In 2022, Portugal overturned the sinking mortgage interest rate it had gone through during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The country did not escape from the overall trend of falling mortgage interest rates observed in Europe during the COVID-19 crisis, which positioned national mortgage interest rates at 1.54 percent in the fourth quarter of 2021.

Interest rates as a weapon against inflation

Even though interest rates are affected by economic growth, monetary policies, the bond market, the stability of lenders, and the overall conditions of the housing market, inflation currently leads the European Central Bank (ECB)’s decisions regarding them. As inflation has been low in Europe since the 2008 financial crisis, the ECB lowered interest rates in an attempt to promote economic growth. However, the economic difficulties brought up by the coronavirus pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war have fueled inflation. To counteract this rise, the ECB increased interest rates. Portugal’s abrupt rise in interest rates on new residential loans from 0.83 percent in 2021 to 3.24 percent in 2022 demonstrates the balanced and calculated act between the two financial indices.

High interest rates and low mortgage lending

Compared to other European nations, Portugal has a low gross residential mortgage lending. In the third and fourth quarters of 2022, mortgage lending decreased in the country due to rising interest rates and worsening economic conditions. Despite being in a rising trajectory in terms of outstanding residential mortgage lending since the second quarter of 2021, 2023 registered decreasing figures caused by the same economic contingencies.

As of January 2025, the Bank of Israel's declared interest rate was 4.5 percent. This was following the Bank's decision to reduce its declared rate by one quarter of a point in January 2024. Between April 2022 and December 2023, the country went through a period of rate hikes in an effort to curb inflation. During the observed period, interest rates in Israel peaked at 17 percent in December 1994 and July 1996. Following the global financial crisis between 2008 and 2011, rates were reduced to near-zero levels until March 2022.

The development of credit banks in Germany over the last five years has been strongly influenced by several factors, including the transition from a prolonged period of low interest rates to significantly higher interest rates, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and the recession of recent years. Industry turnover, which is made up of the interest and commission income of credit banks, has risen by an average of 17.1% per year since 2020. The strong increase in the last five years can be attributed to the following reason: For a long time, banks did not generate significantly higher income as the European Central Bank's (ECB) key interest rate remained at 0% for a long period of time. Only the significant increase in the key interest rate to combat inflation revitalised the traditional interest margin business. This then led to significantly rising growth rates in earnings. However, IBISWorld expects the positive sales trend to weaken in 2025, even if the higher base rate level, which improves interest income, is still clearly noticeable. Industry turnover is expected to increase by 3.6% year-on-year to 182.4 billion euros.Banks offered loans on favourable terms due to the low interest rates that prevailed for a long time. This increased the demand for loans and the lending volume in the sector rose. In addition, digitalisation has prompted banks to rethink their business concepts, which has led to numerous branch closures over the last five years. This has led to job cuts and savings. IBISWorld expects this trend to continue in the coming years and more banks to rely on the use of modern technologies for business processing.For the period from 2025 to 2030, IBISWorld forecasts average annual sales growth of 2% to 201.3 billion euros. The high level of key interest rates is expected to be mitigated by slight interest rate cuts to stimulate the economy, which will have a positive impact on the earnings situation of credit banks. The hoped-for economic recovery is not yet in sight. The International Monetary Fund anticipates further weak growth in the global economy this year, which is likely to hit Germany hard in a global comparison. As a result, there is also a risk that corporate customers, who are important for the sector, will demand fewer loans.

Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 1 Day data was reported at 9.020 % pa in Jan 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 9.140 % pa for Dec 2024. Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 1 Day data is updated monthly, averaging 7.140 % pa from Jul 1990 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 415 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81.940 % pa in Apr 1995 and a record low of 2.720 % pa in Jan 2015. Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 1 Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Bank Instruments Interest Rates.

Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 28 Days data was reported at 8.570 % pa in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 8.550 % pa for Dec 2024. Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 28 Days data is updated monthly, averaging 6.090 % pa from Jul 1990 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 415 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 68.110 % pa in Apr 1995 and a record low of 2.600 % pa in Jan 2015. Mexico Promissory Notes: Yield to Maturity: WAR Before Tax: 28 Days data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bank of Mexico. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.M005: Bank Instruments Interest Rates.

