Inflation Rate in the United States increased to 2.40 percent in May from 2.30 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Turkey decreased to 35.05 percent in June from 35.41 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Core consumer prices in the United States increased 2.80 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - United States Core Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Inflation Rate in Vietnam increased to 3.57 percent in June from 3.24 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Vietnam Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in The Inflation Surge in Europe by Patrick Honohan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Honohan, Patrick. 2024. The Inflation Surge in Europe. PIIE Policy Brief 24-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Inflation Rate in Argentina decreased to 39.40 percent in June from 43.50 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Argentina Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

This deposit is a supporting dataset that accompanies the paper "Non-Gaussianity in D3-brane inflation" (arXiv:2105.03637). It contains the primary trajectory catalogue used to generate the statistical results reported in this paper. It also contains a precise specification of the inflationary model (kinetic mixing matrix and potential) in the form of a CppTransport .model file, and supporting files needed to build the COSMOSIS pipeline used to compute observables.

Please note that the .model file is in a non-standard format. If you wish to process it, you will require a specific build of CppTransport (commit hash 35c5ad8f).

This deposit contains the following files:

Main trajectory catalogue

• catalogue.csv. This contains all parameters needed to specify the potential for a particular trajectory. (Initial conditions are not required, because each trajectory begins at the same field-space location. These initial conditions are specified in the COSMOSIS configuration file d3brane_deltamax_38_all_values.ini.) It also contains values for the summary inflationary observables. The columns contained in this file are listed below.

CppTransport setup files

As explained above, the .model file uses a custom format associated with the interface to COSMOSIS. A public release of this interface is planned, but the final .model file format used may change. These files should always be used with CppTransport commit hash 35c5ad8f.

• d3brane_deltamax_38_all.model. CppTransport .model file that fully specifies the D3-brane kinetic mixing matrix and potential.
• christoffel.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the components of the connexion. This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.
• inv_metric.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the inverse field-space metric (kinetic mixing matrix). This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.
• riemann.txt. Contains pre-computed expressions for the Riemann tensor associated with the field-space metric. This file is automatically ingested by the CppTransport translator in 35c5ad8f. It should be placed in the same folder as the .model file.

PyTransport setup files

• DBraneSetup.py. PyTransport setup file to install the D3-brane model.

COSMOSIS configuration files

These are used to specify the COSMOSIS pipeline used to compute observables.

• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_mcmc.ini. Main COSMOSIS configuration file specifying the pipeline.
• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_priors.ini. Specifies priors for each sample parameter. Used only during catalogue construction.
• d3brane_deltamax_38_all_values.ini. Specifies fixed parameters of the potential (\(T_3\), \(a_0\), \(\phi_{\mathrm{UV}}\)), cosmological parameters (\(\Omega_c h^2\), \(\Omega_b h^2\), \(h\), \(\tau\)), and field-space initial conditions.

COMOSIS module files

• class_interface.py. A modified version of the CLASS interface to COSMOSIS that accepts a sampled power spectrum (written to a separate file) rather than specifying the power spectrum using \(A_s\), \(n_s\). If the COSMOSIS configuration files are not modified, the pipeline will expect to find this interface in the location

  The other parts of the CLASS module can be copied to this folder. Only class_interface.py needs to be replaced.

Fields included in trajectory catalogue

The main trajectory catalogue catalogue.csv contains a large number of fields.

