This dataset contains quantitative data describing the numbers, densities, and sizes of D1- and D2-receptor positive neurons across the mouse forebrain, acquired by analysing section images from the DOPAMAP collection. Image series from a total of 111 subjects across the five age groups (P17, P25, P35, P49, and P70) were analyzed. We used ilastik to segment cells in the images and combined the resulting segmentation images with reference atlas maps generated using QuickNII and VisuAlign. In this dataset, we provide the segmentation images and reference atlas maps used, as well as the raw output from the analysis and estimates of densities, numbers, and sizes derived from the analysis. We also provide the ilastik classifier used, which may be useful for analysing similar (DAB-stained) data. Together, this dataset provides all the data needed to inspect and explore our data, reproduce our analysis, or re-use the segmentation images with new atlas maps (e.g. with future versions of the Allen mouse brain CCF).

A collection of 12 brain maps. Each brain map is a 3D array of values representing properties of the brain at different locations.

Collection description

Two studies of healthy, human adults examining associations between adult chronological age, dopamine D2-like receptors measured with [18F]Fallypride in one study and [11C]FLB457 in the other study, and neuropsychological measures of cognition and psychomotor speed. Fallypride data set collected at Vanderbilt University in the Zald Lab. FLB457 data set collected at Yale University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab. Data analyzed at Duke University in the Samanez-Larkin Lab.

This dataset was curated from the ChEMBL database and further enriched with RDKit-calculated molecular properties. It serves as a valuable resource for cheminformatics and machine learning tasks, particularly in drug-target interaction studies.

The dataset comprises around 3000 instances, each representing a unique molecule and its interaction with dopamine receptors. The key features include:

• ChEMBL ID and SMILES: Molecular identifiers and structure information.
• Experimental Data: EC50 values (nM), pEC50 values (log-transformed potency measure).
• Assay Type and Target Name: Experimental context and receptor subtype targeted - D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5.
• Molecular Descriptors:
• MW: Molecular Weight of the molecule in Da.
• LogP (Lipophilicity): Indicating hydrophobicity.
• H_Donors and H_Acceptors: Indicators of hydrogen bonding capacity.
• TPSA (Topological Polar Surface Area): Important for bioavailability.
• Ring_Count and Rotatable_Bonds: Measures of molecular complexity.

Background Though the dysfunction of central dopaminergic system has been proposed, the etiology or pathogenesis of schizophrenia is still uncertain partly due to limited accessibility to dopamine receptor. The purpose of this study was to define whether or not the easily accessible dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes can be the peripheral markers of schizophrenia.

   Results
   44 drug-medicated schizophrenics for more than 3 years, 28 drug-free schizophrenics for more than 3 months, 15 drug-naïve schizophrenic patients, and 31 healthy persons were enrolled. Sequential reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the mRNA were used to investigate the expression of D3 and D5 dopamine receptors in peripheral lymphocytes. The gene expression of dopamine receptors was compared in each group. After taking antipsychotics in drug-free and drug-naïve patients, the dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes were sequentially studied 2nd week and 8th week after medication.
   In drug-free schizophrenics, D3 dopamine receptor mRNA expression of peripheral lymphocytes significantly increased compared to that of controls and drug-medicated schizophrenics, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNA expression increased compared to that of drug-medicated schizophrenics. After taking antipsychotics, mRNA of dopamine receptors peaked at 2nd week, after which it decreases but the level was above baseline one at 8th week. Drug-free and drug-naïve patients were divided into two groups according to dopamine receptor expression before medications, and the group of patients with increased dopamine receptor expression had more severe psychiatric symptoms.


   Conclusions
   These results reveal that the molecular biologically-determined dopamine receptors of peripheral lymphocytes are reactive, and that increased expression of dopamine receptor in peripheral lymphocyte has possible clinical significance for subgrouping of schizophrenis.

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioural, morphological and life-history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 mg/L or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum versus 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance, compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance.

Dopamine neurotransmitter cycle occurs in dopaminergic neurons. Dopamine is synthesized and loaded into the clathrin sculpted monoamine transport vesicles. The vesicles are docked, primed and fused with the plasmamembrane in the synapse to release dopamine into the synaptic cleft.

Data from: Dopamine and serotonin co-transmission filters striatonigral synaptic activity via 5-HT1B receptor activation

Dataset DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2z34tmpzx

Description of the data and file structure

This dataset contains the source data for all figures.

Each CSV file corresponds to one figure panel as indicated by the filename.

- Columns:

"x" = time or condition

"y" = measurement (e.g., normalized fluorescence, ΔF/F, etc.)

"sem" = standard error of the mean (if applicable)

"n" = number of observations (if applicable)

For details on experimental design, see Materials and Methods in the manuscript.

Contact: Anders Borgkvist, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, anders.borgkvist@ki.se

Files and variables

File: Dataset_Molinari_etal.zip

Root Contents

• README.txt — Text note/README.

Fiber_photometry_analysis_code

• README_FP.txt

– Type: Text file

• ann_5HT_grab.m...

Executive Summary of Dopamine Market The global Dopamine market is poised for significant growth, projected to expand from $2,572.02 million in 2021 to $5,161.95 million by 2033, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.977%. This expansion is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of neurological and cardiovascular conditions such as Parkinson's disease, shock, and hypotension, particularly among the growing geriatric population worldwide. North America currently holds the largest market share, attributed to its advanced healthcare infrastructure and high healthcare expenditure. However, the Asia-Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, fueled by improving healthcare access, rising disposable incomes, and increasing awareness of dopamine-related therapies. The market is characterized by ongoing research and development into novel drug delivery systems and therapeutic applications, though it faces restraints from the side effects of dopamine treatments and stringent regulatory frameworks.

