In the 1st quarter of 2025, personal savings amounted to 3.97 percent of the disposable income in the United States. The personal savings rate peaked in 2020, when U.S. households saved on average over 15 percent of their income. After that, it has remained between three and five percent. Savings during recessions During recessions, households often tend to increase their savings due to economic uncertainty and to compensate for any possible loss of income, which could occur, for example, in the case of falling into unemployment. For example, as seen in this statistic, the savings rate increased noticeably between 2007 and 2012, coinciding with a period of crisis. However, there are also factors that affect the amount of money that households can manage to set aside, such as inflation. Saving can be particularly difficult during periods when the inflation rate has been higher than the growth rates of wages. Savings accounts The value of savings deposits and other checkable deposits in the U.S. amounted to roughly 11 trillion U.S. dollars in early 2025, even after a significant fall in the amount of money placed in those types of instruments. In other words, savings accounts are a type of financial asset that is very widely used among households to save money. Nevertheless, interest rates of savings’ accounts differ a lot from one financial institution to another. Some of the lesser-known online banks had the highest interest rates, while the major banks often offered lower interest rates.

Graph and download economic data for Personal Saving Rate (PSAVERT) from Jan 1959 to Aug 2025 about savings, personal, rate, and USA.

Personal savings in the United States reached a value of 975 billion U.S. dollars in 2024, marking a slight increase compared to 2023. Personal savings peaked in 2020 at nearly 2.7 trillion U.S. dollars. Those figures remained very high until 2021. The excess savings during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. and other countries were the main reason for that increase, as the measures implemented to contain the spread of the virus had an impact on consumer spending. Saving before and after the 2008 financial crisis During the periods of growth and certain economic stability in the pre-2008 crisis period, there were falling savings rates. People were confident the good times would stay and felt comfortable borrowing money. Credit was easily accessible and widely available, which encouraged people to spend money. However, in times of austerity, people generally tend to their private savings due to a higher economic uncertainty. That was also the case in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. Savings and inflation The economic climate of high inflation and rising Federal Reserve interest rates in the U.S. made it increasingly difficult to save money in 2022. Not only does inflation affect the ability of people to save, but reversely, consumer behavior also affects inflation. On the one hand, prices can increase when the production costs are higher. That can be the case, for example, when the price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil or other raw materials increases. On the other hand, when people have a lot of savings and the economy is strong, high levels of consumer demand can also increase the final price of products.

The savings banks sector has seen mixed development over the past five years. Since 2020, turnover, consisting of interest and commission income, has only increased by an average of 1.3% per year. This was due to the long period of low interest rates, which made it difficult for institutions to generate profitable income from traditional business. A significant upturn followed when the European Central Bank raised the key interest rate to curb high inflation in Europe, resulting in a noticeable increase in interest income. At the same time, however, external factors such as the tense global economic situation, demographic change and persistently high inflation are weighing on business. In particular, the declining number of young borrowers and the growing age of existing customers in rural regions are having a lasting impact on customer demographics. Turnover of 44.8 billion euros is forecast for 2025, which corresponds to a moderate increase of 0.4% compared to the previous year. Despite higher interest rates, the economy is noticeably weakening the lending and investment business. Savings banks must therefore both react to volatile interest income and flexibly adapt their business models, for example through digital offerings, hybrid advisory models and targeted product innovations, in order to secure turnover and profitability in the long term.The digitalisation of society is also fundamentally changing the sector. Branches are being closed and staff cut. Companies are increasingly conducting their business online and utilising modern technologies. However, the investments associated with the integration of apps and online banking into business processes, as well as the high personnel costs in relation to turnover, have led to a reduction in profit margins during the low-interest phase. The pandemic-related increase in write-downs on non-performing loans and intensified price competition are also likely to have contributed to this. The sector is characterised above all by its strong focus on small and medium-sized enterprises. Savings banks account for a high percentage of loan financing for these companies, but banks from outside the sector, fintechs and other competitors are also pushing into this market. For the next five years, IBISWorld expects sales to increase slightly. The industry's turnover is expected to grow by an average of 0.5% per year during this period, meaning that it is likely to reach 45.9 billion euros in 2030. How the industry reacts to change will be shown by how the savings banks and Landesbanken deal with new technologies and their use. At the same time, it can be assumed that increasing regulation and the tightening of rules will weaken the positive effects of the key interest rate hike. The number of institutions and branches as well as the number of employees will continue to decline. However, this should have a positive impact on the profitability of the sector.

