Monthly indexes and percentage changes for selected sub-groups of the food component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), not seasonally adjusted, for Canada, provinces, Whitehorse and Yellowknife. Data are presented for the corresponding month of the previous year, the previous month and the current month. The base year for the index is 2002=100.

Abstract

In this report, we present data from the emergency response survey conducted via telephone among households in three conflict affected regions of Nigeria, North East, North Central and South South between August-September 2017. This round is the second round of telephone data collected from a subsample of households in the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS). The first round collected data on conflict exposure.

The purpose of this second round of data collection was to understand food insecurity in conflict affected regions. Armed conflict can have a detrimental effect on food security. This might be due to for example reduced agricultural production, or price increases due to malfunctioning markets. Food insecurity might be permanent, such that a household living below the poverty line has a constant struggle to acquire food from the market or produce food for their own use. In situations such as armed conflict, also better endowed households might be temporarily food insecure. In this report, we find that food insecurity is a major concern in all the three regions studied:

· The mean household in all the three regions is “highly food insecure” · North East of Nigeria is the most food insecure of the three regions · Reducing meals or portion size is the most important coping strategy in all three regions · Food prices are the most important source of food insecurity in all three regions · A large majority of households rely on the market as the main source of food in all regions. Price concerns should therefore be taken very seriously by policy makers. · Households in all three regions do not report there being an inadequate supply of food in the market.

Geographic coverage

Zones States Local Government Areas (LGAs) Households

Analysis unit

Individuals, Households and Communities

Universe

The Survey covered all household members. The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The food security survey was a telephone based survey conducted between August 15th and September 8th 2017. The interview was the second round of a telephone survey using a sub-set of the sample of GHS (General Household Survey) households. The first round of the telephone interview was administered during spring 2017 with 717 completed interviews with the following geographical distribution: 175 interviews in the North East, 276 in North Central and 266 in South South. The first round was focused on conflict exposure, while the second round discussed in this report focused on food insecurity in conflict affected regions.

In the three conflict affected geographical zones comprising of 16 states of Nigeria, households from LGS's that had high conflict exposure were oversampled chosen for a pilot sample, conducted before the telephone surveys. These LGS's were chosen based on the following criteria: The oversampled LGS's needed to have over 10 conflict events during 2012-14 recorded in the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) database.

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot) first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 percent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews.

Conflict affected areas were oversampled in order to have a large enough sample of households that in fact experienced conflict events in order to shed light on the type of events that have happened. A random sample of the zones might have given too small sample of conflict affected households and therefore restricted the analysis of the various types of conflict events. Due to the oversampling however, the sample drawn was not representative at the level of the geographical zone, as is the case in the GHS. Therefore in the analysis we use sampling weights that adjust for the propensity of being in a conflict affected LGA in order to ensure that the sample is representative at the level of the geographical zone.

During the second round of the survey 582 of the 717 households were re-interviewed on food security related issues (only the 717 were attempted to be reached). Of the 582 households 147 in the North East, 219 in North Central, and 216 in South South were interviewed. The attrition rates in our sample from round one to round two are hence 16 percent, 21 percent, and 19 percent for North East, North Central and South South, respectively. The attrition from the conflict survey round was mostly due to not being able to reach the respondents possibly due to non-functioning phone numbers. Only 3 percent of respondents refused to answer.

Similar telephone-based surveys are being conducted in six countries in Sub-Saharan Africa under the World Bank project "Listening to Africa". As a comparison, a mobile phone survey in Tanzania (see Croke et al. 2012 for details), had a high drop-out rate between the very first rounds from 550 to 458 respondents, but very low attrition for the subsequent rounds for the 458 respondents, who could reliably be reached by a mobile phone. In light of this reference point and also considering the fact that the households interviewed live in conflict affected regions, our attrition rates seem to be within reasonable limits.

Sampling deviation

No Deviation

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is divided into 9 sections including a household roster. Information on food insecurity (the coping strategy index, CSI), food and market access, water quality, employment, income, employment and assets was collected.

Cleaning operations

Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in Stata 15. All data analysis was tracked using comprehensive do files to ensure reproducibility. All statistics presented in this report have been adjusted with probability weights, when possible, to be representative at the level of the geopolitical zone. Demographics for each geopolitical zone were analyzed based on the complete GHS 2016 dataset.

