In 2024, around 17 percent of men in the United States received mental health treatment or counseling in the past year. The share of men who have received treatment for mental health problems has increased over the past couple decades likely due to a decrease in stigma around seeking such help and increased awareness of mental health issues. However, women in the U.S. are still much more likely to receive mental health treatment than men. Mental illness among men No one is immune to mental illness and the impact of mental health problems can be severe and debilitating. In 2023, it was estimated that 19 percent of men in the United States had some form of mental illness in the past year. Two of the most common mental disorders among men and women alike are anxiety disorders and depression. Depression is more common among men in their late teens and early 20s, with around 15 percent of U.S. men aged 21 to 25 years reporting experiencing a major depressive episode in the past year as of 2022. Depression is a very treatable condition, but those suffering from depression are at a much higher risk of suicide than those who do not have depression. Suicide among men Although women in the United States are more likely to report suffering from mental illness than men, the suicide rate among U.S. men is around 3.7 times higher than that of women. Suicide deaths among men are much more likely to involve the use of firearms, which may explain some of the disparity in suicide deaths between men and women. In 2020, around 58 percent of suicide deaths among men were from firearms compared to just 33 percent of suicide deaths among women. Although more people in the United States are accessing mental health, barriers to treatment persist. In 2022, the thought that they could handle the problem without treatment was the number one reason U.S. adults gave for not receiving the mental health treatment they required.

In 2024, it was estimated that 28.2 percent of U.S. women received mental health treatment or counseling at some time in the past year. This statistic shows the percentage of U.S. women who received mental health treatment or counseling in the past year from 2002 to 2024.

In 2023, around 60 million adults in the United States received treatment or counseling for their mental health within the past year. Such treatment included inpatient or outpatient treatment or counseling, or the use of prescription medication. Anxiety and depression are two common reasons for seeking mental health treatment. Who most often receives mental health treatment? In the United States, women are almost twice as likely than men to have received mental health treatment in the past year, with around 21 percent of adult women receiving some form of mental health treatment in the past year, as of 2021. Considering age, those between 18 and 44 years are more likely to receive counseling or therapy than older adults, however older adults are more likely to take medication to treat their mental health issues. Furthermore, mental health treatment in general is far more common among white adults in the U.S. than among other races or ethnicities. In 2020, around 24.4 percent of white adults received some form of mental health treatment in the past year compared to 15.3 percent of black adults and 12.6 percent of Hispanics. Reasons for not receiving mental health treatment Although stigma surrounding mental health treatment has declined over the last few decades and access to such services has greatly improved, many people in the United States who want or need treatment for mental health issues still do not get it. For example, it is estimated that almost half of women with some form of mental illness did not receive any treatment in the past year, as of 2022. Sadly, the most common reason for U.S. adults to not receive mental health treatment is that they thought they could handle the problem without treatment. Other common reasons for not receiving mental health treatment include not knowing where to go for services or could not afford the costs.

Introduction: Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disease that affects more men than women. Although there is an obvious imbalance in incidence, knowledge on differences in biology and outcome between the sexes is surprisingly rare. Methods: We performed a unicentric retrospective analysis of patients with MM treated at a tertiary cancer center between 2003 and 2018. Results: We present sex-disaggregated analysis of the characteristics and outcome of MM in a cohort of 655 patients (median age at diagnosis 62 years; 363 men with a median age at diagnosis 62 years and 292 women with a median age at diagnosis 63 years, p=0.086). Most patients (n=561, 86%) received myeloma-specific treatment. Median overall survival was 76 months (95% CI 63 – 89) (72 months in men [95% CI 54 – 90] and 83 months in women [95% CI 66 – 100], p=ns). Apart from a higher incidence of moderate and severe anaemia in women (p<0.001) there were no statistically significant differences in the biology of the underlying MM. Similarly, in the group of patients who received high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT, n=313), no statistically significant differences apart from more frequent anaemia in women were detected regarding the biology of the disease. However, there was a trend towards a higher plasma cell infiltration of the bone marrow and towards more frequent high-risk features in women. In contrast, relevant comorbidities were significantly more common in men (for example coronary heart disease in 13% of men vs. 2% of women, p<0.001). Toxicities after ASCT were not significantly different between the sexes with the exception of severe mucositis, which occurred in 22% of men vs. 40% of women (p=0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, this first sex-disaggregated analysis of MM patients in Germany supports previous findings that survival is comparable amongst sexes, but women experience more toxicity of high-dose therapy. The higher incidence of clinically relevant anaemia in women warrants further investigation to exclude underlying treatable causes.