This study of the investigator Friedrich Hesse was carried out in the framework of various research activities about economic cycles of the research institute in Bonn. One of the Institute’s tasks was to continue the history on economic cycles from Arthur Spiethoff until the year 1923. Important for a science of economic cycles are the answers to the following questions: 1) Are there processes of economic cycles, and if there are, which are the steps of the processes? 2) Does the war results in an upswing? 3) How does the excessive supply of money influence the economy and in which extent depends the influence of the supply of money from economic cycle? If the supply of money causes an increase of production, the science of money supply would have to be modified in terms of movement pattern and additional a proportional rise of prices caused by money multiplication would be not possible. „Als eine für die Wechsellagenlehre wichtig sind drei Fragen herausgekommen: (1) Besteht der Wechsellagenablauf in dieser Zeit, und in welchen Stufen bewegt er sich? Wie wird er von den Sondererscheinungen beeinflusst? (2) Führt der Krieg zu einem Hochschwung, wie manche Lehrmeinungen behaupten? (3) Wie beeinflusst die Geldblähe die Wirtschaft und wie wirkt sie wechsellagenmäßig? Führt sie durch Wesen zu einer Erzeugungssteigerung, so heißt das, dass die Geldmengenlehre als Bewegungsbild umgebaut werden muß, eine proportionale Preissteigerung aus dem Wesen der Geldvermehrung heraus unmöglich ist“ (Hesse, F., 1938, a. a. O., Vorwort).

Datatables in the search- and downloadsystem HISTAT: Annotation: HISTAT is offered in German.

I. Reichshaushaltsstatistik

(Official Statistics of the German Empire) I.a.1 Reichshaushaltsrechnungen, in Millionen Mark (1913-1923) (The Empire’s budget account, in Million Mark) I.a.2 Reichshaushaltsrechnung, in Millionen Goldmark (1913-1923) (The Empire’s budget account, in Million Gold Mark) I.b Reichsfinanzen, monatlich, in Millionen Mark (1920-1923) (The Empire’s public finance, monthly, in Million Mark)

II. Währungsstatistik (currency statistics)

II.a Menge der vorhandenen Geldzeichen, in Millionen Mark (1913-1923) II.b Ergänzung zur Geldmengenstatistik I: Summen (1913-1923) II.c Ergänzung zur Geldmengenstatistik II: Gold über Großhandelindex (1913-1923) II.d Umlaufgeschwindigkeit (1913-1922) II.e Kurse und Messziffern des Dollars in Berlin (1914-1923) II.f Großhandelsindexziffern, 1913 = 1 (1914-1924) II.g Kleinhandelspreise (1914-1923) II.h.1 Preisindex der Fertigwaren, in Papiermark (1914-1923) II.h.2 Preisindex der Fertigwaren, in Goldmark (1914-1923)

III. Geld- und Kapitalmarktstatistik (Statistics on money and capital markets)

III.a Zinssätze auf dem Geldmarkt (1913-1923) (interest rates of the money market) III.b.1 Geschäfte des Geldmarktes I, jährlich, in Millionen Mark (1913-1923) (transactions of the money market) III.b.2 Geschäfte des Geldmarktes I, jährlich, Messziffern 1913 = 1 (1913-1923) (transactions of the money market) III.b.3 Geschäfte des Geldmarktes I, jährlich, Goldmark über Großhandelsindex (1913-1923) (transactions of the money market) III.c Geschäfte des Geldmarktes II, monatlich in Milliarden Mark (1913-1923) (transaktions of the money market) III.d Aktienindex (1913-1924) III.f Kapitalmarktbeanspruchung (Emissionsstatistik) (1914-1923) (capital market borrowing – emmission statistics) III.g Hypothekenbankstatistik, in Millionen Mark (1913-1923) (mortgage bank statistics) III.h Sparkassenstatistik (1913-1920) (savings banks statistics)

IV. Außenhandelsstatistik (foreign trade statistics)

IV.a.1 Einfuhr, Mengen in 1000 dz (1913-1923) (import, quantity)) IV.a.2 Ausfuhr, Mengen in 1000 dz (1913-1923 (export, quantity) IV.b.1 Einfuhr, Werte in Millionen Papiermark (1913-1922) (import, value) IV.b.2 Ausfuhr, Werte in Millionen Papiermark (1913-1922) (export, value) IV.c.1 Einfuhr, Werte in Goldmark über Großhandelsindex (1913-1922) (import, value in gold mark, wholesale index) IV.c.2 Ausfuhr, Werte in Goldmark über Großhandelindex (1913-1922) (export, value in gold mark, wholesale index) IV.d Gesamthandelszahlen über Dollarkurs: Zahlungsbilanz (1913-1923) (total trade figures: balance of payment IV.e Weltmarkt – Inlandspreis, Index 1913=1 (1913—1923) (world market – domestic prices)