• trajectory. Unique trajectory label, beginning at 1. Numeric labels used in the corresponding science paper refer to this identified.
• Q, alpha. See Table 1 of the science paper.
• ReBlm_xxx, ImBlm_xxx. Real and imaginary parts of the complex Wilson coefficient for "non-real" zero modes (i.e. modes with at least one of (R), (m_1), (m_2) not zero) appearing in the contributions to the potential from the conifold zero modes. Normalized as in Eq. (2.30) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• ReDlm_xxx, ImDlm_xxx. Real and imaginary parts of the complex Wilson coefficient for "non-real" modes appearing in the contributions to the potential from the inhomogeneous term (|\Lambda^2|) in the field equation for (\Phi_-). Normalized as in the discussion below Eq. (2.42) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• A_lm. Real Wilson coefficient for real modes (i.e. those with (R = m_1 = m_2 = 0)) appearing in the contributions to the potential from the conifold zero modes. Normalized as in Eq. (2.30) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• C_lm. Real Wilson coefficient for real modes appearing in the contributions to the potential from the inhomogeneous term (|\Lambda^2|) in the field equation for (\Phi_-). Normalized as in the discussion below Eq. (2.42) of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Drawn from a Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation unity. The xxx label is associated with an internal ordering of the modes.
• As, At, r. Values of the power spectra at (k = 0.002 / \mathrm{Mpc}). Defined as in Step 1 in §3.1.1 of arXiv v1 of the science paper.
• ns, nt. Values of the spectral indices (n_s) and (n_t) at (k = 0.002 / \mathrm{Mpc}). Obtained by performing a fit as described in §3.1.2 of arXiv v1 of the science paper. Notice that nt is not used for the tensor spectral index estimates reported in the paper.
• nsfull, ntfull. Fits for the spectral indices using the full wavenumber range provided to CLASS. Has no clear meaning when the spectrum is not accurately fit by a power law over this range of wavenumbers. Used mostly for comparison with ns and nt.
• epsilon, eta. Values for the slow-roll parameters (\epsilon = - \dot{H}/H^2) and (\eta = \mathrm{d}\ln \epsilon / \mathrm{d}N) sampled 60 e-folds before the end of inflation. The value of epsilon is used to estimate (n_t) as described in the science paper.
• kpiv. Wavenumber of the pivot scale (k = 0.002 / \text{Mpc}) in CppTransport internal units normalized so that (k=1) is the mode that exits the horizon 15 e-folds after the initial point.
• Npiv. Horizon-exit time of the pivot scale (k = 0.002/\text{Mpc}) measured from (N=0) at the end of inflation.
• Nefolds. Total number of e-folds attained in this model, measured from (N=0) at the initial point.
• normmassmatrixeigenvalueN-M. Values of (m_N^2 / H^2), where (m_N^2) is the (N^{\text{th}}) ordered eigenvalue of the mass-squared matrix (from light to heavy). (M=1) is 55 e-folds from the end of inflation; (M=2) is 2.5 e-folds from the end of inflation; (M=3) is 1 e-fold from the end of inflation; (M=4) corresponds to the end of inflation.
• Bequi, fNLequi. Bispectrum shape function and reduced bispectrum (respectively) on the equilateral configuration described in Step 2, §3.1.1 of arXiv v1 of the science

Abstract

Food price inflation is an important metric to inform economic policy but traditional sources of consumer prices are often produced with delay during crises and only at an aggregate level. This may poorly reflect the actual price trends in rural or poverty-stricken areas, where large populations reside in fragile situations. This data set includes food price estimates and is intended to help gain insight in price developments beyond what can be formally measured by traditional methods. The estimates are generated using a machine-learning approach that imputes ongoing subnational price surveys, often with accuracy similar to direct measurement of prices. The data set provides new opportunities to investigate local price dynamics in areas where populations are sensitive to localized price shocks and where traditional data are not available.

        A dataset of monthly food price inflation estimates (aggregated for all food products available in the data) is also available for all countries covered by this modeling exercise.

Geographic coverage notes

The data cover the following sub-national areas: Akkar, Mount Lebanon, Baalbek-El Hermel, North, Beirut, Bekaa, El Nabatieh, South, Market Average

Inflation Rate in Venezuela increased to 172 percent in April from 136 percent in March of 2025. This dataset provides - Venezuela Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Egypt decreased to 14.90 percent in June from 16.80 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Egypt Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