In the United States, the prevalence of mental illness in the past year is more common among females than males and more common among the young than the old. As of 2024, some 26.7 percent of females reported some type of mental illness in the past year, compared to 20 percent of males. Common forms of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders. Depression Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States. Depression is defined by prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and despair leading to a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, a loss of energy, trouble sleeping, and thoughts of death or suicide. It is estimated that around five percent of the U.S. population suffers from depression. Depression is more common among women with around six percent of women suffering from depression compared to four percent of men. Mental illness and substance abuse Data has shown that those who suffer from mental illness are more likely to suffer from substance abuse than those without mental illness. Those with mental illness are more likely to use illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine, and to abuse prescription drugs than those without mental illness. As of 2023, around 7.9 percent of adults in the United States suffered from co-occuring mental illness and substance use disorder.

In 2024, some 8.2 percent of adults in the United States reported experiencing a major depressive episode in the past year. However, among those aged 18 to 25 years, some 15.9 percent reported a major depressive episode. Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States and in severe cases can seriously affect one’s ability to function. Depression among men and women Although depression can affect anyone, women are more likely to report experiencing a major depressive episode than men. In 2021, around 10 percent of women in the United States stated they had a major depressive episode in the past year, compared to six percent of men. Women aged 18 to 20 were the most likely to suffer from a major depressive episode with up to 21 percent reporting such an episode in 2023. In comparison, just 12 percent of men aged 18 to 20 said they had a major depressive episode at that time. Among men, those aged 21 to 25 had the highest prevalence of major depression. Treatment for depression Fortunately, depression is treatable, and the vast majority of people who receive treatment benefit from it. Depression is most commonly treated with medication, talk therapy, or a combination of both. In 2022, around 12.8 million people in the United States received treatment for a major depressive episode. The most common type of professionals seen for such treatment were general practitioners or family doctors and psychiatrists or psychotherapists. Among U.S. youths who are treated for a major depressive disorder, very few are treated using only prescription medication. Instead, it is much more common for youth to see or talk to a health professional only, or to see a health professional and use prescription medication.

BackgroundHIV-infected individuals recently released from incarceration have suboptimal linkage and engagement in community HIV care. We conducted a study to evaluate an information and communication technology intervention to increase linkage to community care among HIV-infected persons recently involved in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Baseline characteristics including risk behaviors and HIV care indicators are reported and stratified by gender.MethodsWe recruited HIV-infected individuals in the District of Columbia jail and persons with a recent history of incarceration through community and street outreach. Participants completed a baseline computer-assisted personal interview regarding HIV care and antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence, substance use, and sexual behaviors. CD4 and HIV plasma viral load testing were performed at baseline or obtained through medical records. Data were analyzed for the sample overall and stratified by gender.ResultsOf 110 individuals, 70% were community-enrolled, mean age was 40 (SD = 10.5), 85% were Black, and 58% were male, 24% female, and 18% transgender women. Nearly half (47%) had condomless sex in the three months prior to incarceration. Although drug dependence and hazardous alcohol use were highly prevalent overall, transgender women were more likely to have participated in drug treatment than men and women (90%, 61%, and 50% respectively; p = 0.01). Prior to their most recent incarceration, 80% had an HIV provider and 91% had ever taken ART. Among those, only 51% reported ≥90% ART adherence. Fewer women (67%) had received HIV medications during their last incarceration compared to men (96%) and transgender women (95%; p = 0.001). Although neither was statistically significant, transgender women and men had higher proportions of baseline HIV viral suppression compared to women (80%, 69%, and 48.0% respectively, p>0.05); a higher proportion of women had a CD4 count ≤200 compared to men and transgender women (17%, 8% and 5% respectively; p>0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, HIV-infected persons with recent incarceration in Washington, DC reported important risk factors and co-morbidities, yet the majority had access to HIV care and ART prior to, during, and after incarceration. Self-reported ART adherence was sub-optimal, and while there were not statistically significant differences, CJ-involved women appeared to be at greatest risk of poor HIV outcomes.Trial registrationRegistered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 10/16/2012. Reference number: NCT01721226.

According to the European health survey, the age group with the highest number of individuals who visited a psychologist, psychotherapist, or psychiatrist amongst men were those between the ages of 25 and 34, with approximately ******* registered individuals. For women, the highest number was recorded between the ages of 45 and 54 with almost ******* individuals throughout Spain in 2023.

