According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Dopamine market size will be USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The depressive disorders category is the fastest growing segment of the Dopamine industry

Market Dynamics of Dopamine Market

Key Drivers for Dopamine Market

Increasing Prevalence of Neurological Disorders to Boost Market Growth

The rising incidence of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, is a major driving factor for the dopamine market. Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, movement, and reward processing, plays a critical role in these conditions. For instance, dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. The demand for treatments targeting dopamine receptors, such as dopamine agonists, is growing rapidly as healthcare systems focus on improving the quality of life for patients suffering from these conditions. Furthermore, with the increasing ageing population globally, the number of individuals at risk of developing dopamine-related disorders is expanding, thus driving demand for dopamine-based therapies. Advancements in understanding dopamine's role in mental health are also prompting the development of new drugs and treatments, further expanding the market.

Growth in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Sectors to Drive Market Growth

The continuous advancements in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are fueling the growth of the dopamine market. Research into dopamine-related therapies has expanded due to breakthroughs in understanding its mechanisms in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmaceutical companies are focusing on developing dopamine agonists and antagonists that can treat a wide range of conditions, from Parkinson’s disease to mood disorders. Additionally, dopamine is a key target in the development of new treatments for addiction, obesity, and other metabolic conditions. The growing number of biotech startups and multinational corporations investing in dopamine-targeting drugs further strengthens market demand. Increased research funding, collaboration between academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory support for innovative drug development have accelerated market growth.

Restraint Factor for the Dopamine Market

Regulatory and Safety Concerns will Limit Market Growth

The market for dopamine, particularly in pharmaceutical applications, faces significant regulatory hurdles. Dopamine is primarily used in medical treatments for conditions like Parkinson's disease and dopamine deficiency. Due to its critical role in the central nervous system, its use is heavily regulated by government bodies such as the FDA. The approval process for dopamine-based treatments and related drugs is stringent, leading to long development timelines and high costs for manufacturers. Additionally, the safety concerns associated with dopamine treatments, such as the potential for side effects like hypertension, tachycardia, or arrhythmia, can limit the market’s growth. The strict regulations and safety requirements add layers of complexity, which can inhibit innovation and slow market expansion.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Dopamine Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a notable impact on the dopamine market, particularly in the pharmaceutical secto...

The data in this data repository was used to generate an article published in Biosensors and Bioelectronics titled "Real-time selective detection of dopamine and serotonin at nanomolar concentration from complex in vitro systems", available through the DOI:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115579

We trained naive or trained mice to associate odor cues with outcome (water, air puff or no outcome), and recorded dopamine cell body activity in the vetral tegmental area (VTA), dopamine axon activity in the ventral striatum (VS) or dopamine release in VS with optic fiber fluorometry (photometry). In different set of mice, single dopamine neuron activiy was recorded with 2-photon microscope. In some of these mice, we reversed odor-outcome contingency so that an odor that was associated with no outcome or air puff became associated with water reward. Licking pattern was also recorded.

This page, "Dopamine", is part of the NIST Chemistry WebBook. This site and its contents are part of the NIST Standard Reference Data Program.

Dopamine receptors are members of the rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor family and are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders , including social phobia , Tourette's syndrome , Parkinson's disease , schizophrenia , neuroleptic malignant syndrome , attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug and alcohol dependence . As a result, dopamine receptors are common drug targets; antipsychotics are often dopamine receptor antagonists while psychostimulants are typically indirect agonists of dopamine receptors .There are at least five different known subtypes of dopamine receptors designated D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 . They are distinguished by their G-protein coupling, ligand specificity, anatomical distribution and physiological effects. Dopamine receptors are divided into two further subfamilies. The D1-like family consists of D1 and D5 receptors, which couple to Gs and mediate excitatory neurotransmission. The D2-like family, meanwhile, consists of D2, D3 and D4 receptors, which couple to Gi/Go and mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. Although dopamine receptors are widely distributed in the brain, they are found in different locations that have different receptor type densities, presumably reflecting different functional roles . D1 and D2 receptor subtypes are found at 10-100 times the levels of the D3, D4, D5 subtypes .

