Dopamine in the striatum strongly regulates behavioral output in a heterogenous across the various striatal subregions. Moreover, dopamine dynamics not only displays heterogeneity across brain structures but also within males and females. The purpose of this dataset was to evaluate the dopamine dynamics in male and female mice and rats across five subregions: the dorsolateral caudate, ventromedial caudate, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens lateral shell, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was employed to measure dopamine release and uptake following a single pulse electrical stimulation in each of these subregions within a single brain slice. The dopamine dynamics were also observed across a variety of stimulation amplitudes. The goal of this dataset was to produce systematic FSCV measurements of dopamine across the rodent striatum using FSCV which would be available as a resource for further investigation of DA terminal function.

Methods Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript.

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson’s disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and identified that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, w..., , , # Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Inclusive in this dataset is the following: 1) a GraphPad Prism file containing all of the data found in the manuscript with statistical analysis and graphs; 2) individual .csv files containing the data for each graph of data found in the manuscript including a separate .csv for corresponding statistics (files ending in _stats); 3) individual PDFs of graphs generated in GraphPad Prism; and 4) raw image files for microscopy and Western blots. These data demonstrate the principal findings for the manuscript that the protein SV2C: 1) enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and dopamine analogues (e.g., FFN206 and MPP+), and 2) confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic toxicity.

Description of the d...

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a key basal ganglia output nucleus, is modulated by dopamine (DA), believed to be released locally from midbrain dopamine neurons. Although DA has been proposed to regulate GABA release from medium spiny neurons (MSN) terminals via presynaptic D1 receptors (D1Rs), the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Using presynaptic optical recordings of synaptic vesicle fusion, calcium influx in D1-MSN synapses, together with postsynaptic patch-clamp recordings from SNr neurons, we found that DA inhibits D1-MSN GABA release in a frequency-dependent manner. Surprisingly, this effect was independent of DA receptors and instead required 5-HT1B receptor activation. Using two-photon serotonin biosensor imaging in slices and fiber photometry in vivo, we demonstrate that DA enhances extracellular serotonin in the SNr. Our results suggest that serotonin mediates DAergic control of basal ganglia output and contributes to the therapeutic actions of dopaminergic med..., , , # Data from: Dopamine and serotonin co-transmission filters striatonigral synaptic activity via 5-HT1B receptor activation

Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpzx

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains the source data for all figures.

Each CSV file corresponds to one figure panel as indicated by the filename.

- Columns:

"x" = time or condition

"y" = measurement (e.g., normalized fluorescence, ΔF/F, etc.)

"sem" = standard error of the mean (if applicable)

"n" = number of observations (if applicable)

For details on experimental design, see Materials and Methods in the manuscript.

Contact: Anders Borgkvist, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, anders.borgkvist@ki.se

Files and variables

File: Dataset_Molinari_etal.zip

Root Contents

• README.txt — Text note/README.

Fiber_photometry_analysis_code

• README_FP.txt

– Type: Text file

• ann_5HT_grab.m...

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioural, morphological and life-history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 mg/L or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum versus 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance, compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance.

Appropriate response to others is necessary for social interactions. Yet little is known about how neurotransmitters regulate attractive and repulsive social cues. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations in Drosophila melanogaster, we show that dopamine is contributing the response to others in a social group, specifically, social spacing, but not the avoidance of odours released by stressed flies (dSO). Interestingly, this dopamine-mediated behaviour is prominent only in the day-time, and its effect varies depending on tissue, sex and type of manipulation. Furthermore, alteration of dopamine levels has no effect on dSO avoidance regardless of sex, which suggests that a different neurotransmitter regulates this response.

Background Dopamine was shown to stimulate the perivitelline fluid secretion by the albumen gland. Even though the albumen gland has been shown to contain catecholaminergic fibers and its innervation has been studied, the type of catecholamines, distribution of fibers and the precise source of this neural innervation has not yet been deduced. This study was designed to address these issues and examine the correlation between dopamine concentration and the sexual status of snails.

   Results
   Dopaminergic neurons were found in all ganglia except the pleural and right parietal, and their axons in all ganglia and major nerves of the brain. In the albumen gland dopaminergic axons formed a nerve tract in the central region, and a uniform net in other areas. Neuronal cell bodies were present in the vicinity of the axons. Dopamine was a major catecholamine in the brain and the albumen gland. No significant difference in dopamine quantity was found when the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails were compared.


   Conclusions
   Our results represent the first detailed studies regarding the catecholamine innervation and quantitation of neurotransmitters in the albumen gland. In this study we localized catecholaminergic neurons and axons in the albumen gland and the brain, identified these neurons and axons as dopaminergic, reported monoamines present in the albumen gland and the brain, and compared the dopamine content in the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails.