V. Arbeitsstatistik (labour statistics)

V.a Arbeitsmarktstatistik: Gesamtziffern (1914-1923) (labor market statistics, total figures) V.b Lohnstatistik, Wochenlöhne (1913-1923) (wage statistics, weekly earnings) V.c Beamten- und Angestelltengehälter, Monatsgehalt (1913-1923) (civil servants‘ and white collor workers‘ earnings, monthly earnings)

VI. Erzeugungsstatistik (production statistics)

VI.a Erzeugungsstatistik, in 1000 t (1914-1923) VII Verbrauchsstatistik (consumption statistics) VII.a Erzeugungsgüter: Gewinnung, Ein- und Ausfuhr, Verbrauch (1913-1923) (production goods: production, import and export, consumption)

Agricultural wages the U.S. in 1948 were almost 10 times higher than those in 1818. Wages fluctuated throughout the 19th century, with a notable dip in the 1870s - factors such as technological improvements, high interest rates, and international competition saw productivity increase, but this led to the crop price per unit falling, driving wages down as smaller farms struggled to compete with larger landowners. Wages then rose during the 1910s, as the agricultural sector boomed due to the demands of the First World War. The post-war recession then created a farming crisis in the early 1920s, but there was some recovery by the end of the decade. Agriculture was then the hardest hit sector of the economy during the Great Depression in the 1930s, before New Deal reforms and the onset of the Second World War helped re-stabilize the industry from the mid-1930s onward, and wages rose rapidly thereafter.

This Gallup poll seeks the opinions of Canadians, on political and social issues. Opinions on topics such as the direction Canada is going in, rising interest rates, and voting behaviour were discussed. The respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographical and social variables. Topics of interest include: biggest threat to Canada; business conditions; Canadian defense; direction the country is going in; disarmamanet; government wage and price control; interest rates; NATO; nuclear War risk; sympathy for Arabs and Israelis; US investment in Canada; voting behaviour. Basic demographic variables are also included.

Core questions include: Use of private car; age completed full-time education; frequency of television viewing; daily and Sunday newspaper readership; weekend colour supplement; weekly and monthly magazine readership; telephone in home; radio listening in the last week; satisfaction with the way the government is running the country; assessment of job performance of party leaders; vote if general election were held to-morrow; political support; problems facing Britain; general economic condition of the country in the next 12 months. In addition to the core questions, the folowing were asked: ITV area normally watched; reception and frequency of viewing Channel 4; Mrs. Thatcher's, Mr. Foot's, Mr. Steel's and Mr. Jenkin's job performances; supporter of the Liberal Party or the SDP; forecast for increase/decrease/stability of number of unemployed, inflation, the value of the pound vs the dollar, mortgage interest rates, personal standard of living, number of strikes and level of income tax; likelihood of British involvement in war, Michael Foot being replaced, a general election and/or a miner's strike in 1983; most likely result of the next general election. Quota sample Face-to-face interview

Main Topics:

Core questions include:
Use of private car; age completed full-time education; frequency of television viewing; daily and Sunday newspaper readership; weekend colour supplement; weekly and monthly magazine readership; telephone in home; radio listening in the last week; satisfaction with the way the government is running the country; assessment of job performance of party leaders; vote if general election were held to-morrow; political support; problems facing Britain; general economic condition of the country in the next 12 months.
In addition to the core questions, the folowing were asked: ITV area normally watched; reception and frequency of viewing Channel 4; Mrs. Thatcher's, Mr. Foot's, Mr. Steel's and Mr. Jenkin's job performances; supporter of the Liberal Party or the SDP; forecast for increase/decrease/stability of number of unemployed, inflation, the value of the pound vs the dollar, mortgage interest rates, personal standard of living, number of strikes and level of income tax; likelihood of British involvement in war, Michael Foot being replaced, a general election and/or a miner's strike in 1983; most likely result of the next general election.