Response rate

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot), first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 per cent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews. The response rate is 96%

Sampling error estimates

No Sampling Error

Data appraisal

Limitations Recall Bias In the pilot data collection, respondents were asked to report on conflict events that had taken place in their family and their community over the last six years. This extremely long recall period must be considered when drawing inferences from the data. People are likely to under-report less severe (and therefore less memorable) events, particularly those that happened to community members in larger communities. Respondents are also more likely to recall events that happened to family members than those that happened to community members. Other biases may also be at play - for example, those who have been most highly affected by conflict over the last six years may have moved to another community. These factors demonstrate the importance of implementing a regular data collection schedule, which would allow far more accurate data to be collected. Sampling Bias The GHS is a panel survey taking place over multiple rounds through a period of time. Therefore, households that are more mobile or households that are nomadic are less likely to be represented in this sample. This may be particularly relevant in circumstances where nomadic groups are named as perpetrators of conflict events. Power Dynamics There are some disadvantages to the phone system, and for this reason it should be supplemented by additional types of data collection wherever possible. In a mobile phone survey, the respondent is the person who owns a mobile phone. In many areas, particularly those highly affected by poverty and those located in rural areas, only one family member owns a mobile phone. This is generally the household head, who is most likely male. Furthermore, in many of these communities, women are not allowed to have access to mobile phones and are forbidden from speaking to outsiders, which can prohibit mobile phone-based data collection. Gender Dynamics The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head. This means that crimes that carry stigma, especially sexual violence, are less likely to be reported. In this dataset, no sexual assault was reported despite data collected elsewhere that indicate that rape was used as a weapon by Boko Haram

Food Waste Compost Machine Market Outlook

The global food waste compost machine market size was valued at USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% during the forecast period. Growth in this market is primarily driven by increasing awareness about environmental conservation and sustainable waste management practices.

Several factors are driving the growth of the food waste compost machine market. Firstly, increasing consumer awareness about the detrimental effects of food waste on the environment has led to a rise in demand for effective waste management solutions. This awareness is not just limited to residential areas but has also spread across commercial and industrial sectors. Governments and environmental organizations are pushing for stricter regulations and incentives to reduce food waste, further propelling market demand. Additionally, advancements in technology have resulted in more efficient and user-friendly compost machines, making them accessible to a broader range of consumers and businesses.

Secondly, urbanization and the subsequent rise in the amount of food waste generated in urban areas are significant growth drivers. Urban centers are experiencing rapid growth in population, leading to increased food consumption and, consequently, food wastage. Municipalities and local governments are increasingly turning to composting as a viable solution to manage urban food waste. This has resulted in increased investment in composting infrastructure, including food waste compost machines, thus driving market growth.

Thirdly, the hospitality and food service industries are significant contributors to food waste. Restaurants, hotels, and catering services produce substantial amounts of food waste, creating a pressing need for efficient waste management systems. The integration of food waste compost machines in these sectors not only helps in managing waste but also in reducing operational costs by converting waste into valuable compost, which can be further utilized or sold. This dual benefit of waste reduction and cost savings is a strong catalyst for market growth.

From a regional perspective, North America and Europe are leading the market owing to stringent environmental regulations and high consumer awareness. However, significant growth is anticipated in the Asia Pacific region due to rapid urbanization, economic growth, and increasing government initiatives to manage food waste efficiently. Rising disposable incomes and changing lifestyle patterns in Asia Pacific are also contributing to the increased adoption of food waste compost machines in this region.

Product Type Analysis

The food waste compost machine market is segmented by product type into automatic, semi-automatic, and manual machines. Automatic compost machines are gaining popularity due to their ease of use and high efficiency. These machines are equipped with advanced sensors and control systems that allow for automated operation, reducing the need for manual intervention. They are particularly suitable for commercial and industrial applications where large volumes of food waste need to be processed quickly and efficiently. The adoption of automatic machines is expected to grow significantly, driven by advancements in automation technology and increasing labor costs.

Semi-automatic compost machines, while not as advanced as their automatic counterparts, offer a balance between cost and functionality. These machines require some level of manual operation but are generally easier to operate than manual machines. They are popular in small to medium-sized commercial settings and residential areas where the volume of food waste is manageable. The semi-automatic segment is expected to experience steady growth due to its affordability and ease of use.