African Country data can be downloaded from the IMF for: Current account balance,- Employment,- General government gross debt,- General government net debt,- General government net lending/borrowing,- General government primary net lending/borrowing,- General government revenue,- General government structural balance,- General government total expenditure,- Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) share of world total,- Gross domestic product corresponding to fiscal year, current prices,- Gross domestic product per capita, constant prices,- Gross domestic product per capita, current prices,- Gross domestic product, constant prices,- Gross domestic product, current prices,- Gross domestic product, deflator,- Gross national savings,- Implied PPP conversion rate,- Inflation, average consumer prices,- Inflation, end of period consumer prices,- Output gap in percent of potential GDP,- Population,- Six-month London interbank offered rate (LIBOR),- Total investment,- Unemployment rate,- Volume of exports of goods,- Volume of exports of goods and services,- Volume of Imports of goods,- Volume of imports of goods and services,- IMF Copyright and Usage here https://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm

Inflation Rate in Mexico decreased to 4.32 percent in June from 4.42 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Mexico Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Russia decreased to 9.40 percent in June from 9.90 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Russia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Fault Lines Widen in the Global Recovery

Economic prospects have diverged further across countries since the April 2021 World Economic Outlook (WEO) forecast. Vaccine access has emerged as the principal fault line along which the global recovery splits into two blocs: those that can look forward to further normalization of activity later this year (almost all advanced economies) and those that will still face resurgent infections and rising COVID death tolls. The recovery, however, is not assured even in countries where infections are currently very low so long as the virus circulates elsewhere.

The global economy is projected to grow 6.0 percent in 2021 and 4.9 percent in 2022.The 2021 global forecast is unchanged from the April 2021 WEO, but with offsetting revisions. Prospects for emerging market and developing economies have been marked down for 2021, especially for Emerging Asia. By contrast, the forecast for advanced economies is revised up. These revisions reflect pandemic developments and changes in policy support. The 0.5 percentage-point upgrade for 2022 derives largely from the forecast upgrade for advanced economies, particularly the United States, reflecting the anticipated legislation of additional fiscal support in the second half of 2021 and improved health metrics more broadly across the group.

Recent price pressures for the most part reflect unusual pandemic-related developments and transitory supply-demand mismatches. Inflation is expected to return to its pre-pandemic ranges in most countries in 2022 once these disturbances work their way through prices, though uncertainty remains high. Elevated inflation is also expected in some emerging market and developing economies, related in part to high food prices. Central banks should generally look through transitory inflation pressures and avoid tightening until there is more clarity on underlying price dynamics. Clear communication from central banks on the outlook for monetary policy will be key to shaping inflation expectations and safeguarding against premature tightening of financial conditions. There is, however, a risk that transitory pressures could become more persistent and central banks may need to take preemptive action.

Risks around the global baseline are to the downside. Slower-than-anticipated vaccine rollout would allow the virus to mutate further. Financial conditions could tighten rapidly, for instance from a reassessment of the monetary policy outlook in advanced economies if inflation expectations increase more rapidly than anticipated. A double hit to emerging market and developing economies from worsening pandemic dynamics and tighter external financial conditions would severely set back their recovery and drag global growth below this outlook’s baseline.

Multilateral action has a vital role to play in diminishing divergences and strengthening global prospects. The immediate priority is to deploy vaccines equitably worldwide. A $50 billion IMF staff proposal, jointly endorsed by the World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, and World Bank, provides clear targets and pragmatic actions at a feasible cost to end the pandemic. Financially constrained economies also need unimpeded access to international liquidity. The proposed $650 billion General Allocation of Special Drawing Rights at the IMF is set to boost reserve assets of all economies and help ease liquidity constraints. Countries also need to redouble collective efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These multilateral actions can be reinforced by national-level policies tailored to the stage of the crisis that help catalyze a sustainable, inclusive recovery. Concerted, well-directed policies can make the difference between a future of durable recoveries for all economies or one with widening fault lines—as many struggle with the health crisis while a handful see conditions normalize, albeit with the constant threat of renewed flare-ups.

Inflation Rate in Spain increased to 2.30 percent in June from 2 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Spain Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Ghana decreased to 13.70 percent in June from 18.40 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Ghana Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation Rate in Iran increased to 38.90 percent in April from 37.10 percent in March of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Iran Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Inflation Rate in Canada remained unchanged at 1.70 percent in May. This dataset provides - Canada Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Cost of food in the United States increased 2.90 percent in May of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Food Inflation - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.