This dataset contains quantitative data describing the numbers, densities, and sizes of D1- and D2-receptor positive neurons across the mouse forebrain, acquired by analysing section images from the DOPAMAP collection. Image series from a total of 111 subjects across the five age groups (P17, P25, P35, P49, and P70) were analyzed. We used ilastik to segment cells in the images and combined the resulting segmentation images with reference atlas maps generated using QuickNII and VisuAlign. In this dataset, we provide the segmentation images and reference atlas maps used, as well as the raw output from the analysis and estimates of densities, numbers, and sizes derived from the analysis. We also provide the ilastik classifier used, which may be useful for analysing similar (DAB-stained) data. Together, this dataset provides all the data needed to inspect and explore our data, reproduce our analysis, or re-use the segmentation images with new atlas maps (e.g. with future versions of the Allen mouse brain CCF).

A collection of 12 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Dopamine neurotransmitter cycle occurs in dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine is synthesized and loaded into the clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicles. The vesicles are docked, primed and fused with the plasmamembrane in the synapse to release dopamine into the synaptic cleft.

Dopamine receptors play vital roles in processes such as the control of learning, motivation, fine motor control and modulation of neuroendocrine signaling (Giralt JA and Greengard P, 2004). Abnormalities in dopamine receptor signaling may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Dopamine receptors are prominent in the CNS and the neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand for these receptors. In humans, there are five distinct types of dopamine receptor, D1-D5. They are subdivided into two families; D1-like family (D1 and D5) which couple with the G protein alpha-s and are excitatory and D2-like family (D2,D3 and D4) which couple with the G protein alpha-i and are inhibitory (Kebabian JW and Calne DB, 1979).

Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously evaluate their current direction and speed of travel relative to landmarks to discern whether they are approaching or deviating from their goal. Striatal dopamine release signals the reward-predictive value of cues1,2, likely contributing to motivation3,4, but it is unclear how dopamine incorporates an animal’s ongoing trajectory for effective behavioral guidance. We demonstrate that cue-evoked striatal dopamine release in mice encodes bi-directional 'trajectory errors' reflecting the relationship between the speed and direction of ongoing movement relative to optimal goal trajectories. Trajectory error signals could be computed from locomotion or visual flow, and were independent from simultaneous dopamine increases reflecting learned cue value. Joint trajectory error and cue value encoding were reproduced by the RPE term in a standard reinforcement learning algorithm with mixed sensorimotor inputs. However, these two signals had distinct state space requirements, suggesting that they could arise from a common reinforcement learning algorithm with distinct neural inputs. Striatum-wide multi-fiber array measurements resolved overlapping, yet temporally and anatomically separable representations of trajectory error and cue-value, indicating how functionally distinct dopamine signals for motivation and guidance are multiplexed across striatal regions to facilitate goal-directed behavior.

Social behaviors are among the most notable motivated behaviors that are driven by rewarding goals. However, how dopamine (DA), a reward signal, releases during social behaviors has been unclear. This study used a genetically encoded DA sensor, GRAB_DA2m, to record DA activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core during various social behaviors in male and female mice. They performed optical recording of DA signal by virally expressing Cre-dependent GRAB_DA2m bilaterally in the NAc core of Drd1-Cre mice. This dataset includes fiber photometry, behavioral, and immunohistochemistry data. These results provide complex information encoded by NAc DA activity during social behaviors and their multistage functional roles.

Dopamine in the striatum strongly regulates behavioral output in a heterogenous across the various striatal subregions. Moreover, dopamine dynamics not only displays heterogeneity across brain structures but also within males and females. The purpose of this dataset was to evaluate the dopamine dynamics in male and female mice and rats across five subregions: the dorsolateral caudate, ventromedial caudate, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens lateral shell, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was employed to measure dopamine release and uptake following a single pulse electrical stimulation in each of these subregions within a single brain slice. The dopamine dynamics were also observed across a variety of stimulation amplitudes. The goal of this dataset was to produce systematic FSCV measurements of dopamine across the rodent striatum using FSCV which would be available as a resource for further investigation of DA terminal function., Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript., , # Comparison of dopamine release and uptake parameters across sex, species and striatal subregions

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgcn

Description of the data and file structure

This data set includes 12 mice (6 male, 6 female) and 12 rats (6 male, 6 female). One rostral (mouse: 1.33-1.09 AP; rat: 2.20-1.60 AP) and one caudal (mouse: 0.97-0.73 AP, rat: 1.20-0.70 AP) brain slice from each animal hemisected so that a total of 4 data points were collected per animal. All slices were run in parallel, and an additional slice was collected from each animal to serve as a control for slice health and electrode stability throughout the recording period. Data identifiers have been designated as follows: Species (Ms= mouse or Rt=rat), Sex (M=male; F=female), animal number, slice identity (r=rostral, c=caudal), slice number. Example: MsM1_r1 would be mouse, male 1, rostral slice 1.Â

The study was designed to maximize the data collected, allowing...

See the file README.docx for description of data files.

Four groups of this dataset were used as negative samples for testing subtype selectivity of our developed multi-label machine learning models.

Motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the subsequent dopamine depletion in different brain areas. The most common therapy to treat motor symptoms for patients with this disorder is the systemic intake of L-DOPA that increases dopamine levels in all the brain, making it difficult to discern the main locus of dopaminergic action in the alleviation of motor control. Caged compounds are molecules with the ability to release neuromodulators locally in temporary controlled conditions using light. In the present study, we measured the turning behavior of unilateral dopamine-depleted mice before and after dopamine uncaging. The optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum of lesioned mice produced contralateral turning behavior that resembled, to a lesser extent, the contralateral turning behavior evoked by a systemic injection of apomorphine. Contralateral turning behavior induced by dopamine uncaging was temporarily tied to the transient elevation of dopamine concentration and was reversed when dopamine decreased to pathological levels. Remarkably, contralateral turning behavior was tuned by changing the power and frequency of light stimulation, opening the possibility to modulate dopamine fluctuations using different light stimulation protocols. Moreover, striatal dopamine uncaging recapitulated the motor effects of a low concentration of systemic L-DOPA, but with better temporal control of dopamine levels. Finally, dopamine uncaging reduced the pathological synchronization of striatal neuronal ensembles that characterize unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. We conclude that optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum resembles the motor effects induced by systemic injection of dopaminergic agonists in unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. Future experiments using this approach could help to elucidate the role of dopamine in different brain nuclei in normal and pathological conditions.

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson’s disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and identified that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, w..., , , # Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Inclusive in this dataset is the following: 1) a GraphPad Prism file containing all of the data found in the manuscript with statistical analysis and graphs; 2) individual .csv files containing the data for each graph of data found in the manuscript including a separate .csv for corresponding statistics (files ending in _stats); 3) individual PDFs of graphs generated in GraphPad Prism; and 4) raw image files for microscopy and Western blots. These data demonstrate the principal findings for the manuscript that the protein SV2C: 1) enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and dopamine analogues (e.g., FFN206 and MPP+), and 2) confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic toxicity.

Description of the d...

We trained naive or trained mice to associate odor cues with outcome (water, air puff or no outcome), and recorded dopamine cell body activity in the vetral tegmental area (VTA), dopamine axon activity in the ventral striatum (VS) or dopamine release in VS with optic fiber fluorometry (photometry). In different set of mice, single dopamine neuron activiy was recorded with 2-photon microscope. In some of these mice, we reversed odor-outcome contingency so that an odor that was associated with no outcome or air puff became associated with water reward. Licking pattern was also recorded.

A collection of 1 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

Detailed information about the structural subdivision can be found in:
Tziortzi et al. Imaging dopamine receptors in humans with [11C]-(+)-PHNO: dissection of D3 signal and anatomy. NeuroImage 54: 264-77 (2011)

https://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases/striatumstruc

Background Though the dysfunction of central dopaminergic system has been proposed, the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. The purpose of this study was to define whether or not the easily accessible dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia.

   Results
   44 drug-medicated schizophrenics for more than 3 years, 28 drug-free schizophrenics for more than 3 months, 15 drug-naïve schizophrenic patients, and 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of D3 and D5 dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors was compared in each group. After taking antipsychotics in drug-free and drug-naïve patients, the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied 2nd week and 8th week after medication.
   In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes significantly increased compared to that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression increased compared to that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. After taking antipsychotics, mRNA of dopamine receptors peaked at 2nd week, after which it decreases but the level was above baseline one at 8th week. Drug-free and drug-naïve patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression before medications, and the group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had more severe psychiatric symptoms.


   Conclusions
   These results reveal that the molecular biologically-determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes are reactive, and that increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte has possible clinical significance for subgrouping of schizophrenis.

Background Dopamine was shown to stimulate the perivitelline fluid secretion by the albumen gland. Even though the albumen gland has been shown to contain catecholaminergic fibers and its innervation has been studied, the type of catecholamines, distribution of fibers and the precise source of this neural innervation has not yet been deduced. This study was designed to address these issues and examine the correlation between dopamine concentration and the sexual status of snails.

   Results
   Dopaminergic neurons were found in all ganglia except the pleural and right parietal, and their axons in all ganglia and major nerves of the brain. In the albumen gland dopaminergic axons formed a nerve tract in the central region, and a uniform net in other areas. Neuronal cell bodies were present in the vicinity of the axons. Dopamine was a major catecholamine in the brain and the albumen gland. No significant difference in dopamine quantity was found when the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails were compared.


   Conclusions
   Our results represent the first detailed studies regarding the catecholamine innervation and quantitation of neurotransmitters in the albumen gland. In this study we localized catecholaminergic neurons and axons in the albumen gland and the brain, identified these neurons and axons as dopaminergic, reported monoamines present in the albumen gland and the brain, and compared the dopamine content in the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails.

Dopamine receptor D1, D2, D3 and D4 ligands (Ki <1 μM) and non-ligands (ki >10 μM) were collected as described in method section, and putative non-ligands were generated from representative compounds of compound families with no known ligand. These datasets were used for training and testing the multi-label machine learning models.

Mean pre-to-post-Tx differences in dopamine transporter binding.

This repository includes dataset and python scripts for figure and data analysis of the study "Sequence termination cues drive habit-like strategy via dopamine-mediated processes". This repository is composed of 3 folders; datasets, python scripts and python functions.

Datafile for: "Dopamine and the creative mind: Individual differences in creativity are predicted by interactions between dopamine genes DAT and COMT."

These data are used and described in the following paper: Jang H.J., Ward R.M., Golden C.E.M., Constantinople C.M. (2025). Acetylcholine demixes heterogeneous dopamine signals for learning and moving. Nature Neuroscience.

The data set comprises:

1) Behavioral data for the temporal wagering decision-making task in rats (A_structs, S_structs)

2) Electrophysiology recordings from the dorsomedial striatum in rats (NpxData)

3) Movement data tracked with DeepLabCut (DLCdata/*DLC.mat) and associated photometry recordings (DLCdata/*tmac.mat) and behavioral data (DLCdata/*bData.mat)

Files are Matlab data (.mat) files. The code to analyze this data and generate figures in Jang et al., 2025 is available at {https://github.com/constantinoplelab/published/tree/main/DMS_AChDA}. Data was analyzed using Matlab 2021b.