Manual compost machines are the most basic type of composting equipment, requiring significant manual effort to operate. These machines are generally used in residential and small-scale commercial settings where the volume of food waste is relatively low. Despite their simplicity, manual compost machines play a vital role in promoting composting practices in areas with limited access to advanced technology. However, the growth of this segment is expected to be slower compared to automatic and semi-automatic machines due to the increasing preference for more efficient and user-friendly options.

Overall, the product type segment is characterized by a diverse range of machines cateri

Guarantee the initial information of the agri-food supply chain (AFSC) authenticity based on the blockchain is a complex problem. This paper develops an evolutionary game model of AFSC participants based on the blockchain and discusses the impacts of the key parameters on the dynamic evolution process of participants. To verify the theoretical results, simulation experiments and sensitivity analysis were conducted through Matlab 2022b. The study results show that: (1) Guaranteeing the initial information authenticity could become the common belief of all AFSC participants, with the scientific design of parameters; (2) Higher reward and synergistic effect, lower information cost and risk contribute to improving the probability of initial true information sharing. (3) when the default penalty is too severe, the enterprise will evolve into not sharing the initial true information. Finally, this study could provide some suggestions and countermeasures for the leading enterprise in the agricultural supply chain and local governments to guarantee initial information authenticity in China. That is the way to realize the sustainability of AFSC in the long run.

The Latin American food cans market, valued at $2.20 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by several key factors. The increasing demand for convenient and shelf-stable food products, particularly ready meals and processed foods, fuels this expansion. Rising disposable incomes across the region, coupled with a burgeoning population, are creating a larger consumer base for canned goods. Furthermore, the robust food processing industry in Latin America, with its emphasis on efficiency and preservation, is a significant driver. The market's segmentation reveals aluminium and steel cans as dominant material types, catering to a diverse range of applications including ready meals, pet food, and various other processed food products. Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina represent the largest national markets within the region, contributing significantly to overall market volume. However, challenges exist, primarily in the form of fluctuating raw material prices, particularly for aluminium and steel, which can impact production costs and pricing. Competition amongst major players like Crown Holdings Inc, Ball Corporation, and Canpack Group is intense, necessitating continuous innovation and cost optimization strategies. Growth in e-commerce and changing consumer preferences towards sustainable packaging are also expected to influence market dynamics in the coming years. Looking ahead to 2033, the Latin American food cans market is expected to exhibit a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.48%, reflecting a healthy trajectory. This growth will be influenced by factors such as increased investment in food processing infrastructure, government support for local industries, and the ongoing expansion of retail channels. However, sustained economic stability across the region will be crucial to maintain this growth momentum. Specific growth rates will vary by country, driven by individual economic conditions, consumer preferences, and government policies. The market's future will likely see increasing adoption of innovative can designs and functionalities to improve consumer appeal and cater to evolving preferences for sustainability and convenience. Focus on lighter-weight cans and recycled materials is expected to become increasingly important for competitiveness and environmental responsibility. Recent developments include: February 2024: Kemin Industries opened an innovation center and second spray-drying facility at its regional headquarters in Vargeão, Santa Catarina, Brazil. By volume capacity for producing dry and liquid palatants, the Kemin Nutrisurance location is Latin America's largest pet food manufacturing plant. Such expansions in the pet food industries are expected to drive the demand for metal cans in the region., September 2023: Sonoco Products Company, a diversified global packaging company, announced the completion of its acquisition of the remaining equity interest in RTS Packaging LLC from WestRock. With this acquisition, Sonoco added a network of 15 operations and 1,100 employees in Mexico, South America, and other countries.. Key drivers for this market are: Demand for Functional Food and Sustainability are Driving the Market's Growth, Growth in E-commerce Industry is Expected to Drive the Market. Potential restraints include: Demand for Functional Food and Sustainability are Driving the Market's Growth, Growth in E-commerce Industry is Expected to Drive the Market. Notable trends are: Aluminum is Widely Considered for Packaging.

Multi-stage stratified random sample of persons 15 years old and older.