Since 1990, the employment rate of women in the United States has stayed more or less steady, reaching a peak of 57.5 percent in 2000. In 1990, the female employment rate was 54.3 percent, and in 2024, the employment rate was 55.2. Women in the workforce There have historically been fewer women than men in the workforce. Additionally, women face many hurdles to equal treatment when they are employed, such as wage discrepancies, sexual harassment, and being expected to carry out the majority of household and family related tasks even while working full-time. Women have historically been the primary caregivers and homemakers through many cultures worldwide. Despite this, the number of women joining the workforce has increased globally. Women in history faced the additional barrier of not being able to attend university, which barred them from gaining an education and access to professional job. However, as our cultures have modernized, women have been granted equal access to university in many societies. In 2014 in the United States, the number of university degrees awarded to women exceeded that of men for the first time. In 2021, 39.1 percent of women had completed at least four years of university compared to 36.6 percent of men. Despite this, the unemployment rate of women in the United States has fluctuated significantly since 1990. In 2021, Nebraska was the state with the highest percentage of women participating in the civilian labor force, second to the District of Columbia. The wage gap Today, the wage gap is still a problem for women, although improvements have been made. There is no state in the U.S. where women earn more than men, but women in Vermont had the smallest wage gap to men in 2021. Additionally, there are no occupations in which women out-earn men, even in occupations that traditionally employ more women. A more detailed look at wage inequality in the United States can be found here.

Abstract

The 2016 Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey (TLDHS) was implemented by the General Directorate of Statistics (GDS) of the Ministry of Finance in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH). Data collection took place from 16 September to 22 December, 2016.

The primary objective of the 2016 TLDHS project is to provide up-to-date estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. The TLDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Timor-Leste. More specifically, the 2016 TLDHS: • Collected data at the national level, which allows the calculation of key demographic indicators, particularly fertility, and child, adult, and maternal mortality rates • Provided data to explore the direct and indirect factors that determine the levels and trends of fertility and child mortality • Measured the levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice • Obtained data on key aspects of maternal and child health, including immunization coverage, prevalence and treatment of diarrhea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care, including antenatal visits and assistance at delivery • Obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collected anthropometric measures to assess nutritional status in children, women, and men • Tested for anemia in children, women, and men • Collected data on the knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually-transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection (risk behaviors and condom use), and coverage of HIV testing and counseling • Measured key education indicators, including school attendance ratios, level of educational attainment, and literacy levels • Collected information on the extent of disability • Collected information on non-communicable diseases • Collected information on early childhood development • Collected information on domestic violence • The information collected through the 2016 TLDHS is intended to assist policy makers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Man age 15-59

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), women age 15-49 years and men age 15-59 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the TLDHS 2016 survey is the 2015 Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census (TLPHC 2015), provided by the General Directorate of Statistics. The sampling frame is a complete list of 2320 non-empty Enumeration Areas (EAs) created for the 2015 population census. An EA is a geographic area made up of a convenient number of dwelling units which served as counting units for the census, with an average size of 89 households per EA. The sampling frame contains information about the administrative unit, the type of residence, the number of residential households and the number of male and female population for each of the EAs. Among the 2320 EAs, 413 are urban residence and 1907 are rural residence.

There are five geographic regions in Timor-Leste, and these are subdivided into 12 municipalities and special administrative region (SAR) of Oecussi. The 2016 TLDHS sample was designed to produce reliable estimates of indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of the 13 municipalities. A representative probability sample of approximately 12,000 households was drawn; the sample was stratified and selected in two stages. In the first stage, 455 EAs were selected with probability proportional to EA size from the 2015 TLPHC: 129 EAs in urban areas and 326 EAs in rural areas. In the second stage, 26 households were randomly selected within each of the 455 EAs; the sampling frame for this household selection was the 2015 TLPHC household listing available from the census database.

For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used for the 2016 TLDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Timor-Leste.

Cleaning operations

The data processing operation included registering and checking for inconsistencies, incompleteness, and outliers. Data editing and cleaning included structure and consistency checks to ensure completeness of work in the field. The central office also conducted secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by two staff who took part in the main fieldwork training. Data editing was accomplished with CSPro software. Secondary editing and data processing were initiated in October 2016 and completed in February 2017.

Response rate

A total of 11,829 households were selected for the sample, of which 11,660 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 11,502 were successfully interviewed, which yielded a response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 12,998 eligible women were identified for individual interviews. Interviews were completed with 12,607 women, yielding a response rate of 97 percent. In the subsample of households selected for the men’s interviews, 4,878 eligible men were identified and 4,622 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 95 percent. Response rates were higher in rural than in urban areas, with the difference being more pronounced among men (97 percent versus 90 percent, respectively) than among women (98 percent versus 94 percent, respectively). The lower response rates for men were likely due to their more frequent and longer absences from the household.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the TLDHS 2016 to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the TLDHS 2016 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the TLDHS 2016 sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the TLDHS 2016 is a SAS program. This program used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey final report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables - Household age distribution - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women - Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men - Completeness of reporting - Births by calendar years - Reporting of age at death in days - Reporting of age at death in months - Height and weight data completeness and quality for children - Completeness of information on siblings - Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings - Pregnancy-related mortality trends

See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the survey final report.