The benchmark interest rate in the United Kingdom was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The industry has grown slightly over the past five years, however, the industry continues to encounter significant competition from more dynamic commercial banks as well as financial technology companies. The industry received tailwinds from regulations and the real estate market as a result of the growing economy following economic volatility at the onset of the period and low interest rates at the onset of the period. However, interest rates were raised significantly by the Federal Reserve following to tackle rampant inflation, which attracted customers to low-risk and high-yield savings accounts. However, in the latter part of the period, the Fed cut interest rates and is anticipated to cut rates in the current year, which will limit demand for industry services. Although the elevated interest rates throughout most of the period has bolstered industry revenue and profit. Overall, industry revenue has grown at a CAGR of 0.9% to $79.7 billion over the past five years, including an expected increase of 0.5% in 2025 alone. Also, industry profit has grown during the same period and comprises 40.9% of revenue in the current year. The main story of this industry over the last five years has been interest rate fluctuations. The Federal Reserve lowered rates to near-zero to save the economy from the global shutdowns and general fear. Lowered rates reduced interest income from deposits, but increased revenue related to the fervorous real estate market. In 2022, the Federal Reserve reversed course and began hiking rates to control inflation. This had the inverse effects of low rates. The Federal Reserve cut interest rates in the latter part of the period and is anticipated to cut rates again in the current year although interest rates will still remain at elevated levels, which has contributed to the industry's growth. A broad-based economic recovery is expected to drive some industry growth in the next five years despite the growing regulatory environment. Savings institutions' revenue is expected to grow at a CAGR of 0.9% to $83.3 billion over the five years to 2030.

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors.

Revenue growth for the Finance and Insurance sector has varied in recent years, as a result of differing economic trends. The sector plays a vital role in facilitating necessary financial transactions between consumers, businesses and government agencies. The core services provided by operators in this sector include providing insurance products needed by businesses and consumers to legally operate corporations and assets; offering, borrowing and depository services needed to finance new projects and safely save money; and investing to create and preserve investors' assets. A wide range of operators in the sector benefited from improving macroeconomic conditions over the past five years. For example, In 2022, the Fed increased interest rates in an effort to curb historically high inflation. Although higher interest rates increased investment income from fixed-income securities for the finance and insurance sector. Recently in 2024, the Fed cut interest rates as inflationary pressured have eased. Reduced interest rates will enable consumers to borrow money at lower interest rates which will increase loan demand although reduced rates will hinder investment income from fixed-income securities for the sector. The Fed is anticipated to cut rates further in 2025, boosting loan demand but hindering interest income from each loan. In addition, the growing prevalence of emerging technologies such as AI and data analytic tools has streamlined operations and helped reduce operational costs. These tools help industry companies identify trends and potential risks more efficiently. Also the growth of mobile and digital platforms has increased customer satisfaction and accessibility, boosting demand for finance and insurance products and services. Over the past five years, industry revenue grew at a CAGR of 3.8% to $7.4 trillion, including a 2.9% jump in 2025 alone, with profit climbing to 23.6% in the same year. Sector revenue will increase at a CAGR of 2.5% to $8.4 trillion over the five years to 2030. As the economy continues to improve, per capita disposable income is expected to increase. This will likely lead to increased financial activity by consumers, which will likely be processed and facilitated by operators in the sector. The Federal Reserve is also anticipated to cut interest rates further. Reduced interest rates will reduce interest income for operators but will increase the volume of loans. In addition, the acquisition of financial technology start-ups to compete in a changing technological and financial environment will increase.

The statistic shows the inflation rate in India from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a defined product basket. This product basket contains products and services, on which the average consumer spends money throughout the year. They include expenses for groceries, clothes, rent, power, telecommunications, recreational activities and raw materials (e.g. gas, oil), as well as federal fees and taxes. In 2024, the inflation rate in India was around 4.67 percent compared to the previous year. See figures on India's economic growth for additional information. India's inflation rate and economy Inflation is generally defined as the increase of prices of goods and services over a certain period of time, as opposed to deflation, which describes a decrease of these prices. Inflation is a significant economic indicator for a country. The inflation rate is the rate at which the general rise in the level of prices, goods and services in an economy occurs and how it affects the cost of living of those living in a particular country. It influences the interest rates paid on savings and mortgage rates but also has a bearing on levels of state pensions and benefits received. A 4 percent increase in the rate of inflation in 2011 for example would mean an individual would need to spend 4 percent more on the goods he was purchasing than he would have done in 2010. India’s inflation rate has been on the rise over the last decade. However, it has been decreasing slightly since 2010. India’s economy, however, has been doing quite well, with its GDP increasing steadily for years, and its national debt decreasing. The budget balance in relation to GDP is not looking too good, with the state deficit amounting to more than 9 percent of GDP.

