With over 470 million dogs kept as pets worldwide, dogs came out on top as the leading type of pet in 2018. Within the same year, there were roughly 370 million pet cats in the world.

Pets in the European Union

While dogs were globally speaking the most common type of pet, cats were more common in the European Union in 2018. Roughly 75 million people within this region had a pet cat in 2018, compared to the 65 million pet dogs. That year, Germany had about nine and a half million pet dogs, making it the country with the highest number within the European Union. Other top dog-loving countries included the United Kingdom, Poland, and France.

Other pets in Germany

Besides cats and dogs, Germans had many other household pets in 2018. About five and a half million small pets, such as hamsters and rabbits, were kept by Germans that year. Additionally, about two million households in Germany owned an aquarium and roughly one and a half million households owned a garden pond.

This statistic shows the share of pet owners in the population of selected countries all over the world as of 2016. During the survey, ** percent of respondents in Argentina stated they own a dog, while ** percent said they own a cat.

In 2023, the dog population in Europe was measured at approximately ****** million, an increase from around ****** million in the previous year. Overall, the number of pet-owning households in Europe was estimated to be around *** million in 2023. Pets in the European Union With a pet population reaching almost ** million in 2022, cats were the most populous animal type in the European Union, followed by dogs and ornamental birds. Other popular pets that year included small mammals, ornamental fish, and pet reptiles. There were approximately *** million pet reptiles in the European Union in 2022. Germany was home to the highest population of pet dogs in the European Union in 2022, at around **** million. Pet retailers in Europe The German pet food company Fressnapf was Europe’s top pet care retailer, with more than 2.1 billion euros in annual turnover in 2019. Fressnapf’s competitors in Europe are prominent pet care retailers such as the United Kingdom’s Pets at Home, the Belgian company Aveve, and the German Futterhaus, amongst others. Pets at Home is the largest pet retailer in the United Kingdom, recording annual revenues exceeding 1.32 billion British pounds in 2022.

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are one of the most common pets around the world but ownership patterns and human-dog interactions have been changing, particularly in developing nations. We conducted household surveys in Costa Rica to characterize dog ownership, the owned dog population, where dogs were confined at night and in the morning, and behaviors regarding selected dog care issues. We also compared these results to similar questionnaires used in Costa Rica over the past 20 years. We found 76% of households in Costa Rica owned at least one dog and on average there were about 1.4 dogs owned per household. These dog ownership rates are higher than previous estimates. The probability of owning a dog was highest on farms and lowest in single family dwellings without a yard, higher among respondents that owned their homes and decreasing with increasing human population density The total number of owned dogs in Costa Rica was estimated to be 2,222,032 (95% confidence intervals: 1,981,497–2,503,751). The sterilization rate for homed dogs in 2020 was approximately 62% (females: 67%, males: 61%) which is higher than the 18% of owned dogs that were sterilized in a 2003 survey. Overall, only 1.2% (95% CI: 0.3–2.5%) of owned dogs slept on the street with a slightly higher proportion on the street at 8 am. The number of owned dogs roaming the streets at night nation-wide was estimated to be 27,208 (95% CI: 7,557–56,619) compared to 43,142 (95% CI: 20,118–73,618) on the street at 8 am. The number of unowned free-roaming dogs in Costa Rica has never been estimated but we can generate some idea of the size of the unowned dog population by determining the proportion of free-roaming dogs on the street wearing collars. There was a negative relationship between human population density and owned dogs being on the street meaning fewer dogs roam the streets in highly populated areas compared to less populated areas. Overall, we identify trends against which future progress can be measured and provide information that are critical in designing effective humane dog management programs in Costa Rica in the future.

Hungary had the highest share of dog-owning households in the European Union, with almost half of the population owning at least one dog in 2023. Other countries, like Poland and Romania, had a little more than a third of households with at least one pet dog. Pet ownership in Europe Germany had the highest pet dog population in Europe, with more than ten million dogs in 2022. In comparison, Romania had approximately 4.2 million dogs in that same year. However, pet dog ownership was more prevalent among Romanian households, where 43 percent of households owned at least one dog in 2022, compared to only 21 percent of German households who were dog owners in that same year. In the last decade, both the number of pet cats and pet dogs increased significantly in Europe. Pet food trade Due to a growing pet population in the European continent, the pet industry flourished, and pet food trade is one indicator of that growth. The import value of cat and dog food more than tripled in the last decade, increasing from 480 million U.S. dollars in 2011 to over 1.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2021. European exports of pet food followed a similar trend, reflecting a general expansion in pet food industry and trade in Europe.