The UAE edible meats market, encompassing beef, mutton, poultry, and other meats in various forms (canned, fresh/chilled, frozen, processed) and distribution channels (off-trade and on-trade), presents a dynamic landscape. Driven by a growing population, rising disposable incomes, and a preference for convenient and processed meat products, the market exhibits strong growth potential. The increasing popularity of Western diets, coupled with the influence of foodservice and hospitality sectors, further fuels demand. While the precise market size for 2025 is unavailable, considering a conservative CAGR (assuming 5% based on similar emerging markets) and a starting point of (hypothetically) $1 billion in 2019, the 2025 market size could be estimated around $1.34 billion. The segmentation reveals significant contributions from supermarkets/hypermarkets in the off-trade channel and the robust growth of the online channel reflects evolving consumer preferences. Major players like Al Ain Farms, Americana Group, and JBS SA dominate the market, strategically leveraging their established distribution networks and brand recognition. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating meat prices, stringent regulations regarding food safety and hygiene, and the impact of geopolitical events on meat import costs. The future trajectory of the UAE edible meats market hinges on several factors. Sustained economic growth and diversification are crucial for market expansion. Innovation in product offerings, such as value-added meat products and ready-to-eat meals, will be key differentiators. Companies focused on sustainable sourcing and ethical practices are likely to gain a competitive edge in an increasingly conscious consumer market. Furthermore, effective marketing strategies targeted at various demographic segments, including health-conscious consumers, are essential for sustaining market share. Government initiatives promoting food security and local production could significantly influence market dynamics. The growth of the food delivery sector will continue to shape consumer behavior and present fresh opportunities for meat producers and distributors. Careful consideration of import tariffs and international trade policies will play a pivotal role in overall market stability. Recent developments include: May 2022: JBS has acquired two plants in the MENA (the Middle East and North Africa) region to produce prepared foods. They are located in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates and produce value-added products. This expansion helps increase market penetration, strengthening distribution channels and client relationships.February 2022: Seara introduced Shawaya chicken, an innovative product under the frozen category. The chicken preparation is tailored according to the local taste and flavor preference.February 2022: Al Ain Farms has announced the launch of its 2270 sq. m. facility in Abu Dhabi. Al Ain Farms has increased its storage capacity for handling products, including chicken, to enhance its operational efficiency.. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

Abstract

The purpose of this second round of data collection was to understand food insecurity in conflict affected regions. Armed conflict can have a detrimental effect on food security. This might be due to for example reduced agricultural production, or price increases due to malfunctioning markets. Food insecurity might be permanent, such that a household living below the poverty line has a constant struggle to acquire food from the market or produce food for their own use. In situations such as armed conflict, also better endowed households might be temporarily food insecure. In this report, we find that food insecurity is a major concern in all the three regions studied:

• The mean household in all the three regions is “highly food insecure”.

• North East of Nigeria is the most food insecure of the three regions.

• Reducing meals or portion size is the most important coping strategy in all three regions.

• Food prices are the most important source of food insecurity in all three regions.

• A large majority of households rely on the market as the main source of food in all regions. Price concerns should therefore be taken very seriously by policy makers.

• Households in all three regions do not report there being an inadequate supply of food in the market.

Geographic coverage

Zones, States and Local Government Areas (LGAs).

Analysis unit

• Individuals

• Households

• Communities

Universe

The survey covered all household members. The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In the three conflict affected geographical zones comprising of 16 states of Nigeria, households from LGS's that had high conflict exposure were oversampled chosen for a pilot sample, conducted before the telephone surveys. These LGS's were chosen based on the following criteria: The oversampled LGS's needed to have over 10 conflict events during 2012-14 recorded in the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) database.

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot) first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 percent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews.

Conflict affected areas were oversampled in order to have a large enough sample of households that in fact experienced conflict events in order to shed light on the type of events that have happened. A random sample of the zones might have given too small sample of conflict affected households and therefore restricted the analysis of the various types of conflict events. Due to the oversampling however, the sample drawn was not representative at the level of the geographical zone, as is the case in the GHS. Therefore in the analysis we use sampling weights that adjust for the propensity of being in a conflict affected LGA in order to ensure that the sample is representative at the level of the geographical zone.

During the second round of the survey 582 of the 717 households were re-interviewed on food security related issues (only the 717 were attempted to be reached). Of the 582 households 147 in the North East, 219 in North Central, and 216 in South South were interviewed. The attrition rates in our sample from round one to round two are hence 16 percent, 21 percent, and 19 percent for North East, North Central and South South, respectively. The attrition from the conflict survey round was mostly due to not being able to reach the respondents possibly due to non-functioning phone numbers. Only 3 percent of respondents refused to answer.