The cooperative banks have been facing increasing challenges for the past five years. Although the sector's turnover, which is made up of interest and commission income, has recorded average growth of 4.1% per year since 2020, this growth is highly sensitive to the economy and interest rates. In 2022, the sector benefited in particular from the renewed rise in interest rates, which were raised by the ECB to combat inflation after years of zero or low interest rates. The earnings situation improved significantly as banks were able to push through higher lending rates due to the increase in the base rate. The long phase of extremely low interest rates since 2016 had put banks' margins under severe pressure and made smaller institutions particularly vulnerable, as refinancing costs and credit risks were difficult to control. Although the rise in interest rates led to higher interest income in the short term, it also created new challenges. The volatility of lending rates increased the risk of non-performing loans and made the adjustment of pricing and product strategies a key task for smaller institutions.In the current year, the sector is not expected to succeed in further increasing commission income from the home loan and savings business or interest income from overdraft facilities and variable-rate loans. The weak economic situation is dampening demand for home loans, while the rising cost of living is leading to increased utilisation of overdraft facilities. However, their interest income cannot compensate for the deficit. Overall, sector turnover is expected to fall by 0.6% to 37.3 billion euros compared to the previous year. The persistently weak business and consumer climate is an additional burden on banks. At the same time, the over-indebtedness ratio is likely to stagnate or rise slightly, increasing the risk of non-performing loans. For cooperative banks, this means that they will have to manage their risk positions and loan portfolios particularly carefully in order to safeguard their liquidity and profitability. Strategies that focus on targeted credit checks, adjustments to the loan portfolio and increased digital advisory services will be crucial. This is the only way to maintain competitiveness and ensure the long-term stability of institutions.IBISWorld expects the cooperative banks' interest and commission income to fall by an average of 0.6% per year over the next five years and thus amount to 36.2 billion euros in 2030. As the banking market in Germany, which is highly fragmented by international standards, is saturated, significant changes are to be expected in the coming years. It can be assumed that banks will increasingly merge in order to increase their competitiveness, meaning that the previous consolidation of the sector is likely to accelerate. In addition, digitalisation will continue to gain in importance and the successful introduction of innovative and modern products as well as the expansion of sales channels will be decisive for a company's success.

Economic welfare is essential in the modern economy since it directly reflects the standard of living, distribution of resources, and general social satisfaction, which influences individual and social well-being. This study aims to explore the relationship between national income accounting different attributes and the economic welfare in Pakistan. However, this study used data from 1950 to 2022, and data was downloaded from the World Bank data portal. Regression analysis is used to investigate the relationship between them and is very effective in measuring the relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables. Moreover, generalized methods of movement (GMM) are used as the robustness of the regression. Our results show that foreign direct investment outflow, Gross domestic product growth rate, GDP per capita, higher Interest, market capitalization, and population growth have a significant negative on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to a decrease in the employment rate in Pakistan. Trade and savings have a significant positive impact on the unemployment rate, indicating the rise in these factors leads to an increase in the unemployment rate for various reasons. Moreover, all the factors of national income accounting have a significant positive relationship with life expectancy, indicating that an increase in these factors leads to an increase in economic welfare and life expectancy due to better health facilities, many resources, and correct economic policies. However, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, lending interest rate, and population growth have significant positive effects on age dependency, indicating these factors increase the age dependency. Moreover, GDP growth and GDP per capita negatively impact age dependency. Similarly, all the national income accounting factors have a significant negative relationship with legal rights that leads to decreased legal rights. Moreover, due to better health facilities and health planning, there is a negative significant relationship between national income accounting attributes and motility rate among children. Our study advocated the implications for the policymakers and the government to make policies for the welfare and increase the social factors.