Research on human-animal interaction has skyrocketed in the last decade. Rapid urbanization has led scientists to investigate its impact on several species living in the vicinity of humans. Domesticated dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are one such species that interact with humans and are also called man’s best friend. However, when it comes to the free-ranging population of dogs, interactions become quite complicated. Unfortunately, studies regarding free-ranging dog–human interactions are limited even though the majority of the world’s dog population is free-ranging. In this study, we observed twelve groups of free-ranging dogs in their natural habitat, the streets. We quantified their interactions at the intra (dog–dog) and interspecific (dog–human) levels. The study areas were divided into two zones, namely – intermediate and high flux, based on human activity or movement. Social network analysis revealed higher instances of interspecific than intraspecific interactions, irrespective of the human flux zones. Humans, in significantly higher occasions, initiated both positive and negative behaviors in comparison to dogs. Our findings conclude that humans are a crucial part of the interaction network of Indian free-ranging dogs.

mo = month, yr = year, N/A = not availableDemography and ownership status of African dogs by the 16 selected peer reviewed papers.

Customized Dog Food Market Outlook

The global market size for customized dog food was valued at approximately $4.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $9.2 billion by 2032, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.2% over the forecast period. The growth of this market is majorly driven by increasing pet ownership, rising awareness about pet health and nutrition, and the trend towards humanization of pets, which is prompting pet owners to seek personalized nutrition solutions for their dogs.

One of the primary growth factors of the customized dog food market is the rising awareness of pet health and nutrition among pet owners. As dogs are often considered part of the family, there is an increasing emphasis on providing them with high-quality and nutritious food. Customized dog food, which can address specific dietary needs and preferences, is gaining traction as it aligns with the health-conscious mindset of modern pet owners. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of pet-related health issues such as obesity, allergies, and digestive problems has further fueled the demand for specialized diets tailored to individual pets.

Technological advancements in the pet food industry have also significantly contributed to the growth of the customized dog food market. Companies are leveraging data analytics, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology to create personalized nutrition plans based on the dog's age, breed, weight, activity level, and health conditions. These technological innovations are not only enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of customized diets but also improving the convenience for pet owners to obtain these specialized products through online platforms and subscription services.

The growing trend of pet humanization is another critical factor driving the market. Pet owners are increasingly treating their pets as members of the family, which translates into higher spending on premium and customized products, including dog food. This trend is particularly prominent among the millennial and Generation Z demographics, who are more inclined towards personalized and high-quality products for their pets. Moreover, the shift towards organic, natural, and clean-label products is also influencing the customized dog food market, as consumers seek healthier and more sustainable options for their pets.

In addition to the growing demand for customized dog food, the importance of accessories like the Pet Food Bowl cannot be overlooked. A well-designed pet food bowl not only enhances the feeding experience but also plays a crucial role in maintaining hygiene and preventing health issues. Many pet owners are now opting for bowls made from materials such as stainless steel or ceramic, which are easy to clean and do not harbor bacteria. Furthermore, the design of the bowl can influence a pet's eating habits, with options like elevated bowls helping to improve digestion and reduce strain on a dog's neck and joints. As the market for pet accessories expands, innovative designs and materials are continuously being introduced to cater to the diverse needs of pets and their owners.

Regionally, the North American market dominates the customized dog food industry, primarily due to high pet ownership rates and a well-established pet care industry. The presence of key market players and the availability of advanced pet food products further bolster the market in this region. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, driven by increasing disposable incomes, changing lifestyles, and a growing pet population. Countries such as China, India, and Japan are emerging as significant markets for customized dog food, supported by rising awareness about pet health and nutrition.