Analyzed sessions data structure for all data collected. Data structures include multidimensional behavioral data extracted from video and external sensors as well as simultaneous photometry recordings from multiple locations in the mouse brain. All datasets are aligned to include the first ~1000 trials of learning for >20 animals. A subset of animals received optogenetic perturbations during learning as described in the paper / methods.

Results of regression analysis examining the association between individual differences in cognitive flexibility as measured with the difference between part b and a in the trail making test and individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability as measured with PET and the radioligand [18F]fallypride controlling for age in an adult life-span sample of healthy humans. Regression analysis included the continuous cognitive score (trail making test b-a) and age as continuous independent variables with dopamine D2-like binding potential as the dependent variable. Data collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald lab.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Subject species

homo sapiens

Modality

PET other

Analysis level

group

Cognitive paradigm (task)

rest eyes open

Map type

T

Dopamine neurotransmitter cycle occurs in dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine is synthesized and loaded into the clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicles. The vesicles are docked, primed and fused with the plasmamembrane in the synapse to release dopamine into the synaptic cleft.

Results of regression analysis examining the association between individual differences in working memory as measured with the letter-number sequencing test and individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability as measured with PET and the radioligand [11C]FLB 457 controlling for age in an adult life-span sample of healthy humans. Regression analysis included the continuous cognitive score (letter-number sequencing) and age as continuous independent variables with dopamine D2-like binding potential as the dependent variable. Data collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin lab.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Subject species

homo sapiens

Modality

PET other

Analysis level

group

Cognitive paradigm (task)

rest eyes open

Map type

T

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioural, morphological and life-history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 mg/L or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum versus 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance, compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance.

Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson’s disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and identified that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, w..., , , # Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Inclusive in this dataset is the following: 1) a GraphPad Prism file containing all of the data found in the manuscript with statistical analysis and graphs; 2) individual .csv files containing the data for each graph of data found in the manuscript including a separate .csv for corresponding statistics (files ending in _stats); 3) individual PDFs of graphs generated in GraphPad Prism; and 4) raw image files for microscopy and Western blots. These data demonstrate the principal findings for the manuscript that the protein SV2C: 1) enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and dopamine analogues (e.g., FFN206 and MPP+), and 2) confers neuroprotection against dopaminergic toxicity.

Description of the d...

Dopamine Agonists Market Outlook

The dopamine agonists market size is projected to grow significantly from an estimated value of $3.5 billion in 2023 to approximately $5.8 billion by 2032, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7%. This growth can be attributed to the rising prevalence of neurological disorders, advancements in therapeutic technology, and increasing awareness about the benefits of dopamine agonists in treating conditions like Parkinson's Disease and Restless Legs Syndrome.

A primary growth factor in the dopamine agonists market is the increasing incidence of Parkinson's Disease globally. As the global population ages, the prevalence of ParkinsonÂ’s Disease continues to rise, thereby driving the demand for effective treatment options. Dopamine agonists, being one of the primary drugs used to manage ParkinsonÂ’s Disease, are benefitting from this demand surge. Additionally, the improved diagnostic capabilities in healthcare systems worldwide are facilitating earlier detection and treatment of such neurological conditions, further boosting the market.

Another significant growth driver is the rising awareness and diagnosis of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). RLS, though often undiagnosed in the past, is now being increasingly recognized as a significant health issue, thanks to better awareness among both healthcare professionals and the general public. Dopamine agonists are a preferred treatment for this condition, contributing to market growth. Furthermore, ongoing research and development activities aimed at improving the efficacy and reducing the side effects of dopamine agonists are expected to enhance their adoption rates.

Levodopa, a cornerstone in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease, plays a crucial role in managing the symptoms of this progressive neurological disorder. As a precursor to dopamine, Levodopa helps replenish the brain's depleted dopamine levels, thereby improving motor function and quality of life for patients. The combination of Levodopa with other medications, such as carbidopa, enhances its efficacy by preventing premature conversion to dopamine outside the brain, which can lead to side effects. This combination therapy is widely used and continues to be a fundamental part of Parkinson's Disease management strategies. Research into optimizing Levodopa formulations and delivery methods is ongoing, aiming to further enhance its therapeutic benefits and minimize side effects.