Cryptocurrency Health Savings Accounts Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Cryptocurrency Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) market size reached USD 1.43 billion in 2024, reflecting a robust surge in adoption and innovation within the digital health finance sector. The market is experiencing a strong annual growth trajectory, with a CAGR of 32.6% projected from 2025 to 2033. By 2033, the Cryptocurrency HSAs market size is expected to reach USD 17.91 billion, driven by increasing consumer demand for decentralized financial solutions and greater integration of blockchain technology in healthcare savings. This rapid expansion is underpinned by growing awareness of cryptocurrency as a viable asset class for health-related savings, along with a global shift toward digitalization in both healthcare and financial services.

One of the principal growth factors for the Cryptocurrency Health Savings Accounts market is the rising consumer preference for flexible, high-yield savings mechanisms that transcend traditional banking limitations. As healthcare costs continue to rise globally, individuals and families are seeking innovative ways to maximize the value of their health savings. Cryptocurrency HSAs offer unique advantages such as potential appreciation of assets, reduced transaction fees, and cross-border accessibility. These accounts empower users to diversify their savings portfolios, hedge against inflation, and potentially benefit from the long-term growth of digital assets. The integration of blockchain technology also enhances transparency and security, reducing the risk of fraud and administrative overhead associated with conventional health savings accounts.

Another significant driver propelling the growth of the Cryptocurrency HSAs market is the expanding ecosystem of digital asset management platforms and regulatory developments supporting crypto adoption in healthcare finance. Financial institutions and fintech startups are increasingly collaborating to offer compliant, user-friendly cryptocurrency HSA products tailored to diverse consumer needs. The evolution of stablecoins and the emergence of crypto-backed debit cards have further streamlined the process of using digital assets for medical expenses. Additionally, employers are recognizing the value of offering cryptocurrency HSAs as part of their benefits packages, enhancing employee retention and satisfaction. These trends are fostering a competitive landscape that encourages product innovation, improved user experience, and broader market penetration.

The market is also benefiting from the increasing digital literacy and comfort with decentralized finance (DeFi) among younger demographics, particularly millennials and Generation Z. As these cohorts become a larger proportion of the workforce and primary healthcare spenders, their openness to alternative financial products is driving demand for cryptocurrency HSAs. The proliferation of educational resources, online communities, and advisory services focused on crypto health savings is reducing barriers to entry and demystifying the process for new users. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital health and financial solutions, highlighting the need for more resilient, accessible, and borderless savings instruments.

Regionally, North America leads the market, accounting for the largest share due to its advanced fintech infrastructure, favorable regulatory environment, and high rates of cryptocurrency adoption. The United States, in particular, is at the forefront, with several pioneering platforms offering integrated crypto HSA solutions. Europe is following closely, driven by progressive regulatory frameworks and increasing acceptance of digital assets in mainstream finance. Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, fueled by rapid digitalization, expanding middle-class populations, and government initiatives promoting blockchain technology. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing gradual uptake, supported by efforts to improve financial inclusion and healthcare access through innovative digital solutions.

In the evolving landscape of digital health finance, the introduction of a Tokenized Health-Research Crowdfunding Platform represents a significant advancement. This innovative approach allows for the democrat

The benchmark interest rate in India was last recorded at 5.50 percent. This dataset provides - India Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The global precious metal accounts market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing investor interest in alternative assets and a desire for wealth preservation amid economic uncertainty. The market, estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to achieve a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $28 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the ongoing inflation in many global economies is driving investors towards precious metals like gold and silver as hedges against inflation and currency devaluation. Secondly, increasing geopolitical instability and economic uncertainty are further boosting demand for safe-haven assets, making precious metal accounts increasingly attractive. The rise of digital platforms offering accessible investment options is also contributing to market expansion. Significant growth is anticipated in regions like North America and Asia-Pacific, reflecting strong economic activity and growing awareness of precious metals' investment potential. However, regulatory changes and fluctuations in precious metal prices pose potential challenges. The market is segmented by application (wealth preservation, tax planning, retirement planning, others) and type (investment accounts, savings accounts, others), offering diverse investment strategies catering to individual investor needs. Key players like IFB Bank, HSBC, and others are shaping the market through product innovation and strategic partnerships. The market segmentation highlights various investment strategies. Wealth preservation accounts dominate the application segment due to the inherent value stability of precious metals. Tax planning accounts are gaining traction as investors seek to optimize their portfolios, while retirement planning accounts offer long-term growth potential. The investment account type is most prevalent, offering flexibility in buying and selling precious metals. The geographical distribution shows strong growth prospects in North America and Asia-Pacific due to robust economies and growing investor sophistication. Europe also remains a substantial market, while the Middle East and Africa present emerging opportunities. Competition is intense among banks and specialized financial institutions, requiring continuous innovation and strategic partnerships to maintain a strong market position. The forecast period anticipates consistent growth, although fluctuating precious metal prices and macroeconomic conditions will inevitably influence market performance.

