Analyzed sessions data structure for all data collected. Data structures include multidimensional behavioral data extracted from video and external sensors as well as simultaneous photometry recordings from multiple locations in the mouse brain. All datasets are aligned to include the first ~1000 trials of learning for >20 animals. A subset of animals received optogenetic perturbations during learning as described in the paper / methods.

To evaluate potential genetic influences on learning in young people with and without cerebral palsy (CP), we calculated individual dopamine-related gene scores and compared these to the ability to learn two different tasks, an implicit sequence learning task, the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) and a probabilistic classification task, the Weather Prediction Task (WPT). For the SRTT, 85% of trials had the same sequence (i.e., probable) which should lead to implicit learning; 15% were a different sequence (i.e., improbable), The SRTT was also administered in an unrewarded condition and a rewarded one known to increase circulating levels of dopamine, each consisting of 20 trials each. Data are presented for each block for 4 different outcomes (unrewarded probable which is considered the baseline learning score; unrewarded improbable; rewarded probable which indicates the effect of rewards on learning, and rewarded improbable). There were two outcome measures for each set of blocks: Reaction Time and Error Rate.

For the WPT, the Feedback condition (rewarded) had 150 training trials during which they received rewards for accurate performance Training for the Paired association condition consisted of showing them the cards and the outcome for each of the 150 trials. Then both the Feedback (FB) and the Paired Association (PA) conditions had a test which was used for data analysis. Both the proportion correct and reaction time were the outcome measures.

Gene scores are presented individually and in a summed gene score for each participant.

All analyses reported in the paper were performed using these data or values computed from these data. The main analyses were to determine if learning occurred, whether it differed by participant groups, or whether it was improved with rewards. Finally, the central hypothesis was tested which was on the influences of gene scores on learning with and without rewards.

Methods All task-related data were collected on computer programs which required participants to press certain keys to indicate responses and to do so as accurately and quickly as possible. Summary scores were calculated for each set of trials for each condition. Outcomes for tasks included Reaction Time and Error Rate, (for SRTT) or proportion correct (for WPT). Genetic data were collected through blood samples, sent to a company to perform the genetic analyses, from which we extracted the specific variants for each individual to calculate a combined dopamine gene score.

Statistical analyses included repeated measures GLM to assess learning over the training period for the group as a whole and for subgroups in both the rewarded and unrewarded conditions. The primary analysis also added gene score group (high or low) to the GLM. Independent t-tests were also used to compare scores across groups, and correlations were performed to relate performance on the two tasks, relationship of gene scores to task performance, and speed vs. accuracy measures.

A collection of 1 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

Detailed information about the structural subdivision can be found in:
Tziortzi et al. Imaging dopamine receptors in humans with [11C]-(+)-PHNO: dissection of D3 signal and anatomy. NeuroImage 54: 264-77 (2011)

https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases/striatumstruc

Dopamine receptors play vital roles in processes such as the control of learning, motivation, fine motor control and modulation of neuroendocrine signaling (Giralt JA and Greengard P, 2004). Abnormalities in dopamine receptor signaling may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Dopamine receptors are prominent in the CNS and the neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for these receptors. In humans, there are five distinct types of dopamine receptor, D1-D5. They are subdivided into two families; D1-like family (D1 and D5) which couple with the G protein alpha-s and are excitatory and D2-like family (D2,D3 and D4) which couple with the G protein alpha-i and are inhibitory (Kebabian JW and Calne DB, 1979).

Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously evaluate their current direction and speed of travel relative to landmarks to discern whether they are approaching or deviating from their goal. Striatal dopamine release signals the reward-predictive value of cues1,2, likely contributing to motivation3,4, but it is unclear how dopamine incorporates an animal’s ongoing trajectory for effective behavioral guidance. We demonstrate that cue-evoked striatal dopamine release in mice encodes bi-directional 'trajectory errors' reflecting the relationship between the speed and direction of ongoing movement relative to optimal goal trajectories. Trajectory error signals could be computed from locomotion or visual flow, and were independent from simultaneous dopamine increases reflecting learned cue value. Joint trajectory error and cue value encoding were reproduced by the RPE term in a standard reinforcement learning algorithm with mixed sensorimotor inputs. However, these two signals had distinct state space requirements, suggesting that they could arise from a common reinforcement learning algorithm with distinct neural inputs. Striatum-wide multi-fiber array measurements resolved overlapping, yet temporally and anatomically separable representations of trajectory error and cue-value, indicating how functionally distinct dopamine signals for motivation and guidance are multiplexed across striatal regions to facilitate goal-directed behavior.

Dopamine in the striatum strongly regulates behavioral output in a heterogenous across the various striatal subregions. Moreover, dopamine dynamics not only displays heterogeneity across brain structures but also within males and females. The purpose of this dataset was to evaluate the dopamine dynamics in male and female mice and rats across five subregions: the dorsolateral caudate, ventromedial caudate, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens lateral shell, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was employed to measure dopamine release and uptake following a single pulse electrical stimulation in each of these subregions within a single brain slice. The dopamine dynamics were also observed across a variety of stimulation amplitudes. The goal of this dataset was to produce systematic FSCV measurements of dopamine across the rodent striatum using FSCV which would be available as a resource for further investigation of DA terminal function.

