The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately *** trillion U.S. dollars by August 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by July 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts and calculations presented in The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency, PIIE Working Paper 24-20.

If you use the data, please cite as:

McKibbin, Warwick, Megan Hogan, and Marcus Noland. 2024. The International Economic Implications of a Second Trump Presidency. PIIE Working Paper 24-20. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

President Trump calls for stable oil prices amid US-Iran tensions, urging increased domestic production as analysts monitor potential market disruptions.

View economic output, reported as the nominal value of all new goods and services produced by labor and property located in the U.S.

According to a survey conducted between July 9 and July 11, 2022, ** percent of Americans thought that Joe Biden was highly responsible for the current trend in the inflation rate. This is compared to ** percent of Americans who said President Biden did not have a lot of responsibility for the current inflation rate.

Inflation in the U.S. Global events in 2022 had a significant impact on the United States. Inflation rose from *** percent in January 2021 to *** percent in June 2022. Significantly higher prices of basic goods led to increased concern over the state of the economy, and the ability to cover increasing monthly costs with the same income. Low interest rates, COVID-19-related supply constraints, corporate profiteering, and strong consumer spending had already put pressure on prices before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Despite rising wages on paper, the rapid growth of consumer prices resulted in an overall decline in real hourly earnings in the first half of 2022.

How much control does Joe Biden have over inflation? The bulk of economic performance and the inflation rate is determined by factors outside the President’s direct control, but U.S. presidents are often held accountable for it. Some of those factors are market forces, private business, productivity growth, the state of the global economy, and policies of the Federal Reserve. Although high-spending decisions such as the 2021 COVID-19 relief bill may have contributed to rising inflation rates, the bill has been seen by economists as a necessary intervention for preventing a recession at the time, as well as being of significant importance to low-income workers impacted by the pandemic.

The most important tool for curbing inflation and controlling the U.S. economy is the Federal Reserve. The Reserve has the ability to set, raise, and lower interest rates and determine the wider monetary policy for the United States – something out of the president’s control. In June 2022, the Reserve announced it would raise interest rates **** percent for the second time that year – hoisting the rate to a target range of **** to *** percent – in an attempt to slow consumer demand and balance demand with supply. However, it can often take time before the impacts of interventions by the Federal Reserve are seen in the public’s day-to-day lives. Most economists expect this wave of inflation to pass in a year to 18 months.

Gold prices dropped for the second day due to easing market concerns after Trump's remarks on China and the Fed, though gold remains over 25% up this year.

Graph and download economic data for All Employees, Manufacturing (MANEMP) from Jan 1939 to Aug 2025 about headline figure, establishment survey, manufacturing, employment, and USA.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Oil prices climbed due to geopolitical risks and strong Japanese economic data, with Brent and WTI crude gaining amid supply concerns and market optimism.

Asian markets and U.S. futures decline as Trump's comments on the Fed heighten market anxiety, boosting gold prices to new highs.

Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Copper prices rise as the week begins, driven by an EU-US agreement and anticipation of key economic events, including a US-China meeting and Federal Reserve policy decisions.

Der US-Leitzins bleibt erneut unangetastet: Die US-Notenbank Fed (Federal Reserve System) belässt den Leitzins² per geldpolitischem Beschluss vom 30. Juli 2025 unverändert. Es war die fünfte geldpolitische Sitzung der Fed seit dem Wiedereinzug von Donald Trump ins Weiße Haus. Dieser hatte seitdem wiederholt eine Senkung der Zinsen gefordert. Damit liegt der Leitzins (auch Federal Funds Rate) weiterhin in der seit dem 19. Dezember 2024 gültigen Zinsspanne von 4,25 bis 4,50 Prozent. Weitere Informationen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Leitzinsen, Zinsniveau und Inflation finden Sie auf unserer gleichnamigen Themenseite. Was sind Leitzinsen? Leitzinsen sind von den Zentralbanken festgelegte Zinssätze, zu denen sich Geschäftsbanken bei den Zentralbanken liquide Mittel beschaffen oder überschüssige Reserven anlegen können. Sie beeinflussen (bzw. „leiten“) maßgeblich die Zinsverhältnisse am Geldmarkt und darüber hinaus auch die Zinsentwicklung im Allgemeinen. Somit stellen Leitzinsen das fundamentalste geldpolitische Instrumentarium der Notenbanken dar. Welche Wirkung hat eine Anhebung bzw. Senkung des Leitzinses? Durch eine Anhebung der Leitzinsen wird tendenziell das gesamte Zinsniveau nach oben verschoben. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Nachfrage der Wirtschaft nach Krediten zurückgeht und damit ganz allgemein die wirtschaftliche Aktivität gedämpft wird. Ziel einer solchen „restriktiven Geldpolitik“ ist es, einem inflationären Anstieg des Preisniveaus entgegenzuwirken.Im Gegenzug kann eine Senkung der Leitzinsen – unter Berücksichtigung des Zieles der Preisstabilität - zu ebenfalls sinkenden Zinsen auf dem Kapitalmarkt führen und dementsprechend die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage und das Wirtschaftswachstum ankurbeln.Neben dem Zinssatz für das Hauptrefinanzierungsgeschäft gelten der Zinssatz für die Einlagefazilität sowie der für die Spitzenrefinanzierungsfazilität als Leitzinsen im Eurosystem.

Oil prices rose as Trump confirmed support for Fed Chair and US imposed sanctions on Iran, with a significant drop in US crude inventories boosting market sentiment.

Inflation Rate in the United States remained unchanged at 2.70 percent in July. This dataset provides - United States Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States expanded 3.30 percent in the second quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States GDP Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Oil prices drop as OPEC+ increases output, raising global surplus concerns amid trade tensions. Brent futures fall as Saudi Arabia hints at further production increases.

Large white, Grade A chicken eggs, sold in a carton of a dozen. Includes organic, non-organic, cage free, free range, and traditional."

Car loan interest rates in the United States decreased since mid-2024. Thus, the period of rapidly rising interest rates, when they increased from 3.85 percent in December 2021 to 7.92 percent in June 2024, has come to an end. The Federal Reserve interest rate is one of the main causes of the interest rates of loans rising or falling. If inflation stays under control, the Federal Reserve will start cutting the interest rates, which would have the effect of the cost of car loans falling too. How many cars have financing in the United States? Car financing exists because not everyone who wants or needs a car can purchase it outright. A financial institution will then lend the money to the customer for purchasing the car, which must then be repaid with interest. Most new vehicles in the United States in 2024 were purchased using car loans. It is not as common to use car loans for purchasing used vehicles as for new ones, although over a third of used vehicles were purchased using loans. The car industry in the United States The car financing business is huge in the United States, due to the high sales of both new and used vehicles in the country. A lot of the United States is very car-centric, which means that, outside large cities, it can often be difficult to do their daily commutes through other transportation methods. In fact, only a small percentage of U.S. workers used public transport to go to work. That is one of the factors that has helped establish the importance of the automotive sector in North America. Nevertheless, there are still countries in Asia-Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe with higher car-ownership rates than the United States.