Mental health treatment facilities are instrumental in helping those suffering from acute or chronic mental health issues get care in a safe and secure environment. As of 2023, there were 12,012 mental health treatment facilities in the U.S., of which 9,856 completed the N-SUMHSS* survey. Within those, 8,270 were outpatient facilities while 1,184 facilities were hospital inpatient facilities. U.S. Mental health facilities Inpatient mental health treatment may be needed for those that are a danger to themselves or others, those using drugs, those that need to be stabilized or those that are experiencing psychosis. The top hospitals in the U.S. for adult psychiatry include McLean Hospital in Massachusetts and Massachusetts General Hospital. Few mental health treatment facilities offered treatment programs specific client groups, with just a third offering such to LGBTQ clients. Mental health in the U.S. Mental illness can affect anyone of any age; however, some groups experience more mental illness than others. It is estimated that up to one quarter of the U.S. adult population face some mental illness, with women suffering more than men. A recent survey also demonstrated that Utah, Oregon, and District of Columbia had the highest percentage of people that described their mental health as poor. Other mental health variables can compound one another. For example, mental illness and substance use can be especially difficult to diagnose and treat.

This study deals with the impact of offering a gender and business training to female microfinance clients in Vietnam using a randomization control trial (RCT). A specific feature of the study is that a random group of female borrowers were allowed to take their husbands to the trainings. The study explicitly tests whether the impact of the training is conditional on the presence of husbands. The study also differentiates between short term effects and longer term effects of the training. We consider impacts on a range of outcomes, varying from knowledge to profits, and “unpack” profits by distinguishing between the returns to different activities. We also consider the impact on different dimensions of female empowerment. Our results provide support for the finance-plus approach to development. We find that the gender and business trainings improve knowledge, increase the uptake of new business practices, and after some delay cause an increase in profits. We also find that the magnitude of the measured impact varies over time, and that measuring the impact on downstream variables like profits is likely to result in under-estimates of the true impact if data are collected too early after the end of the training. We also document effects at the extensive margin, and find that participating in the training may increase the start-up of new economic activities and slow-down the exit of existing ones. In addition, we provide evidence that female borrowers who receive access to training experience more internal control beliefs, less relational friction, and more intra-household decision making power. Finally, we document that the general business training significantly increased the returns to agricultural practices, even if agriculture was not specifically targeted – an example of a household-level spillover across economic sectors. Not all our hypotheses were supported by the data. Most importantly, we do not document statistically robust effects of including husbands in the training for most of our outcome variables. However, we are careful not to dismiss the potential contribution of participating husbands too lightly. First, while the differences across treatment arms are not statistically significant, we consistently find that estimated treatment effects on profits are larger when men are involved in the trainings. Second, their participation was appreciated by the women, and it is possible that positive outcomes emerges along other dimensions (i.e. beyond business-related variables). We show that the attendance of man can have a (small) positive effect, but we don’t have enough information about the impacts of “own husbands”. Future research needs to examine this with a larger sample, or using more salient incentives, so that a larger share of the target population of men participates in the trainings.