Methods Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript.

These data are used and described in the following paper: Jang H.J., Ward R.M., Golden C.E.M., Constantinople C.M. (2025). Acetylcholine demixes heterogeneous dopamine signals for learning and moving. Nature Neuroscience.

The data set comprises:

1) Photometry recordings from the dorsolateral striatum in rats using dual-color imaging (*DLS.mat)

2) Associated behavioral data (*bstruct.mat)

Make a folder named PhotometryData/GRAB_rDAgACh_DLS and save the files under this folder in order to use visualization scripts provided in the github link below.

Raw photometry signals are motion-corrected and pooled across sessions for each rat.

Files are Matlab data (.mat) files. The code to analyze this data and generate figures in Jang et al., 2025 is available at {https://github.com/constantinoplelab/published/tree/main/DMS_AChDA}. Data was analyzed using Matlab 2021b.

Food and water are rewarding in part because they satisfy our internal needs. Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are activated by gustatory rewards, but how animals learn to associate these oral cues with the delayed physiological effects of ingestion is unknown. Here, we show that individual dopaminergic neurons in the VTA respond to the detection of nutrients or water at specific stages of ingestion. A major subset of dopaminergic neurons tracks changes in systemic hydration that occur tens of minutes after thirsty mice drink water, whereas different dopaminergic neurons respond to nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. We show that information about fluid balance is transmitted to the VTA by a hypothalamic pathway and then rerouted to downstream circuits that track the oral, gastrointestinal, and post-absorptive stages of ingestion. To investigate the function of these signals, we used a paradigm in which a fluid’s oral and post-absorptive effects can be ..., , # Data from: Dopamine subsystems that track internal states

Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.zgmsbccsf

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains data from the published paper titled "Dopamine subsystems that track internal states" published by Grove et al., in Nature, 2022. This article can be accessed here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04954-0. We have submitted the raw data for this manuscript, with each file containing the data necessary to replicate the graphs in each main figure. Each sheet contains data separated by subfigure, and, where relevant, by graphs within that subfigure. The top row of each sheet contains additional information about the data structure.

This dataset contains the data underlying the main figures presented in Grove et al., 2022. Data are provided as Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files, where each file corresponds to a primary figu...,

A collection of 2 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

K-means cluster maps of orbitofrontal cortex with K=2 and K=6 clusters based on resting-state fMRI data.

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), a key basal ganglia output nucleus, is modulated by dopamine (DA), believed to be released locally from midbrain dopamine neurons. Although DA has been proposed to regulate GABA release from medium spiny neurons (MSN) terminals via presynaptic D1 receptors (D1Rs), the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Using presynaptic optical recordings of synaptic vesicle fusion, calcium influx in D1-MSN synapses, together with postsynaptic patch-clamp recordings from SNr neurons, we found that DA inhibits D1-MSN GABA release in a frequency-dependent manner. Surprisingly, this effect was independent of DA receptors and instead required 5-HT1B receptor activation. Using two-photon serotonin biosensor imaging in slices and fiber photometry in vivo, we demonstrate that DA enhances extracellular serotonin in the SNr. Our results suggest that serotonin mediates DAergic control of basal ganglia output and contributes to the therapeutic actions of dopaminergic med..., , , # Data from: Dopamine and serotonin co-transmission filters striatonigral synaptic activity via 5-HT1B receptor activation

Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpzx

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains the source data for all figures.

Each CSV file corresponds to one figure panel as indicated by the filename.

- Columns:

"x" = time or condition

"y" = measurement (e.g., normalized fluorescence, ΔF/F, etc.)

"sem" = standard error of the mean (if applicable)

"n" = number of observations (if applicable)

For details on experimental design, see Materials and Methods in the manuscript.

Contact: Anders Borgkvist, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, anders.borgkvist@ki.se

Files and variables

File: Dataset_Molinari_etal.zip

Root Contents

• README.txt — Text note/README.

Fiber_photometry_analysis_code

• README_FP.txt

– Type: Text file

• ann_5HT_grab.m...

This dataset is used by the research Single-cell genomic profiling of human dopamine neurons identifies a population that selectively degenerates in Parkinson’s disease, it contains the human digital gene expression matrix and the macaque slide seqv2 dataset publish by the authors. - The data for Cross Species analysis are not included.

You can check the result produced by research:

1. Single Cell Analysis
2. Slide Seq

See the file README.docx for description of data files.