Product Type Analysis

The customized dog food market can be segmented by product type into dry food, wet food, treats, and supplements. Dry food is the most popular segment due to its convenience, longer shelf life, and cost-effectiveness. It is particularly favored by busy pet owners who prefer an easy-to-store and easy-to-serve option. Furthermore, dry food can be tailored with various nutritional components to meet specific dietary needs of dogs, such as weight management, dental health, and joint support.

Wet food, although comprising a smaller market share compared to dry food, is gaining popularity due to its high moisture content and palatability

Learn about the projected growth of the global dog and cat food market over the next decade, with an expected increase in consumption and market value.

Pet Noise Anxiety Drugs Market size was valued at USD 219.93 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 422.77 Million by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 8.48% from 2024 to 2031.Global Pet Noise Anxiety Drugs Market OverviewNoise phobias are the most common behavioural issue in pets (dogs, cats and horses), with research indicating that between a quarter and half of the companion dog population is afflicted. Fireworks are the most commonly used trigger, followed by thunder and gunfire. Loud sounds can be traumatic for pets (dogs, cats, and horses), and recovery from a single occurrence might take weeks or months. In addition to New Year's Eve fireworks, fireworks may be used during other festivals and can damage animals all year. Gunshots or bird scare cannons, which are used to keep birds away from crops, are popular locally. Thunderstorms can occur suddenly and often during certain seasons, and modelling predicts that violent thunderstorms will become more common as a result of climate change. Thus, loud noises represent a considerable welfare concern to the pet population (dogs, cats, and horses). Noise phobias are the most prevalent behavioral issue in pets (dogs, cats, and horses).Noise phobias frequently appear early, with the majority of afflicted pet (dogs, cats, and horses) exhibiting symptoms in their first or second year of life. Although noise sensitivities sometimes worsen with age, it is unusual for a pet, such as a dog, to develop new noise concerns after the age of six. However, if a pet (dogs, cats, and horses) suddenly develops a fear of sounds at an advanced age, it should be noted that this might also be suggestive of a pain issue]. In addition to discomfort, any health condition, such as endocrine disorders, cardiovascular illness, neurological issues, and cognitive dysfunction, has the potential to contribute to or worsen behavioral difficulties, including noise concerns. A comprehensive clinical assessment and, if appropriate, optimized pain management might thus be significant components in the therapy of noise phobias.

Additional file 12: Table S8. Diversity of the mitochondrial genome of 39 Leonberger dogs. The table shows the low diversity of Leonberger mtDNA based on two nomenclature standards [46, 48]: most dogs belong to the A1b2a1a1 or A2 haplogroup whereas only one dog belongs to the A1b1a1a or A17 haplogroup. In addition, seven private SNVs detected in the mtDNA of the Leonberger dogs are also highlighted.

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of the 1203 dogs analysed in this study with available genomic information. The table includes supplementary descriptive details of the studied Leonberger dogs including accession numbers and known health history of the WGSed dogs.

This statistic shows the average share of pet ownership worldwide as of 2023, by pet type. Across all surveyed countries, ************* are the most popular pet type around the world.

Studies about the behaviours of mixed-breed dogs are rare, although mixed-breeds represent the majority of the world’s dog population. We have conducted two surveys to investigate the behavioural, demographic, and dog keeping differences between purebred and mixed-breed companion dogs. Questionnaire data were collected on a large sample of dogs living in Germany (N = 7,700 purebred dogs representing more than 200 breeds, and N = 7,691 mixed-breeds). We found that according to their owners, mixed-breeds were (1) less calm, (2) less sociable toward other dogs, and (3) showed more problematic behaviour than purebreds (p < 0.001 for all). Mixed-breeds and purebreds were similar in trainability and boldness scores. However, twelve out of 20 demographic and dog keeping factors differed between purebred and mixed-breed dogs, and two factors showed considerable (> 10%) differences: neutering was more frequent among mixed-breeds, and they were acquired at older ages than purebreds (p < 0.001 for both), which could result in the observed behaviour differences. After controlling for the distribution of the demographic and dog keeping factors, we found that mixed-breeds were (1) more trainable than purebreds, (2) less calm, and (3) showed more problematic behaviour than purebreds (p < 0.001 for all). We discuss that these differences at least partly might be due to selective forces. Our results suggest that instead of being the “average” dogs, mixed-breeds represent a special group with characteristic behavioural traits.