The 1992 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) was a nationally representative sample survey designed to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, early childhood mortality and morbidity, family planning knowledge and use, and maternal and child health. The survey was implemented by the National Statistical Office during September to November 1992. In 5323 households, 4849 women age 15-49 years and 1151 men age 20-54 years were interviewed. The Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) was a national sample survey of women and men of reproductive age designed to provide, among other things, information on fertility, family planning, child survival, and health of mothers and children. Specifically, the main objectives of the survey were to: Collect up-to-date information on fertility, infant and child mortality, and family planning Collect information on health-related matters, including breastleeding, antenatal and maternity services, vaccinations, and childhood diseases and treatment Assess the nutritional status of mothers and children Collect information on knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS Collect information suitable for the estimation of mortality related to pregnancy and childbearing Assess the availability of health and family planning services. MAIN FINDINGS The findings indicate that fertility in Malawi has been declining over the last decade; at current levels a woman will give birth to an average of 6.7 children during her lifetime. Fertility in rural areas is 6.9 children per woman compared to 5.5 children in urban areas. Fertility is higher in the Central Region (7.4 children per woman) than in the Northem Region (6.7) or Southern Region (6.2). Over the last decade, the average age at which a woman first gives birth has risen slightly over the last decade from 18.3 to 18.9 years. Still, over one third of women currently under 20 years of age have either already given birlh to at least one child or are currently pregnant. Although 58 percent of currently married women would like to have another child, only 19 percent want one within the next two years. Thirty-seven percent would prefer to walt two or more years. Nearly one quarter of married women want no more children than they already have. Thus, a majority of women (61 percent) want either to delay their next birth or end childbearing altogether. This represents the proportion of women who are potentially in need of family planning. Women reported an average ideal family size of 5.7 children (i.e., wanted fertility), one child less than the actual fertility level measured in the surveyfurther evidence of the need for family planning methods. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is high among all age groups and socioeconomic strata of women and men. Most women and men also know of a source to obtain a contraceptive method, although this varies by the type of method. The contraceptive pill is the most commonly cited method known by women; men are most familiar with condoms. Despite widespread knowledge of family planning, current use of contraception remains quite low. Only 7 percent of currently married women were using a modem method and another 6 percent were using a traditional method of family planning at the time of the survey. This does, however, represent an increase in the contraceptive prevalence rate (modem methods) from about 1 percent estimated from data collected in the 1984 Family Formation Survey. The modem methods most commonly used by women are the pill (2.2 percent), female sterilisation (1.7 percent), condoms (1.7 percent), and injections (1.5 percent). Men reported higher rates of contraceptive use (13 percent use of modem methods) than women. However, when comparing method-specific use rates, nearly all of the difference in use between men and women is explained by much higher condom use among men. Early childhood mortality remains high in Malawi; the under-five mortality rate currently stands at 234 deaths per 1000 live births. The infant mortality rate was estimated at 134 per 10130 live births. This means that nearly one in seven children dies before his first birthday, and nearly one in four children does not reach his fifth birthday. The probability of child death is linked to several factors, most strikingly, low levels of maternal education and short intervals between births. Children of uneducated women are twice as likely to die in the first five years of life as children of women with a secondary education. Similarly, the probablity of under-five mortality for children with a previous birth interval of less than 2 years is two times greater than for children with a birth interval of 4 or more years. Children living in rural areas have a higher rate ofunder-fwe mortality than urban children, and children in the Central Region have higher mortality than their counterparts in the Northem and Southem Regions. Data were collected that allow estimation ofmatemalmortality. It is estimated that for every 100,000 live births, 620 women die due to causes related to pregnancy and childbearing. The height and weight of children under five years old and their mothers were collected in the survey. The results show that nearly one half of children under age five are stunted, i.e., too short for their age; about half of these are severely stunted. By age 3, two-thirds of children are stunted. As with childhood mortality, chronic undernutrition is more common in rural areas and among children of uneducated women. The duration of breastfeeding is relatively long in Malawi (median length, 21 months), but supplemental liquids and foods are introduced at an early age. By age 2-3 months, 76 percent of children are already receiving supplements. Mothers were asked to report on recent episodes of illness among their young children. The results indicate that children age 6-23 months are the most vulnerable to fever, acute respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea. Over half of the children in this age group were reported to have had a fever, about 40 percent had a bout with diarrhea, and 20 percent had symptoms indicating ARI in the two-week period before the survey. Less than half of recently sick children had been taken to a health facility for treatment. Sixty-three percent of children with diarrhea were given rehydration therapy, using either prepackaged rehydration salts or a home-based preparation. However, one quarter of children with diarrhea received less fluid than normal during the illness, and for 17 percent of children still being breastfed, breastfeeding of the sick child was reduced. Use of basic, preventive maternal and child health services is generally high. For 90 percent of recent births, mothers had received antenatal care from a trained medical person, most commonly a nurse or trained midwife. For 86 percent of births, mothers had received at least one dose of tetanus toxoid during pregnancy. Over half of recent births were delivered in a health facility. Child vaccination coverage is high; 82 percent of children age 12-23 months had received the full complement of recommended vaccines, 67 percent by exact age 12 months. BCG coverage and first dose coverage for DPT and polio vaccine were 97 percent. However, 9 percent of children age 12-23 months who received the first doses of DPT and polio vaccine failed to eventually receive the recommended third doses. Information was collected on knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS. General knowledge of AIDS is nearly universal in Malawi; 98 percent of men and 95 percent of women said they had heard of AIDS. Further, the vast majority of men and women know that the disease is transmitted through sexual intercourse. Men tended to know more different ways of disease transmission than women, and were more likely to mention condom use as a means to prevent spread of AIDS. Women, especially those living in rural areas, are more likely to hold misconceptions about modes of disease transmission. Thirty percent of rural women believe that AIDS can not be prevented.