Similar telephone-based surveys are being conducted in six countries in Sub-Saharan Africa under the World Bank project "Listening to Africa". As a comparison, a mobile phone survey in Tanzania (see Croke et al. 2012 for details), had a high drop-out rate between the very first rounds from 550 to 458 respondents, but very low attrition for the subsequent rounds for the 458 respondents, who could reliably be reached by a mobile phone. In light of this reference point and also considering the fact that the households interviewed live in conflict affected regions, our attrition rates seem to be within reasonable limits.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]

Research instrument

The questionnaire is divided into 9 sections including a household roster. Information on food insecurity (the coping strategy index, CSI), food and market access, water quality, employment, income, employment and assets were collected.

Cleaning operations

Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in Stata 15. All data analysis was tracked using comprehensive do files to ensure reproducibility. All statistics presented in this report have been adjusted with probability weights, when possible, to be representative at the level of the geopolitical zone.

Demographics for each geopolitical zone were analyzed based on the complete GHS 2016 dataset.

Response rate

The first round of the telephone survey (which took place after the pilot), first attempted to reach 742 households from the GHS panel, of which 529 could be reached and interviewed. The rest did not have phone numbers or functioning phone numbers (only 2.7 percent refused to answer). In order to increase the sample size to a level that was considered adequate for the survey, an additional 288 replacement households were included in the sample also from the GHS panel. Out of these replacement households, 188 could be interviewed. Therefore altogether 1030 households were attempted to be reached, with a final sample size of 717 completed interviews.

The response rate is 96%.

Data appraisal

Limitations

• Recall Bias

In the pilot data collection, respondents were asked to report on conflict events that had taken place in their family and their community over the last six years. This extremely long recall period must be considered when drawing inferences from the data. People are likely to under-report less severe (and therefore less memorable) events, particularly those that happened to community members in larger communities. Respondents are also more likely to recall events that happened to family members than those that happened to community members. Other biases may also be at play - for example, those who have been most highly affected by conflict over the last six years may have moved to another community. These factors demonstrate the importance of implementing a regular data collection schedule, which would allow for more accurate data to be collected.

• Sampling Bias

The GHS is a panel survey taking place over multiple rounds through a period of time. Therefore, households that are more mobile or households that are nomadic are less likely to be represented in this sample. This may be particularly relevant in circumstances where nomadic groups are named as perpetrators of conflict events.

• Power Dynamics There are some disadvantages to the phone system, and for this reason, it should be supplemented by additional types of data collection wherever possible. In a mobile phone survey, the respondent is the person who owns a mobile phone. In many areas, particularly those highly affected by poverty and those located in rural areas, only one family member owns a mobile phone. This is generally the household head, who is most likely male. Furthermore, in many of these communities, women are not allowed to have access to mobile phones and are forbidden from speaking to outsiders, which can prohibit mobile phone-based data collection.

• Gender Dynamics The questionnaire was administered to only one respondent per household - most often a male household head. This means that crimes that carry a stigma, especially sexual violence, are less likely to be reported. In this dataset, no sexual assault was reported despite data collected elsewhere that indicate that rape was used as a weapon by Boko Haram and elsewhere. This also means that violence that affects members of the household with less power (such as women, children, and employees), is less likely to be reported. This may be particularly important when considering violence not related to ongoing external conflict, such as domestic violence.

An upsurge in global food prices in 2008 led to significantly higher food prices across the developing world. Global commodity prices have since declined but still remain volatile, but at the same time local food prices remain high in many countries. This study examines the potential impacts of the rise in food prices on poverty—income based poverty and calorie-based poverty- focusing on Pakistan, and its rural and urban areas. For this purpose, we used HIES data collected in three waves 2005–06, 2007–08 and 2010–11. Price elasticities are computed using binary Logistic regression method. The study results show that price of wheat, rice, milk, meat, fruit, pulses appear to distinguish the status of a household. Price elasticities shows that urban households are hit harder than rural households in calorie-poverty model. Overall, rising food prices are likely to lead higher poverty in Pakistan, as the negative impact on net consumers outweighs the benefits to producers. Therefore, effective strategy for eliminating poverty is far more concerned with price increases. Safety net programs can be more effective, but geographic targeting and other investments to strengthen safety nets are necessary to ensure that fewer people are affected by future crises. Government policies oriented towards relieving the food price pressure on the Pakistani poor should aim at lowering the prices of wheat, rice, eggs, oil, milk, and chicken.