This statistic shows the interest rates on household deposits redeemable at notice of up to three months in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands from August 2018 to August 2019 (per annum). The interest rate in Belgium was *** percent in August 201. The monetary policy of the European Central Bank (ECB) maintains artificially low interest rates in an effort to increase inflation on the European continent. As a consequence, locking money away in a savings account becomes less lucrative. Despite that, the saving rate of households in the Netherlands is forecasted to increase by approximately **** percent in 2019.

Credit repair service providers identify errors in credit reporting and dispute inaccurate information with the appropriate organizations to improve credit ratings. The industry's performance often behaves countercyclically to the overall economy. Despite this, revenue fell during COVID-19 as massive government aid pushed up savings. These savings kept consumers financially stable, so demand credit repair services declined in 2020. As economic restrictions were lifted, many households went on a spending spree and ruined their credit, so revenue for the industry rose in 2021. While interest rates have been volatile, they've risen over time as the Federal Reserve has increased borrowing costs to cool the economy. Higher interest rates make it harder for consumers to pay off debt, ruining their credit. This raises demand for the industry's services. Overall, revenue for credit repair service providers is expected to increase at a CAGR of 2.8% during the current period, reaching $6.6 billion in 2023. Revenue is anticipated to rise 2.5% in that year.The industry will grow modestly in the near future, but it will face some challenges. The outlook period will be marked by significant volatility, as determinants of revenue (e.g., consumer spending, interest rates, corporate profit) will shift significantly over this time frame. The Federal Reserve will continue to raise interest rates to bring the inflation rate down to 2.0%. Since the cost of borrowing will continue to increase, the industry will benefit. Economic growth will be strong, making individuals more credit-worthy and reducing demand for credit repair services. Individuals will be more able to repair their credit on their own as online resources get more comprehensive. Overall, revenue for credit repair service providers is forecast to cincrease at a CAGR of 1.0% during the outlook period, reaching $7.0 billion in 2028. Profit is expected to comprise 10.1% of revenue in that year.

The study’s subject

The author’s aim is to describe the functional changes of German capital markets and stock exchanges. First he describes characteristics of German capital markets as a place of balancing supply and demand. Then, further submarkets are analyzed in their function (for example the meaning of credit transactions and interest rates for investment activities of the economy, or by means of fixed interest securities and equity securities documented capital procurement).

Starting point of the investigation is the period until 1924, a period without regulation activities of the state on the capital trade. This period was followed by increased requirements on capital due to the first World War and the inflation. The description closed with the consequences of political influence on processes of capital markets. The author tries to show the rise of the German capital market, it’s functionality and the restriction as an effect of the first World War (the state’s extremely high need for money), and the following hyperinflation using long time series data.

The data deals with following subjects:

Datatables in HISTAT (Topic: Money and Currency = Geld):

A.01 Average Price Level of Fixed Rated Bond Issues (Durchschnittlicher Kursstand festverzinslicher Anleihen)

A.02 German Financial Assets from 1893 to 1913 (Das deutsche Geldvermögen zwischen 1893 und 1913)

A.03 Foundation of Stock Corporations between 1870 and 1928 (Gründung von Aktiengesellschaften zwischen 1870 und 1928)

A.04 Branches of German Major Banks between 1900 and 1918 (Niederlassungen der deutschen Großbanken in Deutschland zwischen 1900 und 1918)

A.05 Deposits stock of German Banks in Mill. Mark between 1872 and 1910 (Depositenbestand der D-Banken in Mill. Mark zwischen 1872 und 1910)

A.06 Importance of the Banks for financing investments: by capital issue raised capital sum between 1889 and 1904 (Bedeutung der Banken für die Investitionsfinanzierung: durch Emissionen aufgebrachte Kapitalsummen von 1889 bis 1904)

