Analyzed sessions data structure for all data collected. Data structures include multidimensional behavioral data extracted from video and external sensors as well as simultaneous photometry recordings from multiple locations in the mouse brain. All datasets are aligned to include the first ~1000 trials of learning for >20 animals. A subset of animals received optogenetic perturbations during learning as described in the paper / methods.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Dopamine market size will be USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The depressive disorders category is the fastest growing segment of the Dopamine industry

Market Dynamics of Dopamine Market

Key Drivers for Dopamine Market

Increasing Prevalence of Neurological Disorders to Boost Market Growth

The rising incidence of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, is a major driving factor for the dopamine market. Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, movement, and reward processing, plays a critical role in these conditions. For instance, dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. The demand for treatments targeting dopamine receptors, such as dopamine agonists, is growing rapidly as healthcare systems focus on improving the quality of life for patients suffering from these conditions. Furthermore, with the increasing ageing population globally, the number of individuals at risk of developing dopamine-related disorders is expanding, thus driving demand for dopamine-based therapies. Advancements in understanding dopamine's role in mental health are also prompting the development of new drugs and treatments, further expanding the market.

Growth in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Sectors to Drive Market Growth

The continuous advancements in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are fueling the growth of the dopamine market. Research into dopamine-related therapies has expanded due to breakthroughs in understanding its mechanisms in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmaceutical companies are focusing on developing dopamine agonists and antagonists that can treat a wide range of conditions, from Parkinson’s disease to mood disorders. Additionally, dopamine is a key target in the development of new treatments for addiction, obesity, and other metabolic conditions. The growing number of biotech startups and multinational corporations investing in dopamine-targeting drugs further strengthens market demand. Increased research funding, collaboration between academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory support for innovative drug development have accelerated market growth.

Restraint Factor for the Dopamine Market

Regulatory and Safety Concerns will Limit Market Growth

The market for dopamine, particularly in pharmaceutical applications, faces significant regulatory hurdles. Dopamine is primarily used in medical treatments for conditions like Parkinson's disease and dopamine deficiency. Due to its critical role in the central nervous system, its use is heavily regulated by government bodies such as the FDA. The approval process for dopamine-based treatments and related drugs is stringent, leading to long development timelines and high costs for manufacturers. Additionally, the safety concerns associated with dopamine treatments, such as the potential for side effects like hypertension, tachycardia, or arrhythmia, can limit the market’s growth. The strict regulations and safety requirements add layers of complexity, which can inhibit innovation and slow market expansion.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Dopamine Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a notable impact on the dopamine market, particularly in the pharmaceutical secto...

The data in this data repository was used to generate an article published in Biosensors and Bioelectronics titled "Real-time selective detection of dopamine and serotonin at nanomolar concentration from complex in vitro systems", available through the DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115579

This page, "Dopamine", is part of the NIST Chemistry WebBook. This site and its contents are part of the NIST Standard Reference Data Program.

We trained naive or trained mice to associate odor cues with outcome (water, air puff or no outcome), and recorded dopamine cell body activity in the vetral tegmental area (VTA), dopamine axon activity in the ventral striatum (VS) or dopamine release in VS with optic fiber fluorometry (photometry). In different set of mice, single dopamine neuron activiy was recorded with 2-photon microscope. In some of these mice, we reversed odor-outcome contingency so that an odor that was associated with no outcome or air puff became associated with water reward. Licking pattern was also recorded.

Dopamine neurotransmitter cycle occurs in dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine is synthesized and loaded into the clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicles. The vesicles are docked, primed and fused with the plasmamembrane in the synapse to release dopamine into the synaptic cleft.

Background Though the dysfunction of central dopaminergic system has been proposed, the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. The purpose of this study was to define whether or not the easily accessible dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia. Results 44 drug-medicated schizophrenics for more than 3 years, 28 drug-free schizophrenics for more than 3 months, 15 drug-naïve schizophrenic patients, and 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of D3 and D5 dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors was compared in each group. After taking antipsychotics in drug-free and drug-naïve patients, the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied 2nd week and 8th week after medication. In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes significantly increased compared to that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression increased compared to that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. After taking antipsychotics, mRNA of dopamine receptors peaked at 2nd week, after which it decreases but the level was above baseline one at 8th week. Drug-free and drug-naïve patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression before medications, and the group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had more severe psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions These results reveal that the molecular biologically-determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes are reactive, and that increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte has possible clinical significance for subgrouping of schizophrenis.

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioural, morphological and life-history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 mg/L or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum versus 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance, compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance.