Background Differences in the management of coronary artery disease between men and women have been reported in the literature. There are few studies of potential inequalities of treatment that arise from a primary care context. This study investigated the existence of such inequalities in the medical management of post myocardial infarction in older patients. Methods A comprehensive chart audit was conducted of 142 men and 81 women in an academic primary care practice. Variables were extracted on demographic variables, cardiovascular risk factors, medical and non-medical management of myocardial infarction. Results Women were older than men. The groups were comparable in terms of cardiac risk factors. A statistically significant difference (14.6%: 95% CI 0.048–28.7 p = 0.047) was found between men and women for the prescription of lipid lowering medications. 25.3% (p = 0.0005, CI 11.45, 39.65) more men than women had undergone angiography, and 14.4 % (p = 0.029, CI 2.2, 26.6) more men than women had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Conclusion Women are less likely than men to receive lipid-lowering medication which may indicate less aggressive secondary prevention in the primary care setting.

According to Cognitive Market Research, The Bipolar Disorder Treatment Market was USD XX Billion in 2023 and is set to achieve a market size of USD XX Billion by the end of 2031 growing at a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2031. North America held the major market share for more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX % from 2024 to 2031. The Europe region is the fastest growing market with a CAGR of XX% from 2024 to 2031 and it is projected that it will grow at a CAGR of XX% in the future. Asia Pacific accounted for a market share of over XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million. Latin America had a market share for more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031. Middle East and Africa had a market share of around XX% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031. The Bipolar Disorder Treatment Market held the highest market revenue share in 2024. Market Dynamics of The Bipolar Disorder Treatment Market

Key Drivers for The Bipolar Disorder Treatment Market

The increase in the prevalence of bipolar disorder is driving the growth of the bipolar disorder Market.

The market for treatments for bipolar disorder is anticipated to rise in the future due to the rising incidence of the condition. Bipolar disorder is becoming more common due to several risk factors, including drug addiction, excessive levels of stress, and others. People with bipolar disorder frequently experience depression, and the condition typically manifests in their late teens or early 20s. Men and women are equally likely to be afflicted by bipolar illness. Thus, an increase in the number of instances of bipolar conditions and the growing need to treat them successfully would grow the market for bipolar disorder treatment. For instance, according to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, a US-based non-profit association providing support to patients of depression or bipolar disorder, in 2021, approximately 5.7 million adult Americans which was about 2.6% of the U.S. population were affected by bipolar disorder. The median age of the onset of bipolar disorder is 25 years, and more than two-thirds of people suffering from bipolar disorder had at least one relative with the illness. Therefore, the increase in the prevalence of bipolar disorder is driving the growth of the bipolar disorder therapeutics market. Source:(https://www.dbsalliance.org/education/bipolar-disorder/bipolar-disorder-statistics/)

Thus The rising prevalence of bipolar disorder underscores the importance of timely identification and appropriate care. With symptoms impacting daily functioning, effective treatments are essential for managing the condition and improving quality of life.

Immediate approval of bipolar disorder therapeutics by regulatory authorities drives the bipolar disorder market.

The immediate approval of bipolar disorder therapeutics treatment by regulatory bodies is raising the demand for bipolar disorder therapy. The key market players are concentrating on obtaining product approvals from regulatory authorities, which is expected to drive the bipolar disorder treatment market over the forecast period. This is because they want to treat adults with schizophrenia and use it as an adjuvant therapy to lithium or valproate for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in adults. For instance, in January 2023, Luye Pharma Group, an international pharmaceutical company, announced it had received FDA approval for its Rykindo (risperidone), which is an extended-release injectable suspension administered via intramuscular injection once every two weeks. Source:(https://www.luye.cn/lvye_en/view.php?id=2140#:~:text=PRINCETON%2C%20N.J.%2C%20January%2015%2C,risperidone)%20for%20extended%2Drelease%20injectable)

For instance, in September 2022, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. and H. Lundbeck announced that the U.S. FDA had approved their new drug application (NDA) for a 2-month medication for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder I in adults. It is called ‘aripiprazole’. Source:(https://www.otsuka-us.com/news/otsuka-and-lundbeck-announce-us-fda-acceptan...