The availability of advanced and varied drug formulations and routes of administration is also fueling market growth. The development of new delivery mechanisms, such as transdermal patches and extended-release formulations, offers patients more convenient and efficient treatment options. These innovations not only improve patient compliance but also broaden the market appeal of dopamine agonists. Moreover, the trend towards personalized medicine is expected to further stimulate market expansion as treatments are tailored to individual patient needs.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the dopamine agonists market due to the high prevalence of neurological disorders, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and substantial investment in research and development. Europe follows closely, driven by similar factors and robust healthcare policies supporting neurological treatments. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth rate during the forecast period, attributed to increasing healthcare expenditure, improving diagnosis rates, and a growing elderly population. Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are also anticipated to contribute to market growth, albeit at a slower pace due to varying healthcare infrastructure and economic conditions.

Drug Type Analysis

The dopamine agonists market is segmented into ergot derivatives and non-ergot derivatives. Ergot derivatives, including drugs such as bromocriptine and cabergoline, have been traditionally used for a variety of conditions. These drugs are known for their efficacy in treating hyperprolactinemia and Parkinson's Disease. Despite their effectiveness, their usage has somewhat declined due to concerns over potential side effects, such as fibrosis and cardiovascular issues. Ongoing research aims to mitigate these risks, potentially revitalizing their market share.

Non-ergot derivatives, such as pramipexole and ropinirole, have gained popularity owing to their lowe

Learning from positive reinforcement is essential for adaptive behavior. Dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity is a candidate mechanism. Computational models of reinforcement learning assume a silent eligibility trace, initiated by synaptic activity, and transformed into plastic changes by later action of dopamine. To investigate test this hypothesis experimentally, we measured time-dependent modulation of synaptic plasticity by dopamine in adult mouse striatum using whole-cell recording. Experiments focused on synapses of dopamine D1 receptor expressing spiny projection neurons. Presynaptic activity followed by postsynaptic action potentials (pre-post) caused spike-time dependent long-term depression in D1-expressing neurons. Applying a dopamine D1 receptor agonist during induction of spike-time dependentpre-post plasticity caused long-term potentiation. This long-term potentiation was masked by long-term depression occurring concurrently, and was unmasked when long-term depression was blocked by calcium channel antagonists. LLong-term potentiation was blocked by a Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor antagonist but not by an NMDA antagonist. Spike-time dependent plasticity-inducingPre-post stimulation caused transient elevation of rectification – a marker for expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors – for two to four seconds after stimulation. Importantly, as a direct test of the eligibility trace hypothesis, dopamine was uncaged at specific time-points before and after pre- and post-synaptic conjunction of activity. Dopamine caused potentiation selectively at synapses that were active two seconds before dopamine release, but not at earlier or later times. Our results provide direct evidence for a synaptic eligibility trace in the synapses of striatal neurons, based on a novel dopamine timing dependent plasticity mechanism.

Four groups of this dataset were used as negative samples for testing subtype selectivity of our developed multi-label machine learning models.

Reward motivation is known to enhance cognitive control. However, detrimental effects have also been observed, which have been attributed to overdosing of already high baseline dopamine levels by further dopamine increases elicited by reward cues. Aarts et al. (2014) indeed demonstrated, in 14 individuals, that reward effects depended on striatal dopamine synthesis capacity, measured with [18F]FMT-PET: promised reward improved Stroop control in low-dopamine individuals, while impairing it in high-dopamine individuals. Here, we aimed to assess this same effect in 44 new participants, who had previously undergone an [18F]DOPA-PET scan to quantify dopamine synthesis capacity. This sample performed the exact same rewarded Stroop paradigm as in the prior study. However, we did not find any correlation between reward effects on cognitive control and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Critical differences between the radiotracers [18F]DOPA and [18F]FMT are discussed, as the discrepancy between the current and our previous findings might reflect the use of the potentially less sensitive [18F]DOPA radiotracer in the current study.