We trained naive or trained mice to associate odor cues with outcome (water, air puff or no outcome), and recorded dopamine cell body activity in the vetral tegmental area (VTA), dopamine axon activity in the ventral striatum (VS) or dopamine release in VS with optic fiber fluorometry (photometry). In different set of mice, single dopamine neuron activiy was recorded with 2-photon microscope. In some of these mice, we reversed odor-outcome contingency so that an odor that was associated with no outcome or air puff became associated with water reward. Licking pattern was also recorded.

Aging and dopamine modulation have both been independently shown to influence the functional connectivity of brain networks during rest. Dopamine modulation is known to decline during the course of aging. Previous evidence also shows that the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) influences the re-uptake of dopamine and the anyA9 genotype of this gene is associated with higher striatal dopamine signaling. Expanding these two lines of prior research, we investigated potential interactive effects between aging and individual variations in the DAT1 gene on the modular organization of brain acvitiy during rest. The graph-theoretic metrics of modularity, betweenness centrality and participation coefficient were assessed in 41 younger (age 20–30 years) and 37 older (age 60–75 years) adults. Age differences were only observed in the participation coefficient in carriers of the anyA9 genotype of the DAT1 gene and this effect was most prominently observed in the default mode network. Furthermore, we found that individual differences in the values of the participation coefficient correlated with individual differences in fluid intelligence and a measure of executive control in the anyA9 carriers. The correlation between participation coefficient and fluid intelligence was mainly shared with age-related differences, whereas the correlation with executive control was independent of age. These findings suggest that DAT1 genotype moderates age differences in the functional integration of brain networks as well as the relation between network characteristics and cognitive abilities.

Motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the subsequent dopamine depletion in different brain areas. The most common therapy to treat motor symptoms for patients with this disorder is the systemic intake of L-DOPA that increases dopamine levels in all the brain, making it difficult to discern the main locus of dopaminergic action in the alleviation of motor control. Caged compounds are molecules with the ability to release neuromodulators locally in temporary controlled conditions using light. In the present study, we measured the turning behavior of unilateral dopamine-depleted mice before and after dopamine uncaging. The optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum of lesioned mice produced contralateral turning behavior that resembled, to a lesser extent, the contralateral turning behavior evoked by a systemic injection of apomorphine. Contralateral turning behavior induced by dopamine uncaging was temporarily tied to the transient elevation of dopamine concentration and was reversed when dopamine decreased to pathological levels. Remarkably, contralateral turning behavior was tuned by changing the power and frequency of light stimulation, opening the possibility to modulate dopamine fluctuations using different light stimulation protocols. Moreover, striatal dopamine uncaging recapitulated the motor effects of a low concentration of systemic L-DOPA, but with better temporal control of dopamine levels. Finally, dopamine uncaging reduced the pathological synchronization of striatal neuronal ensembles that characterize unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. We conclude that optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum resembles the motor effects induced by systemic injection of dopaminergic agonists in unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. Future experiments using this approach could help to elucidate the role of dopamine in different brain nuclei in normal and pathological conditions.

Background Though the dysfunction of central dopaminergic system has been proposed, the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. The purpose of this study was to define whether or not the easily accessible dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia. Results 44 drug-medicated schizophrenics for more than 3 years, 28 drug-free schizophrenics for more than 3 months, 15 drug-naïve schizophrenic patients, and 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of D3 and D5 dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors was compared in each group. After taking antipsychotics in drug-free and drug-naïve patients, the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied 2nd week and 8th week after medication. In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes significantly increased compared to that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression increased compared to that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. After taking antipsychotics, mRNA of dopamine receptors peaked at 2nd week, after which it decreases but the level was above baseline one at 8th week. Drug-free and drug-naïve patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression before medications, and the group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had more severe psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions These results reveal that the molecular biologically-determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes are reactive, and that increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte has possible clinical significance for subgrouping of schizophrenis.

There are two compressed dataset files.

The file data.zip contains a dataset consisting of electrophysiological and behavioral measurements in the dorsal striatum of mice freely behaving in a 60 cm x 60 cm open field. Optogenetic tagging was performed to identify D1 or D2 MSNs.

There are three experimental groups in the file data.zip:

1. HL....the healthy group

2. PD....the dopamine lesioned group (unilateral 6OHDA injection in the medial forebrain bundle)

3. CT....the sham lesioned control group

There is one experimental group in the file D2_stim_gait.zip:

1. Behavioral measurements during optogenetic stimulation of D2 MSNs to assess changes in gait performance.

Code for analyzing the data is available at: https://github.com/LongYang10/Gait-Analysis-of-Freely-Walking-Mouse

High-resolution bright-field microscopy images of coronal brain sections showing dopamine 2 receptor positive neurons across the adult (70 days old) mouse brain. The dataset consists of seven image series covering the rostral part of the brain from Drd2-EGFP mice. For each brain, every fourth section was processed by diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal anti-GFP (RRID:AB_300798) antibody. The publication related to the dataset furthermore includes stereological counts of positive neurons in the prelimbic, infralimbic and insula cortex, as well as in dorsal and ventral striatum.