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson’s disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and identified that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, w..., , , # Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Inclusive in this dataset is the following: 1) a GraphPad Prism file containing all of the data found in the manuscript with statistical analysis and graphs; 2) individual .csv files containing the data for each graph of data found in the manuscript including a separate .csv for corresponding statistics (files ending in _stats); 3) individual PDFs of graphs generated in GraphPad Prism; and 4) raw image files for microscopy and Western blots. These data demonstrate the principal findings for the manuscript that the protein SV2C: 1) enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and dopamine analogues (e.g., FFN206 and MPP+), and 2) confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic toxicity.

Description of the d...

This dataset was curated from the ChEMBL database and further enriched with RDKit-calculated molecular properties. It serves as a valuable resource for cheminformatics and machine learning tasks, particularly in drug-target interaction studies.

The dataset comprises around 3000 instances, each representing a unique molecule and its interaction with dopamine receptors. The key features include:

• ChEMBL ID and SMILES: Molecular identifiers and structure information.
• Experimental Data: EC50 values (nM), pEC50 values (log-transformed potency measure).
• Assay Type and Target Name: Experimental context and receptor subtype targeted - D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5.
• Molecular Descriptors:
• MW: Molecular Weight of the molecule in Da.
• LogP (Lipophilicity): Indicating hydrophobicity.
• H_Donors and H_Acceptors: Indicators of hydrogen bonding capacity.
• TPSA (Topological Polar Surface Area): Important for bioavailability.
• Ring_Count and Rotatable_Bonds: Measures of molecular complexity.

Background Dopamine was shown to stimulate the perivitelline fluid secretion by the albumen gland. Even though the albumen gland has been shown to contain catecholaminergic fibers and its innervation has been studied, the type of catecholamines, distribution of fibers and the precise source of this neural innervation has not yet been deduced. This study was designed to address these issues and examine the correlation between dopamine concentration and the sexual status of snails.

   Results
   Dopaminergic neurons were found in all ganglia except the pleural and right parietal, and their axons in all ganglia and major nerves of the brain. In the albumen gland dopaminergic axons formed a nerve tract in the central region, and a uniform net in other areas. Neuronal cell bodies were present in the vicinity of the axons. Dopamine was a major catecholamine in the brain and the albumen gland. No significant difference in dopamine quantity was found when the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails were compared.


   Conclusions
   Our results represent the first detailed studies regarding the catecholamine innervation and quantitation of neurotransmitters in the albumen gland. In this study we localized catecholaminergic neurons and axons in the albumen gland and the brain, identified these neurons and axons as dopaminergic, reported monoamines present in the albumen gland and the brain, and compared the dopamine content in the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails.

Datafile for: "Dopamine and the creative mind: Individual differences in creativity are predicted by interactions between dopamine genes DAT and COMT."

Learning causal relationships relies on understanding how often one event precedes another. To gain an understanding of how dopamine neuron activity and neurotransmitter release change when a retrospective relationship is degraded for a specific pair of events, we used outcome-selective Pavlovian contingency degradation in rats. Two cues were paired with distinct food rewards, one of which was also delivered in the absence of either cue. Conditioned responding was attenuated for the cue-reward contingency that was degraded. Dopamine neuron activity in the midbrain and dopamine release in the ventral striatum in response to the cue and subsequent reward were attenuated during degraded versus non-degraded trials, and contingency degradation also abolished the trial-by-trial history dependence of dopamine responses at the time of trial outcome. This profile of changes in cue- and reward-evoked responding is not easily explained by a standard reinforcement learning model. An alternative mod..., , , # Mesostriatal dopamine is sensitive to changes in specific cue-reward contingencies

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.q573n5tr1

This dataset includes two types of behavioral data. First, there are conditioned port entry rates from five separate cohorts of rats: those that underwent fiber photometry recordings using GCaMP6f in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons, those that underwent fiber photometry recordings using dLight1.2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, those that underwent a context manipulation, those that underwent optogenetic inhibition of VTA dopamine neurons, and those that underwent optogenetic inhibition of dopamine release. Second, there are behavioral measures derived from videos: conditioned head velocities and distances between head and mid-tail derived from DeepLabCut, and conditioned rates of rearing and rotating derived from video hand-scoring.

This dataset also includes fiber photometry data taken from rats th...

Background Though the dysfunction of central dopaminergic system has been proposed, the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. The purpose of this study was to define whether or not the easily accessible dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia.

   Results
   44 drug-medicated schizophrenics for more than 3 years, 28 drug-free schizophrenics for more than 3 months, 15 drug-naïve schizophrenic patients, and 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of D3 and D5 dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors was compared in each group. After taking antipsychotics in drug-free and drug-naïve patients, the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied 2nd week and 8th week after medication.
   In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes significantly increased compared to that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression increased compared to that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. After taking antipsychotics, mRNA of dopamine receptors peaked at 2nd week, after which it decreases but the level was above baseline one at 8th week. Drug-free and drug-naïve patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression before medications, and the group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had more severe psychiatric symptoms.


   Conclusions
   These results reveal that the molecular biologically-determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes are reactive, and that increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte has possible clinical significance for subgrouping of schizophrenis.

A collection of 3 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank Entry bmse000933: Dopamine