Results of regression analysis examining the association between individual differences in short-term memory as measured with the digit span test (forward+backward) and individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability as measured with PET and the radioligand [11C]FLB 457 controlling for age in an adult life-span sample of healthy humans. Regression analysis included the continuous cognitive score (digit span) and age as continuous independent variables with dopamine D2-like binding potential as the dependent variable. Data collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin lab.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Subject species

homo sapiens

Modality

PET other

Analysis level

group

Cognitive paradigm (task)

rest eyes open

Map type

T

In their pioneering study on dopamine release, Romo and Schultz speculated "... that the amount of dopamine released by unmodulated spontaneous impulse activity exerts a tonic, permissive influence on neuronal processes more actively engaged in preparation of self-initiated movements, ...". Motivated by the suggestion of "spontaneous impulses", we asked two questions. First, are there spontaneous impulses of dopamine that are released in cortex? This possibility is further motivated by the "ramp up" of dopaminergic neuronal activity that occurs when rodents navigate to a reward. Using cell-based optical sensors of extrasynaptic dopamine, [DA]ex, we found that spontaneous dopamine impulses in cortex of naive mice occur at a rate of ~ 0.01 per second. Next, can mice be trained to change the amplitude and/or timing of dopamine events triggered by internal brain dynamics, much as they can change the amplitude and timing of dopamine impulses based on an external cue? Using a reinforcement le...

High-resolution bright-field microscopy images of coronal brain sections showing dopamine 1 receptor positive neurons across the adolescent (35 days old) mouse brain. The dataset consists of eleven image series covering the rostral part of the brain from Drd1a-EGFP mice. For each brain, every fourth section was processed by diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal anti-GFP (RRID:AB_300798) antibody. The publication related to the dataset furthermore includes stereological counts of positive neurons in the prelimbic, infralimbic and insula cortex, as well as in dorsal and ventral striatum.

Results of regression analysis examining the association between individual differences in long-term memory as measured with the delayed recall portion of the verbal paired associates test and individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability as measured with PET and the radioligand [18F]fallypride controlling for age in an adult life-span sample of healthy humans. Regression analysis included the continuous cognitive score (delayed recall) and age as continuous independent variables with dopamine D2-like binding potential as the dependent variable. Data collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald lab.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

Subject species

homo sapiens

Modality

PET other

Analysis level

group

Cognitive paradigm (task)

rest eyes open

Map type

T

Dopamine in the striatum strongly regulates behavioral output in a heterogenous across the various striatal subregions. Moreover, dopamine dynamics not only displays heterogeneity across brain structures but also within males and females. The purpose of this dataset was to evaluate the dopamine dynamics in male and female mice and rats across five subregions: the dorsolateral caudate, ventromedial caudate, nucleus accumbens core, nucleus accumbens lateral shell, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was employed to measure dopamine release and uptake following a single pulse electrical stimulation in each of these subregions within a single brain slice. The dopamine dynamics were also observed across a variety of stimulation amplitudes. The goal of this dataset was to produce systematic FSCV measurements of dopamine across the rodent striatum using FSCV which would be available as a resource for further investigation of DA terminal function., Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript., , # Comparison of dopamine release and uptake parameters across sex, species and striatal subregions

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sf7m0cgcn

Description of the data and file structure

This data set includes 12 mice (6 male, 6 female) and 12 rats (6 male, 6 female). One rostral (mouse: 1.33-1.09 AP; rat: 2.20-1.60 AP) and one caudal (mouse: 0.97-0.73 AP, rat: 1.20-0.70 AP) brain slice from each animal hemisected so that a total of 4 data points were collected per animal. All slices were run in parallel, and an additional slice was collected from each animal to serve as a control for slice health and electrode stability throughout the recording period. Data identifiers have been designated as follows: Species (Ms= mouse or Rt=rat), Sex (M=male; F=female), animal number, slice identity (r=rostral, c=caudal), slice number. Example: MsM1_r1 would be mouse, male 1, rostral slice 1.Â

The study was designed to maximize the data collected, allowing...