Background: The dopaminergic system has been associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease. But previous studies found inconsistent results regarding the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and dopamine when looking at dopamine receptor concentrations.Objective: The aim of this review was to synthesize, using a random-effects model of meta-analysis, the link between the dopaminergic system and Alzheimer's disease.Methods: A detailed analysis protocol was registered at the PROSPERO database prior to data extraction (CRD42018110798). Electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Psyc-ARTICLES were searched up to December 2018 for studies that examined dopamine and dopamine receptors in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to assess group differences in the levels of dopaminergic neurometabolites.Results: Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. Collectively, they included 512 patients and 500 healthy controls. There were significantly lower levels of dopamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with controls (SMD = −1.56, 95% CI: −2.64 to −0.49). In addition, dopamine 1 receptor (SMD = −5.05, 95% CI: −6.14 to −3.97) and dopamine 2 receptor (SMD = −1.13, 95% CI: −1.52 to −0.74) levels were decreased in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. The results of network meta-analysis indicated that the rank of correlation with Alzheimer's disease from highest to lowest was dopamine (0.74), dopamine 2 receptor (0.49), dopamine 3 receptor (0.46), dopamine 4 receptor (0.33), dopamine 5 receptor (0.31), and dopamine 1 receptor (0.64).Conclusions: Overall, decreased levels of dopaminergic neurotransmitters were linked with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, there is a clear need for more prospective studies to validate these hypotheses.

Results of regression analysis examining the association between individual differences in cognitive flexibility as measured with the difference between part b and a in the trail making test and individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability as measured with PET and the radioligand [18F]fallypride controlling for age in an adult life-span sample of healthy humans. Regression analysis included the continuous cognitive score (trail making test b-a) and age as continuous independent variables with dopamine D2-like binding potential as the dependent variable. Data collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald lab.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Subject species

homo sapiens

Modality

PET other

Analysis level

group

Cognitive paradigm (task)

rest eyes open

Map type

T

These data are presented in the article titled "Dopamine neuron activity evoked by food and food predictive cues is augmented by peripheral and central manipulations of glucose availability."These data have been processed as follows:Raw 405nm was subtracted from raw 465nm and then normalized by z-scoring each session.The data have then been downsampled from ~1kHz to 10HzThe data have then been stored in a .csv as long format with pertinent information (event onsets/offsets, treatments, etc.)additional files named "extracted" contain average values of periods of interest extracted from the traces.

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson’s disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and identified that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, w..., , , # Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Inclusive in this dataset is the following: 1) a GraphPad Prism file containing all of the data found in the manuscript with statistical analysis and graphs; 2) individual .csv files containing the data for each graph of data found in the manuscript including a separate .csv for corresponding statistics (files ending in _stats); 3) individual PDFs of graphs generated in GraphPad Prism; and 4) raw image files for microscopy and Western blots. These data demonstrate the principal findings for the manuscript that the protein SV2C: 1) enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and dopamine analogues (e.g., FFN206 and MPP+), and 2) confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic toxicity.

Description of the d...

Relating genetic variations in dopamine brain transmission to task performance with and without rewards

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.qnk98sfs5

Description of the data and file structure

Title: Relating genetic variations in dopamine brain transmission to task performance with and without rewards

Contact: Diane Damiano, National Institutes of Health, damianod@cc.nih.gov

Date created: 2024/09/17

Licenses or restrictions: none

Methods for data collection: a specialized computer program that provided instruction to participants, administered all items and recorded reaction time, error rate for SRTT and proportion correct and reaction time for WPT.

Files and variables

File: DOPAMINEALLDATAWORKSHEET.xlsx

Description: Excel file includes participant group, age group at enrollment (1 = 6-10, 2 = 11-15, 3 = 16-20, 4 = 21-25), sex, gene group, individual gene variant scores (COMT = catechol-O -...

Learning from positive reinforcement is essential for adaptive behavior. Dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity is a candidate mechanism. Computational models of reinforcement learning assume a silent eligibility trace, initiated by synaptic activity, and transformed into plastic changes by later action of dopamine. To investigate test this hypothesis experimentally, we measured time-dependent modulation of synaptic plasticity by dopamine in adult mouse striatum using whole-cell recording. Experiments focused on synapses of dopamine D1 receptor expressing spiny projection neurons. Presynaptic activity followed by postsynaptic action potentials (pre-post) caused spike-time dependent long-term depression in D1-expressing neurons. Applying a dopamine D1 receptor agonist during induction of spike-time dependentpre-post plasticity caused long-term potentiation. This long-term potentiation was masked by long-term depression occurring concurrently, and was unmasked when long-term depression was blocked by calcium channel antagonists. LLong-term potentiation was blocked by a Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor antagonist but not by an NMDA antagonist. Spike-time dependent plasticity-inducingPre-post stimulation caused transient elevation of rectification – a marker for expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors – for two to four seconds after stimulation. Importantly, as a direct test of the eligibility trace hypothesis, dopamine was uncaged at specific time-points before and after pre- and post-synaptic conjunction of activity. Dopamine caused potentiation selectively at synapses that were active two seconds before dopamine release, but not at earlier or later times. Our results provide direct evidence for a synaptic eligibility trace in the synapses of striatal neurons, based on a novel dopamine timing dependent plasticity mechanism.