PurposeMen in Botswana present with more advanced cancer than women, leading to poorer outcomes. We sought to explain sex-specific differences in time to and stage at treatment initiation.MethodsCancer patients who initiated oncology treatment between October 2010 and June 2017 were recruited at four oncology centers in Botswana. Primary outcomes were time from first visit with cancer symptom to treatment initiation, and advanced cancer (stage III/IV). Sociodemographic and clinical covariates were obtained retrospectively through interviews and medical record review. We used accelerated failure time and logistic models to estimate standardized sex differences in treatment initiation time and risk differences for presentation with advanced stage. Results were stratified by cancer type (breast, cervix, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, anogenital, head and neck, esophageal, other).Results1886 participants (70% female) were included. After covariate adjustment, men experienced longer excess time from first presentation to treatment initiation (8.4 months) than women (7.0 months) for all cancers combined (1.4 months, 95% CI: 0.30, 2.5). In analysis stratified by cancer type, we only found evidence of a sex disparity (Men: 8.2; Women: 6.8 months) among patients with other, non-common cancers (1.4 months, 95% CI: 0.01, 2.8). Men experienced an increased risk of advanced stage (Men: 67%; Women: 60%; aRD: 6.7%, 95% CI: -1.7%, 15.1%) for all cancers combined, but this disparity was only statistically significant among patients with anogenital cancers (Men: 72%; Women: 50%; aRD: 22.0%, 95% CI: 0.5%, 43.5%).ConclusionsAccounting for the types of cancers experienced by men and women strongly attenuated disparities in time to treatment initiation and stage. Higher incidence of rarer cancers among men could explain these disparities.

The dataset contains state-wise National Family Health Survey (NFHS) compiled data on various family planning, childbirth, population, medical, health and other parameters which provide statistical indicators data on family profile and health status in India. There are 100+ indicators covered in the survey which broadly fall in the following categories: Health and Wellness, Maternal and Child Health, Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Disease Screening and Prevention, Social and Economic Factors, General Healthcare and Treatment

The different types of health data contained in the dataset include Anaemia among women and children, blood sugar levels and hypertension among men and women, tobacco and alcohol consumption among adults, delivery care and child feeding practices of women, quality of family planning services, screening of cancer among women, marriage and family, maternity care, nutritional status of women, child vaccinations and vitamin A supplementation, treatment of childhood diseases, etc.

Within these categories of health data, the dataset contains indicators data such as births attended by skilled health care professionals and caesarean section, number of children with under and heavy weight, stunted growth, their different vaccations status, male and female sterilization, consumption of iron folic acid among mothers, mother who had antenatal, postnatal, neonatal services, women who are obese and at the risk of weight to hip ratio, educational status among women and children, sanitation, birth and sex ratio, etc.

All of the data is compiled from the NFHS 4th and 5th survey reports. The The NFHS is a collaborative project of the International Institute for Population Sciences(IIPS), aimed at providing health data to strengthen India's health policies and programmes.

There are 100+ indicators covered in the survey which broadly fall in the following categories: Health and Wellness, Maternal and Child Health, Family Planning and Reproductive Health, Disease Screening and Prevention, Social and Economic Factors, General Healthcare and Treatment

Abstract

The principal objective of the 2010 Tanzania DHS is to collect data on household characteristics, fertility levels and preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, childhood and adult mortality, maternal and child health, breastfeeding practices, antenatal care, childhood immunisation and diseases, nutritional status of young children and women, malaria prevention and treatment, women’s status, female circumcision, sexual activity, knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of domestic violence.

Geographic coverage

The 2010 TDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allowed the estimation of indicators for each of the then 26 regions.

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The 2010 TDHS sample was designed to provide estimates for the entire country, for urban and rural areas in the Mainland, and for Zanzibar. For specific indicators such as contraceptive use, the sample design allowed the estimation of indicators for each of the then 26 regions.

To estimate geographic differentials for certain demographic indicators, the regions of mainland Tanzania were collapsed into seven geographic zones. Although these are not official administrative zones, this classification is used by the Reproductive and Child Health Section of the MoHSW. Zones were used in each geographic area in order to have a relatively large number of cases and a reduced sampling error. It should be noted that the zones, which are defined below, differ slightly from the zones used in the 1991-92 and 1996 TDHS reports but are the same as those in the 2004-05 TDHS and the 2007-08 THMIS. - Western: Tabora, Shinyanga, Kigoma - Northern: Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Arusha, Manyara - Central: Dodoma, Singida - Southern Highlands: Mbeya, Iringa, Rukwa - Lake: Kagera, Mwanza, Mara - Eastern: Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro - Southern: Lindi, Mtwara, Ruvuma - Zanzibar: Unguja North, Unguja South, Town West, Pemba North, Pemba South

A representative probability sample of 10,300 households was selected for the 2010 TDHS. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 475 clusters were selected from a list of enumeration areas in the 2002 Population and Housing Census. Twenty-five sample points were selected in Dar es Salaam, and 18 were selected in each of the other twenty regions in mainland Tanzania. In Zanzibar, 18 clusters were selected in each region for a total of 90 sample points.

In the second stage, a complete household listing was carried out in all selected clusters between July and August 2009. Households were then systematically selected for participation in the survey. Twenty-two households were selected from each of the clusters in all regions, except for Dar es Salaam where 16 households were selected.

All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents in the households included in the 2010 TDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a subsample of one-third of all the households selected for the survey, all men age 15-49 were eligible to be interviewed if they were either permanent residents or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey.

