rate of 3.2% to £35.8 billion over the five years through 2024-25. The economic shock caused by the pandemic had a devastating impact on property development market in 2020-21. Severe supply chain and market disruption caused sentiment to wane and transaction activity fell, while property values initially depreciated and rental fee income stalled. Revenue rebounded in 2021-22, aided by low interest rates, house price inflation and a stronger than anticipated initial economic recovery from the pandemic. Nonetheless, revenue remained below pre-pandemic levels as growth was hindered by a further net deficit on revaluation of assets and lower rental income in office and brick-and-mortar retail markets. The fallout from the pandemic has caused developers to re-align investment towards lower-risk real estate markets which are likely to be more resilient to price shocks. Inaflationary pressures and rising interest rates spurred a further hit to portfolio valuations, discouraging developers from pursuing new developments. Revenue is forecast to grow by 2.5% in the current year, as interest rate cuts spur renewed growth in property values. Revenue is slated to climb at a compound annual rate of 1.3% to reach £38.2 billion over the five years through 2029-30. Following recent interest rate cuts, more stable economic conditions are set to continue to support improved sentiment in the near-term, spurring developers to pursue new ventures. Opportunities for growth are set to be most prominent in high-yield office markets and the technology sector, with growing use of artificial intelligence set to drive demand for the development and construction of data centres. Loosened planning policy is set to drive momentum in residential real estate markets, though more will need to be done for the government to achieve ambitious housebuilding targets.

This paper considers optimal taxation of housing capital. To this end, we employ a life-cycle model calibrated to the U.S. economy, where asset holdings and labor productivity vary across households, and tax reforms lead to changes in house and rental prices, interest rates, and wages. We find that the optimal property tax in the long run is considerably higher than today, partly due to the relatively inelastic demand and supply of housing. A higher property tax also reduces house prices and causes a reallocation from housing to business capital, which in turn decreases interest rates and increases wages. These equilibrium effects allow for an improved consumption smoothing over the life cycle. However, most current households would incur substantial welfare losses from an implementation of a higher property tax, since house prices fall, and a majority own their home.Hence, when accounting for transitional dynamics, it is not clear that a higher property tax is feasible or preferred.

Bucharest, Riga, and Tallin were the cities with the highest prime warehouse yields in Europe in the third quarter of 2024. Conversely, the major markets in Germany had warehouse yields of 4.25 percent, which was the lowest across the European cities in the ranking. Other markets with low yields were London, Paris, and Rotterdam. In real estate, yield is a measure of the rate of return and is calculated as the ratio of the annual income to the total investment cost. Yields in markets with higher property values are typically lower, displaying lower investment risk due to better capital value and rental growth prospects over the period of the investment. That can be seen in markets such as London, Paris, and Berlin, which despite being among the most sought after investment destinations, had some of the lowest prime yields. How have yields developed in recent years? As a function of income and costs, many political and market factors can contribute to yield fluctuation. In Germany, prime warehouse yields declined steadily between 2014 and 2021, followed by an increase in 2022 and 2023. The rise in net prime yields reflects a slowdown in commercial property values amid a decline in the investment market. Investment in industrial and logistics real estate Industrial and logistics emerged as one of the most resilient commercial real estate sectors after the COVID-19 pandemic, as businesses sought strategies to strengthen supply chains and boost e-commerce. Nevertheless, challenges in the commercial real estate market related to a tougher lending environment, asset repricing, and a worsening investor sentiment caused commercial real estate investment volumes in Europe to plummet in 2023. This also affected the industrial and logistics real estate investments, with the value of capital allocated to the sector reaching the lowest value since 2016.

Mortgage rates increased at a record pace in 2022, with the 10-year fixed mortgage rate doubling between March 2022 and December 2022. With inflation increasing, the Bank of England introduced several bank rate hikes, resulting in higher mortgage rates. In September 2023, the average 10-year fixed rate interest rate reached 5.1 percent. As borrowing costs get higher, demand for housing is expected to decrease, leading to declining market sentiment and slower house price growth. How have the mortgage hikes affected the market? After surging in 2021, the number of residential properties sold declined in 2022, reaching close to 1.3 million. Despite the number of transactions falling, this figure was higher than the period before the COVID-10 pandemic. The falling transaction volume also impacted mortgage borrowing. Between the first quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, the value of new mortgage loans fell year-on-year for fourth straight quarters in a row. How are higher mortgages affecting homebuyers? Homeowners with a mortgage loan usually lock in a fixed rate deal for two to ten years, meaning that after this period runs out, they need to renegotiate the terms of the loan. Many of the mortgages outstanding were taken out during the period of record-low mortgage rates and have since faced notable increases in their monthly repayment. About five million homeowners are projected to see their deal expire by the end of 2026. About two million of these loans are projected to experience a monthly payment increase of up to 199 British pounds by 2026.