Dog Diapers Market Size And Forecast

Dog Diapers Market size was valued at USD 324.93 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 556.87 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 8.01% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global Dog Diapers Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Dog Diapers Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Increasing Pet Ownership: The rise in pet ownership globally has significantly boosted the demand for pet care products, including dog diapers. More households with dogs lead to higher demand for various pet care products.

Growing Awareness of Pet Hygiene: Pet owners are becoming more aware of the importance of maintaining proper hygiene for their pets. Dog diapers help manage issues like incontinence and menstrual cycles, contributing to better pet health and cleanliness.

Aging Pet Population: As the population of aging dogs increases, so does the demand for products that assist in managing age-related health issues. Dog diapers are particularly useful for senior dogs with incontinence problems.

Medical Conditions and Post-Surgical Care: Dogs with certain medical conditions or those recovering from surgery may require diapers to manage their health needs effectively. This necessity drives the market for dog diapers.

Increased Adoption of Rescue Dogs: The growing trend of adopting rescue dogs, many of which may have special needs or health issues, contributes to the demand for dog diapers to manage their care.

Urbanization and Smaller Living Spaces: Urbanization has led to more people living in apartments or smaller homes where maintaining cleanliness is crucial. Dog diapers help pet owners keep their living spaces clean.

Innovations in Product Design: Advances in the design and materials used in dog diapers have made them more effective, comfortable, and easier to use, driving higher adoption rates.

Online Retail and E-commerce Growth: The proliferation of online retail platforms has made it easier for pet owners to access a wide variety of dog diapers, contributing to market growth.

Pet Humanization Trend: The trend of treating pets as family members, known as pet humanization, has led to increased spending on pet care products, including dog diapers.

Veterinary Recommendations: Increased recommendations from veterinarians for using dog diapers to manage specific health conditions have driven their adoption among pet owners.

Additional file 4: Figure S2. Mean kinship of the estimated current population of 31,832 Leonberger dogs per country. The proportion of dogs belonging to the three groups that indicate the increasing relatedness to the whole population, is shown as green (MK < 0.31), yellow (MK = [0.31–0.32]), and orange (MK > 0.32) by country. The total number of dogs recorded in each country is shown in red at the top of the corresponding columns.

According to Cognitive Market Research, The Global Pet Waste Bags market size is USD 43.8 billion in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.00% from 2023 to 2030.

The rise in pet ownership, rising awareness of cleanliness and sanitation, and the implementation of strict waste management legislation are some of the primary factors impacting market growth.
Demand for S-size remains higher in the pet waste bags market.
The dogs category held the highest pet waste bags market revenue share in 2023.
Europe will continue to lead, whereas the North American pet waste bags market will experience the fastest growth until 2030.

High Spending on Pet Care to Provide Viable Market Output

Spending more money on pet-related items like food, medical care, insurance for pets, pet ownership, grooming, and other items will probably reduce the rate at which these items are consumed, spurring market expansion. The pet waste bags industry is expected to develop as a result of a number of reasons, including expanding infrastructure, rising pet ownership, and rising consumption rates.

Over 136 billion dollars were spent on the pet sector in the US in 2022. With sales of almost 58 billion dollars in the pet market in 2022, pet food was the most popular product category.

High-class communities consider pet ownership to be a significant indicator, which helps to increase demand for the good over time. Many pet owners consider their animals to be members of the family. They call them "children" or "fur babies," respectively. They spend a lot of money on companion animals and many pet-related goods.

Increasing Pet Ownership to Propel Market Growth

This is because, as pet ownership has expanded recently, more individuals are opting to keep pets for a variety of reasons. Along with the increase in pet owners, there is a rising need for pet care products and services such as pet waste bags.

Between 2014 and 2019, there was an increase in pet ownership of 113%, and according to analysts, China will have the most pets in the world by 2024.25 South Korea saw a 50% increase in pet ownership from 5 million to 7.5 million between 2014 and 2018 relative to the rest of Asia.