Note: See detailed sample implementation in the APPENDIX A of the final 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010 TDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Women’s Questionnaire, and the Men’s Questionnaire. The content of these questionnaires was based on the model questionnaires developed by the MEASURE DHS programme. To reflect relevant issues in population and health in Tanzania, the questionnaires were adapted. Contributions were solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The final drafts of the questionnaires were discussed at a stakeholders’ meeting organised by the NBS. The adapted questionnaires were translated from Engli sh into Kiswahili and pretested from 23 July 2009 to 5 August 2009.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors in the selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The main purpose of the Household Questionnaire was to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. Another use of the Household Questionnaire was to identify the woman who was eligible to be interviewed with the domestic violence module.

The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements of women age 15-49 and children under age 5, household use of cooking salt fortified with iodine, response to requests for blood samples to measure vitamin A and iron in women and children, and whether salt and urine samples were provided.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (e.g., education, residential history, media exposure) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal care - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Infant feeding practices, including patterns of breastfeeding - Fertility preferences - Episodes of childhood illness and responses to illness, with a focus on treatment of fevers in the two weeks prior to the survey - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Husband’s background and women’s work status - Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Domestic violence - Female genital cutting - Adult mortality, including maternal mortality - Fistula of the reproductive and urinary tracts - Other health issues, including knowledge of tuberculosis and medical injections

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-49 living in every third household in the 2010 TDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Women’s Questionnaire, but it was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history, questions on maternal and child health or nutrition, questions about fistula, or questions about siblings for the calculation of maternal mortality.

Response rate

Response rates are important because a high rate of nonresponse may affect the results. A total of 10,300 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,741 were found to be occupied during data collection. The shortfall occurred mainly because structures were vacant or destroyed. Of the 9,741 existing households, 9,623 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 10,522 women were identified for individual interview; complete interviews were conducted with 10,139 women, yielding a response rate of 96 percent. Of the 2,770 eligible men identified in the subsample of households selected, 91 percent were successfully interviewed.

The principal reason for nonresponse among eligible women and men was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the household. The lower response rate for men reflects the more frequent and longer absences of men from households.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2010 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2010 TDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will

In the academic year of 2022, it is expected that 551,460 female and 331,530 male students will earn a Master’s degree in the United States. These figures are a significant increase from the academic year of 1950, when 16,980 female students and 41,220 male students earned a Master’s degree.

What is a Master’s degree?

A Master’s degree is an academic degree granted by universities after finishing a Bachelor’s degree. Master’s degrees focus in on a specific field and are more specialized than a Bachelor’s. A typical Master’s program is about two years long, with the final semester focusing on the thesis. Master’s degree programs are usually harder to get into than Bachelor’s degree programs, due to the rigor of the program. Because these programs are so competitive, those with a Master’s degree are typically paid more than those with a Bachelor’s degree.

Master’s degrees in the United States

The number of master’s degrees granted in the United States has steadily increased since the 1970s and is expected to continue to increase. In 2021, the Master’s degree program with the worst job prospects in the United States by mid-career median pay was counseling, while the program with the best job prospects was a physician's assistant.

Intimate partner femicide—the killing of women based on their gender by their former or current partners—is a global long-standing manifestation of violence against women. Despite the enactment of femicide-specific laws in Latin America, femicide rates have remained relatively constant throughout the last decade. Often perpetrators are pathologized as suffering from mental illness, yet the data on their mental health status is still relatively unknown. Thus, more research is needed to understand the extent of poor mental health among these individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare levels of psychopathy, psychological distress, and treatment history among an all-male sample of intimate partner femicide perpetrators, male-male homicide perpetrators, and offenders convicted of other violent crimes in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This study utilized a cross-sectional survey based on data derived from a two-stage sampling strategy. The questionnaire included two standardized instruments for the measurement of psychopathy (revised Psychopathy checklist and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale) and one for general distress (Spanish version of 12-item General Health Questionnaire). The final sample included 205 prisoners including 68 intimate partner femicide perpetrators, 73 homicide perpetrators, and 64 individuals convicted of other violent crimes. There were no significant differences across these groups based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Participants did not differ in terms of their psychopathology; however, femicide perpetrators were statistically more likely to experience psychological distress. In addition, femicide perpetrators self-reported more prior episodes of mental and substance use treatments. The findings of increased psychological distress and prior mental health and substance use treatment among femicide perpetrators suggest that there may be missed opportunities for femicide prevention within the public health subspecialties of mental health and substance use disorders. This study suggests that femicide perpetrators likely require distinctive interventions, including self-assessments and harm mitigation tactics, to prevent their potential for femicide perpetration.