Here are a few use cases for this project:

The provided information seems to be insufficient to provide detailed use-cases. The model name, "dopamine_th" implies a possible connection to neurobiology, specifically, to dopamine neurotransmitters. Yet, the "th classes including th" part is unclear, as "th" is not a known term in either computer vision, biology, or bioinformatics domain. It might be a reference to certain classes in your data set, but without further context or clarification, it's challenging to provide accurate use cases. The image of a grey background also doesn't provide significant context. Could you please provide further details concerning this "th" term and more context related to the computer vision model?

To evaluate potential genetic influences on learning in young people with and without cerebral palsy (CP), we calculated individual dopamine-related gene scores and compared these to the ability to learn two different tasks, an implicit sequence learning task, the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) and a probabilistic classification task, the Weather Prediction Task (WPT). For the SRTT, 85% of trials had the same sequence (i.e., probable) which should lead to implicit learning; 15% were a different sequence (i.e., improbable), The SRTT was also administered in an unrewarded condition and a rewarded one known to increase circulating levels of dopamine, each consisting of 20 trials each. Data are presented for each block for 4 different outcomes (unrewarded probable which is considered the baseline learning score; unrewarded improbable; rewarded probable which indicates the effect of rewards on learning, and rewarded improbable). There were two outcome measures for each set of blocks: Reaction Time and Error Rate.

For the WPT, the Feedback condition (rewarded) had 150 training trials during which they received rewards for accurate performance Training for the Paired association condition consisted of showing them the cards and the outcome for each of the 150 trials. Then both the Feedback (FB) and the Paired Association (PA) conditions had a test which was used for data analysis. Both the proportion correct and reaction time were the outcome measures.

Gene scores are presented individually and in a summed gene score for each participant.

All analyses reported in the paper were performed using these data or values computed from these data. The main analyses were to determine if learning occurred, whether it differed by participant groups, or whether it was improved with rewards. Finally, the central hypothesis was tested which was on the influences of gene scores on learning with and without rewards.

Methods All task-related data were collected on computer programs which required participants to press certain keys to indicate responses and to do so as accurately and quickly as possible. Summary scores were calculated for each set of trials for each condition. Outcomes for tasks included Reaction Time and Error Rate, (for SRTT) or proportion correct (for WPT). Genetic data were collected through blood samples, sent to a company to perform the genetic analyses, from which we extracted the specific variants for each individual to calculate a combined dopamine gene score.

Statistical analyses included repeated measures GLM to assess learning over the training period for the group as a whole and for subgroups in both the rewarded and unrewarded conditions. The primary analysis also added gene score group (high or low) to the GLM. Independent t-tests were also used to compare scores across groups, and correlations were performed to relate performance on the two tasks, relationship of gene scores to task performance, and speed vs. accuracy measures.

Datafile for: "Dopamine and the creative mind: Individual differences in creativity are predicted by interactions between dopamine genes DAT and COMT."

Chemical compound data from PubChem database. IUPAC Name: [4-(2-acetamidoethyl)-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)oxyphenyl] 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate. Molecular Formula: C14H11F6NO5. Molecular Weight: 387.23. This dataset contains comprehensive chemical information including structural data, physical properties, and biological activities. Useful for drug discovery, chemical research, and educational purposes.

Dataset

This dataset was created by chaoxiongzhang

Contents

Chemical compound data from PubChem database. IUPAC Name: N-[2-[3,4-bis[[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy]phenyl]ethyl]-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. Molecular Formula: C29H41F6NO3Si2. Molecular Weight: 621.8. This dataset contains comprehensive chemical information including structural data, physical properties, and biological activities. Useful for drug discovery, chemical research, and educational purposes.

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EMG data for Figure 2 phasic dopamine experiments.

Striatal dopamine encodes reward, with recent work showing that dopamine release occurs in spatiotemporal waves. However, the mechanism of dopamine waves is unknown. Here we report that acetylcholine release in mouse striatum also exhibits wave activity, and that the spatial scale of striatal dopamine release is extended by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Based on these findings, and on our demonstration that single cholinergic interneurons can induce dopamine release, we hypothesized that the local reciprocal interaction between cholinergic interneurons and dopamine axons suffices to drive endogenous traveling waves. We show that the morphological and physiological properties of cholinergic interneuron – dopamine axon interactions can be modeled as a reaction-diffusion system that gives rise to traveling waves. Analytically-tractable versions of the model show that the structure and the nature of propagation of acetylcholine and dopamine traveling waves depend on their coupling, and that traveling waves can give rise to empirically observed correlations between these signals. Thus, our study provides evidence for striatal acetylcholine waves in vivo, and proposes a testable theoretical framework that predicts that the observed dopamine and acetylcholine waves are strongly coupled phenomena.