It can be seen that the mortgage interest rate in Poland increased overall during the period under observation, reaching a value of 7.2 percent as of the fourth quarter of 2023. Demand for mortgage loans in Poland      Despite the tightening of credit policy by banks, the demand for mortgage loans is not decreasing. The residential market has also seen increases both in sales and in the construction of new premises. The increase in salaries combined with the decrease in the mortgage loan cost results in Poles having no problems buying apartments despite high prices. Higher wages also affect their creditworthiness, which is essential when applying for a mortgage. The value of housing loans amounted to a record 442.7 billion zloty in 2019. Despite a decrease in 2017, the value of debt in 2019 increased by 6.6 percent compared to the previous year. The increase in wealth has also been reflected in the average value of mortgages. In 2021, Bank Millennium granted the largest number of mortgages to Poles, although Bank PKO BP was the leader in terms of value.   Demand for housing in Poland      Despite a growing number of flats, the prices are not falling, but on the contrary, they are continually rising. An increase in prices was recorded in every major city. The annual rise in prices in many cities went up between 12 and 14 percent. The most significant price increase on the primary market was recorded in Warsaw, while on the secondary market, Wroclaw prevailed. Nevertheless, Poles pay the most for a flat in the Polish capital Warsaw. In December 2023, the price per square meter of an apartment on the secondary market exceeded 17.5 thousand zloty, while the price per square meter on the primary market was close to 16.4 thousand zloty. However, the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Poland in March 2020 affected the investment plans in the real estate market. Both individual customers and developers recorded a significant decline in the number of construction projects commenced during this period.

The period from March to August 2020 saw noticeably weaker demand for home loans in Poland. This state results from the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Poland in March 2020. Whereas, January 2025 saw a dynamic increase in mortgage demand, with a demand growth of 36 percent year-on-year. The highest decline in the demand for housing loans was recorded in August 2022 due to the high inflation. One of the main reasons for the decline in demand was also tightening and rising interest rates that reduced the creditworthiness of potential borrowers. Loan market in Poland In 2023, the net value of loans to households in Poland was 702 billion zloty, representing a decrease of two percent over the previous year. In this period, in terms of credit type, the highest value was achieved by real estate loans granted to households. Their value amounted to over 422 billion zloty, followed by consumer loans with a total value of nearly 175 billion zloty. Mortgage loans in Poland In 2023, there has been a continuing trend of decreasing the popularity of housing loans up to 100,000 zloty. A growing number of Poles have taken out loans of the value of over 500,000 zloty. And the average value of a mortgage loan in 2023 increased by 25 percent compared to the previous year and amounted to nearly 408,000 zloty. In this period, Poland’s number of active mortgage loans also decreased, reaching nearly 2.4 million.

Geneva, Switzerland, was the most expensive city to buy an apartment in Europe in the first quarter of 2024. The square meter price in Geneva was nearly 15,650 euros in that quarter, about 2,000 euros higher than the second city in the ranking, Zurich. Cost of rent Rents across the major cities in Europe increased significantly in 2023. One of the main factors driving high rents across European cities is the same as any other consumer-driven business. If demand outweighs supply, prices will inflate. The drive for high paid professionals to be located centrally in prime locations, mixed with the low levels of available space, high land, and construction costs, all help keep rental prices increasing. Mortgage rates The average mortgage interest rates across Europe in 2023 were all under five percent, except in Czechia, Romania, Hungary, and Poland. On an individual level, a difference of one percent would most likely mean thousands of euros in interest on the mortgage a person is paying, making timing key in house purchasing. Mortgage interest rates tend to be lower in Nordic countries due to the financial stability and reliability of its borrowers. Other factors that influence the mortgage interest rates include inflation, economic growth, monetary policies, the bond market and the overall conditions of the housing market. More stable markets also tend to have higher average prices.

One of the major duties the Bank of England (BoE) is tasked with is keeping inflation rates low and stable. The usual tactic for keeping inflation rates down, and therefore the price of goods and services stable by the Bank of England is through lowering the Bank Rate. Such a measure was used in 2008 during the global recession when the BoE lowered the bank base rate from 5 percent to 0.5 percent. Due to the economic fears surrounding the COVID-19 virus, as of the 19th of March 2020, the bank base rate was set to its lowest ever standing. The issue with lowering interest rates is that there is an end limit as to how low they can go.

Quantitative easing

Quantitative easing is a measure that central banks can use to inject money into the economy to hopefully boost spending and investment. Quantitative easing is the creation of digital money in order to purchase government bonds. By purchasing large amounts of government bonds, the interest rates on those bonds lower. This in turn means that the interest rates offered on loans for the purchasing of mortgages or business loans also lowers, encouraging spending and stimulating the economy.

Large enterprises jump at the opportunity

After the initial stimulus of 200 billion British pounds through quantitative easing in March 2020, the Bank of England announced in June that they would increase the amount by a further one hundred billion British pounds. In March of 2020, the headline flow of borrowing by non-financial industries including construction, transport, real estate and the manufacturing sectors increased significantly.

The prime yields for high street retail real estate in European cities were the lowest in Zurich (Bahnhofstrasse) at 2.75 percent as of the third quarter of 2024. Yield is a measure of profitability and shows the annual rental income as a share of the property price. As can be expected, cities with stronger economies tend to have lower initial yields, reflecting a lower risk and better prospects for rental growth. Sentiment among high street retail investors and developers has trended upward since 2021, after plummeting in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite industry experts' optimism, retail real estate investment volumes stood at a record low in 2023. Furthermore, retail real estate companies traded at one of the highest discount to net asset value (NAV) in the European commercial real estate sector, suggesting concerns about the pricing of the underlying assets.