Four groups of this dataset were used as negative samples for testing subtype selectivity of our developed multi-label machine learning models.

Dopamine in the striatum strongly regulates behavioral output in a heterogenous across the various striatal subregions. Moreover, dopamine dynamics not only displays heterogeneity across brain structures but also within males and females. The purpose of this dataset was to evaluate the dopamine dynamics in male and female mice and rats across five subregions: the dorsolateral caudate, ventromedial caudate, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens lateral shell, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was employed to measure dopamine release and uptake following a single pulse electrical stimulation in each of these subregions within a single brain slice. The dopamine dynamics were also observed across a variety of stimulation amplitudes. The goal of this dataset was to produce systematic FSCV measurements of dopamine across the rodent striatum using FSCV which would be available as a resource for further investigation of DA terminal function., Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript., , # Comparison of dopamine release and uptake parameters across sex, species and striatal subregions

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgcn

Description of the data and file structure

This data set includes 12 mice (6 male, 6 female) and 12 rats (6 male, 6 female). One rostral (mouse: 1.33-1.09 AP; rat: 2.20-1.60 AP) and one caudal (mouse: 0.97-0.73 AP, rat: 1.20-0.70 AP) brain slice from each animal hemisected so that a total of 4 data points were collected per animal. All slices were run in parallel, and an additional slice was collected from each animal to serve as a control for slice health and electrode stability throughout the recording period. Data identifiers have been designated as follows: Species (Ms= mouse or Rt=rat), Sex (M=male; F=female), animal number, slice identity (r=rostral, c=caudal), slice number. Example: MsM1_r1 would be mouse, male 1, rostral slice 1.Â

The study was designed to maximize the data collected, allowing...

Reward motivation is known to enhance cognitive control. However, detrimental effects have also been observed, which have been attributed to overdosing of already high baseline dopamine levels by further dopamine increases elicited by reward cues. Aarts et al. (2014) indeed demonstrated, in 14 individuals, that reward effects depended on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, measured with [18F]FMT-PET: promised reward improved Stroop control in low-dopamine individuals, while impairing it in high-dopamine individuals. Here, we aimed to assess this same effect in 44 new participants, who had previously undergone an [18F]DOPA-PET scan to quantify dopamine synthesis capacity. This sample performed the exact same rewarded Stroop paradigm as in the prior study. However, we did not find any correlation between reward effects on cognitive control and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Critical differences between the radiotracers [18F]DOPA and [18F]FMT are discussed, as the discrepancy between the current and our previous findings might reflect the use of the potentially less sensitive [18F]DOPA radiotracer in the current study.

This event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.

The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.

More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome. For details on PANTHER see also: http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp

Dopamine receptors are members of the rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor family and are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders , including social phobia , Tourette's syndrome , Parkinson's disease , schizophrenia , neuroleptic malignant syndrome , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug and alcohol dependence . As a result, dopamine receptors are common drug targets; antipsychotics are often dopamine receptor antagonists while psychostimulants are typically indirect agonists of dopamine receptors .There are at least five different known subtypes of dopamine receptors designated D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 . They are distinguished by their G-protein coupling, ligand specificity, anatomical distribution and physiological effects. Dopamine receptors are divided into two further subfamilies. The D1-like family consists of D1 and D5 receptors, which couple to Gs and mediate excitatory neurotransmission. The D2-like family, meanwhile, consists of D2, D3 and D4 receptors, which couple to Gi/Go and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. Although dopamine receptors are widely distributed in the brain, they are found in different locations that have different receptor type densities, presumably reflecting different functional roles . D1 and D2 receptor subtypes are found at 10-100 times the levels of the D3, D4, D5 subtypes .

Introduction: The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), is an advantageous model for studying developmental toxicology due to its well defined developmental stages and homology to humans. It has been established that across species, dopaminergic neurons are highly vulnerable to neurotoxicant exposure, resulting in developmental neuronal dysfunction and age-induced degeneration. C. elegans, with genetic perturbations in dopamine system proteins, can provide insight into the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotoxicants. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effect of gene mutations in dopamine-related proteins on body size, development, and behavior in C. elegans. Methods: We studied C. elegans that lack the ability to sequester dopamine (OK411) and that overproduce dopamine (UA57) and a novel strain (MBIA) generated by the genetic crossing of OK411 and UA57, which both lack the ability to sequester dopamine into vesicles and, additionally, endogenously overprodu..., , , # Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkpf

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript "Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans." The data presented here was in effort to understand and characterize the role of dopamine neurotransmission in C. elegans development utilizing genetic models. A novel strain was generated that lacks the protein cat-1, which is responsible for vesicular sequestration of dopamine, and over-expresses the gene cat-2, which is responsible for dopamine synthesis. Thus, this novel strain (MBIA) has compounded effects on the amount of cytosolic dopamine. We characterized this strain, the parent strains used to generate MBIA, and wild-type C. elegans to determine what role dopamine synthesis and sequestration has on body size, development through lar...