A.07 Bank rate of the German Reichsbank between 1924 and 1930 (Der Diskontsatz der Deutschen Reichsbank (Jahresdurchschnitt) zwischen 1924 und 1930)

A.08 Capital Market Interest for Fixed Rate Issues in Germany, United States, Switzerland and The Netherlands in 1925 and between 1928 and 1930 (Der Kapitalmarktzins für festverzinsliche Wertpapiere in Deutschland, USA, Schweiz und Holland für 1925, 1928 und 1930)

A.09 Development of Savings and Deposits of German Savings Banks in Mill. Mark between 1924 and 1933 (Entwicklung der Spar- und Geldeinlagen der deutschen Sparkassen in Mill. Mark zwischen 1924 und 1933)

A.10 Development of Savings and Deposits in German Savings Banks between 1933 and 1937 (Entwicklung der Spareinlagen bei den deutschen Sparkassen zwischen 1933 bis 1937)

A.11 Depts of Communities and associations of local authorities, 1928 – 1930 (Die Schulden der Gemeinden und der Gemeinde-Verbände, 1928-1930)

A.12 Capital Assets of Insurances in Mill. Reichsmark between 1932 and 1936 (Die Kapitalanlage der Versicherungen in Mill. Reichsmark zwischen 1932 und 1936)

A.13 Number of dealt Papers on the Berlin Stock Market and the Papers‘ Prices between 1931 and 1935 (Zahl der an der Berliner Börse gehandelten Papiere, Kurse und Dividenden der gehandelten Papiere zwischen 1931 und 1935)

The benchmark interest rate in Germany was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides - Germany Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

ABSTRACT While in the social and ethical realms the Cardoso administration (1995-2002) was successful, its economic outcomes were frustrating. In these eight years the in- vestment rate did not increase and income per capita growth lagged, while public and foreign debts increased substantially. This poor economic performance may be explained by three chained causes: a mistake in agenda setting, the adoption of the Second Washington Consensus, and the alienation of elites. The decision of setting high inflation as the major problem to be tackled instead of achieving equilibrium in foreign accounts represented a major macroeconomic mistake, which can be explained by the Second Washington Consensus. This consensus proposed in the 1990s that highly indebted countries should grow counting on foreign savings, although this is not the experience among OECD countries. The outcome was to evaluate the real, to increase artificially wages and consumption, so that instead of growth we have been increasing indebtedness. Why this flopped strategy was adopted? Rich countries’ interests are not difficult to guess. On the part of Brazil, the only explanation is Brazilian elites’ alienation in relation to the country’s national interest. As a final outcome, the Cardoso administration ends with another balance of payments crisis.

The Irish government holds hefty stakes in some of Ireland's largest lenders. However, the Department of Finance has been divesting some of its stakes in the sector recently – the Bank of Ireland became fully privatised in 2022. Allied Irish Banks also saw a big slump in its state-owned assets, from 71% at the start of 2022 to 3.3% in May 2025. Industry revenue is projected to climb at a compound annual rate of 11.7% over the five years through 2025 to €13 billion, including estimated growth of 21% in 2025. 2022 marked the end of low interest rates, supporting profit despite economic headwinds like rising inflation and subdued economic growth weighing on lending activity. Irish banks were also slow in passing these rate hikes to savers in the two years through 2023, ratcheting up net interest income. Although government pressure saw the likes of the Bank of Ireland hiking their savings rates on certain products in August 2023, Irish banks reported eyewatering profits during the year. Despite further rate cuts from the ECB, Irish banks continued to rake in record profit in the higher base rate environment and healthy domestic economy. In 2025, net interest income is set to drop in line with declining interest rates. However, a robust labour market and growth in consumer activity and house prices will keep bank balance sheets healthy. Industry revenue is set to jump at a compound annual rate of 4% to €15.9 billion over the five years through 2030. Irish banks are positioned to perform well in the short term despite multiple rate cuts expected from the ECB in the coming years, putting pressure on net interest margins. Lending activity will be supported by improving economic growth and a healthy housing market. However, uncertainty regarding Ireland’s strong connection with the US and Trump’s aggressive tariff policies will cast doubt on lending activity and mitigate the uptick in lending activity over the coming years. Technology adoption will continue on its upward trajectory, with banks closing branches to improve cost efficiencies and aid profitability.