(Source: www.healthforanimals.org/reports/pet-care-report/global-trends-in-the-pet-population/#ownership)

Pets are treated as part of the family and given the same level of love and consideration as people. Pet owners are consequently willing to pay more for pet care products and services to ensure that their pets are well taken care of. This tendency, which is expected to continue, will lead to further market growth in the pet waste bags industry.

The Growing Awareness about Environmental Issues and Government Regulation Fuels the Market Growth

Market Dynamics of the Pet Waste Bags

Increasing Competition for Pet Care Products to Hinder Market Growth

With a huge number of competitors offering a wide variety of goods and services, the global market is quite competitive. The key driver of increased competition in the global market is the growth of e-commerce platforms, which have made it easier for new players to enter the market and compete with established brands. As a result of the expansion of online marketplaces, businesses increasingly face competition from both local and international firms that have enormous resources and economies of scale. Suppose businesses wish to compete in this climate, in that case, they must make investments in R&D, marketing, and branding to create cutting-edge products that satisfy changing consumer needs while simultaneously addressing logistical and supply chain concerns.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Pet Waste Bags market

People today primarily experience mental isolation because they must stay at home during the lockdown. An individual can emerge from such a mental state with the aid of a pet. The rate of animal humanization will increase as a result of this predicament, fueling the expansion of the pet industry and, thus, pet waste bags. Additionally, dog owners paid close attention to how to keep their canines from contracting the coronavirus, increasing the need for pet waste bags. However, the closure of pet food outlets as a result of lockdown regulations in several nations throughout the world limited the sales of such products to some extent. Introduction of The Pet Waste Bags...

Over the five years to 2024, increases in both competition and public disapproval have threatened the Dog and Pet Breeders industry. This industry includes various operations, from small independent home breeders to large USDA-certified breeding facilities. However, the industry also comprises unlicensed puppy mills, often using inhumane practices to reduce costs and maximize profit. Recent attention to these operations has hurt the overall industry's reputation. In 2017, the "Adopt, Don't Shop" campaign emphasized the ethical benefits of getting pets from shelters and adoption groups rather than pet stores. This campaign has led many pet stores to no longer work with breeders and instead host adoption events with local shelters. Through the end of 2024, industry revenue is expected to grow at an annualized rate of 2.6% to $3.1 billion, including an estimated 0.9% decline in 2024. The breeding industry's trajectory has been mixed with challenges. Stringent regulations like those mandated by the Animal Welfare Act have kept most breeders operating on a small scale, with only a tiny fraction exceeding the threshold for requiring USDA licensing. The public's growing scrutiny of puppy mills and other inhumane conditions has pressured breeders to maintain higher quality standards. Some medium-sized breeders will likely seek USDA certification to improve their reputation and gain legitimacy. Higher standards and requirements will enable these breeders to increase their profits. Heightening veterinary services and pet essentials costs will likely strain household budgets, leading to more careful spending on pet purchases. Demographic trends suggest older populations might shy away from new pets, while younger generations lean towards pet adoption, driven by ethical considerations. Legislative pressures and higher public awareness are expected to push the industry towards more stringent welfare standards. While adoption campaigns and regulatory constraints present formidable challenges, purebred breeders may still find sustained demand from consumers looking for specific traits and appearance. Through the end of 2029, industry revenue is projected to fall at an annualized rate of 0.4% to $3.0 billion.

Pet Care Market size was valued at USD 248.12 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 378.77 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.43% from 2024 to 2031.

Global Pet Care Market Drivers

Growing Pet Ownership: The pet care industry is significantly influenced by the growing trend of pet ownership, which is fueled by reasons like companionship, lifestyle modifications, and the humanization of pets. Urbanization and Population Growth: As the world's population rises and more people live in cities, there is a rising need for pet care goods and services, including as feeding, grooming, and medical attention. The humanization of pets has resulted in a greater expenditure on high-end pet goods and services, including organic pet food, opulent accessories, and cutting-edge medical treatment, as pets are now viewed more like members of the family. Trends in Health and Wellbeing: Pet owners' growing concern for their health and well-being has raised demand for natural and organic foods, treats, and supplements, among other items. Convenience & E-commerce: As e-commerce has grown, pet owners now have quicker access to a greater variety of pet care goods and services, which has spurred industry expansion. Improvements in Veterinary Care: As a result of the extended longevity of pets brought about by technological breakthroughs in veterinary care, there has been an increase in the cost of healthcare and wellness goods. Pet humanization: As pets are viewed more and more like members of the family, there is a rise in the amount of money spent on high-end goods and services such gourmet pet food, high-end pet hotels, and designer apparel. Pet Population Growth: As more people own pets worldwide, there is a greater need for food, grooming, and medical care, among other pet-related goods and services. Growing Pet Owner Awareness: As pet owners realize how important it is to keep their animals healthy, there is a greater need for goods and services that support their wellbeing. Technological Advancements: By giving pet owners more options for how to care for and keep an eye on their animals, technological developments like telemedicine, smart pet devices, and pet wearables are propelling growth in the pet care industry.

Dog Vaccines Market Outlook

The global dog vaccines market size was estimated at USD 2.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 4.9 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2032. This growth is largely driven by the increasing dog population worldwide, heightened awareness about canine health, and a rising trend towards pet adoption. Pet owners are becoming more informed about the necessity of vaccinations in preventing deadly diseases in dogs, which is contributing to the market expansion. Additionally, advancements in biotechnology and veterinary medicine have spurred the development of innovative vaccines, further propelling market growth.

A significant factor contributing to this market's growth is the rising incidence of zoonotic diseases. Many of these diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans, making vaccination of pets not only a matter of animal health but also public health. As a result, governments and health organizations are increasingly promoting vaccination programs. Furthermore, the introduction of novel vaccines that offer broader protection and have fewer side effects is creating more confidence amongst pet owners and veterinarians. The growing disposable income of pet owners and increased spending on pet healthcare are also vital factors encouraging the uptake of dog vaccines around the world.

Regulations and governmental initiatives also play a crucial role in shaping the dog vaccines market. Several countries have implemented strict regulations requiring pet vaccination against certain diseases, such as rabies, to prevent potential outbreaks. These regulations have been instrumental in increasing the vaccination rates among dogs. Additionally, government-funded vaccination programs in developing regions are expected to enhance access to vaccines and boost market growth. The alignment of veterinary vaccine regulations with international standards is also expected to foster trade and encourage innovation within the market, thereby facilitating growth.

In terms of regional outlook, North America and Europe are expected to dominate the dog vaccines market due to the well-established veterinary healthcare infrastructure and high awareness levels about pet health among the population. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period. This can be attributed to the increasing pet adoption rates, rising disposable incomes, and growing awareness about pet health. Moreover, emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also likely to contribute to market expansion due to increasing urbanization and a growing number of pet owners.

The emergence of Canine Flu Therapeutics is also playing a pivotal role in the broader landscape of canine health. Canine influenza, a highly contagious respiratory infection in dogs, has prompted the development of specialized therapeutics aimed at mitigating its impact. These therapeutics not only help in managing symptoms but also in preventing the spread of the virus among dog populations. As awareness about canine flu increases, pet owners are becoming more vigilant, seeking both preventive and therapeutic solutions to protect their pets. This growing demand for comprehensive canine healthcare solutions is expected to drive further innovation and investment in the development of effective therapeutics, complementing the existing vaccine market.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The dog vaccines market is segmented into core vaccines and non-core vaccines. Core vaccines are those that are universally recommended for all dogs, as they protect against highly contagious and potentially deadly diseases such as rabies, distemper, and parvovirus. The demand for core vaccines is particularly high due to the critical nature of these diseases and the mandatory requirements in many regions for vaccination against them. The effectiveness and necessity of core vaccines make them a pivotal segment in the market, driving significant revenue generation and ensuring a steady demand from veterinarians and pet owners alike.

Non-core vaccines, on the other hand, are recommended based on the dog's lifestyle, geographical location, and risk of exposure to certain diseases. These include vaccines for Lyme disease, Bordetella (kennel cough), and leptospirosis, among others. The non-core vaccine segment is gaining traction as pet owners become more aware of the specific health needs