Key strategic insights from our comprehensive analysis reveal:

The global Dopamine market demonstrates consistent growth, with a projected value of $3,244.3 million in 2025, indicating sustained demand for treatments related to neurological and critical care conditions.
North America, particularly the United States, dominates the market landscape due to its robust healthcare system and high prevalence of target diseases. However, its growth rate is moderate compared to emerging economies.
The Asia-Pacific region is set to be the key growth engine, exhibiting the highest CAGR of 6.821%. Countries like China and India are at the forefront, driven by expanding healthcare infrastructure and a large patient base.

Strategic Recommendations for Manufacturers To capitalize on growth opportunities and navigate market challenges, manufacturers should prioritize a multi-pronged strategy. Firstly, significant investment in Research & Development is crucial, focusing on creating next-generation dopamine agonists with improved side-effect profiles and enhanced patient-centric drug delivery systems, such as long-acting formulations. Secondly, strategic expansion into high-growth emerging markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific (China, India) and South America (Brazil), should be a top priority. This involves building robust local distribution networks and adapting marketing strategies to regional healthcare ecosystems. Lastly, forming strategic alliances with research institutions and local companies can accelerate innovation and help navigate complex regional regulatory landscapes, ensuring faster market access and sustained competitive advantage. Market Dynamics of Dopamine Market

Key Drivers for Dopamine Market

Increasing Prevalence of Neurological Disorders to Boost Market Growth

The rising incidence of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, is a major driving factor for the dopamine market. Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, movement, and reward processing, plays a critical role in these conditions. For instance, dopamine deficiency is associated with Parkinson's disease, leading to motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity. The demand for treatments targeting dopamine receptors, such as dopamine agonists, is growing rapidly as healthcare systems focus on improving the quality of life for patients suffering from these conditions. Furthermore, with the increasing ageing population globally, the number of individuals at risk of developing dopamine-related disorders is expanding, thus driving demand for dopamine-based therapies. Advancements in understanding dopamine's role in mental health are also prompting the development of new drugs and treatments, further expanding the market.

Growth in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Sectors to Drive Market Growth

The continuous advancements in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are fueling the growth of the dopamine market. Research into dopamine-related therapies has expanded due to breakthroughs in understanding its mechanisms in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Pharmaceutical companies are focusing on developing dopamine agonists and antagonists that can treat a wide range of conditions, from Parkinson’s disease to mood disorders. Additionally, dopamine is a key target in the development of new treat...

Detailed methods can be found in the manuscript.

In this study, we characterized dynamics of novelty exploration using multi-point tracking (DeepLabCut) and behavioral segmentation (MoSeq). Mice were habituated in an arena, and then a object was placed at the corner of the arena. We compared 4 groups of mice: one with presentation of a novel object (stimulus novelty), one with a presentation of a familiar object (contextual novelty), one with presentation of a novel object after ablation of dopamine neuorns that project to the tail of the striatum (TS), and one with presentation of a novel object after sham surgery. With a separate group of mice, dopamine activity in TS was recorded during novelty exploration.

Introduction: The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), is an advantageous model for studying developmental toxicology due to its well defined developmental stages and homology to humans. It has been established that across species, dopaminergic neurons are highly vulnerable to neurotoxicant exposure, resulting in developmental neuronal dysfunction and age-induced degeneration. C. elegans, with genetic perturbations in dopamine system proteins, can provide insight into the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotoxicants. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effect of gene mutations in dopamine-related proteins on body size, development, and behavior in C. elegans. Methods: We studied C. elegans that lack the ability to sequester dopamine (OK411) and that overproduce dopamine (UA57) and a novel strain (MBIA) generated by the genetic crossing of OK411 and UA57, which both lack the ability to sequester dopamine into vesicles and, additionally, endogenously overprodu..., , , # Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hhmgqnkpf

This dataset contains the raw data corresponding to the manuscript "Effect of altered production and storage of dopamine on development and behavior in C. elegans." The data presented here was in effort to understand and characterize the role of dopamine neurotransmission in C. elegans development utilizing genetic models. A novel strain was generated that lacks the protein cat-1, which is responsible for vesicular sequestration of dopamine, and over-expresses the gene cat-2, which is responsible for dopamine synthesis. Thus, this novel strain (MBIA) has compounded effects on the amount of cytosolic dopamine. We characterized this strain, the parent strains used to generate MBIA, and wild-type C. elegans to determine what role dopamine synthesis and sequestration has on body size, development through lar...

Dopaminergic neurotransmission has been investigated extensively, yet direct optical probing of dopamine has not been possible in live cells. Here we image intracellular dopamine with sub-micrometer three-dimensional resolution by harnessing its intrinsic mid-ultraviolet (UV) autofluorescence. Two-photon excitation with visible light (540 nm) in conjunction with a non-epifluorescent detection scheme is used to circumvent the UV toxicity and the UV transmission problems. The method is established by imaging dopamine in a dopaminergic cell line and in control cells (glia), and is validated by mass spectrometry. We further show that individual dopamine vesicles/vesicular clusters can be imaged in cultured rat brain slices, thereby providing a direct visualization of the intracellular events preceding dopamine release induced by depolarization or amphetamine exposure. Our technique opens up a previously inaccessible mid-ultraviolet spectral regime (excitation ~270 nm, emission < 320 nm) for label-free imaging of native molecules in live tissue.

Sample numbers for Dopamine Added Swimming Induced Paralysis (DA-SWIP) and sorting experiments under 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.msbcc2g4t

The table AUDDIT_Sorting_Table1_(1).xlsx contains sample numbers for experiments in this manuscript.

This excel table includes four variables:

A) Experiment, which details the test under analysis

B) Group and Type, which relates to different treatment groups or genotypes

C and D) Here N relates to the number of items described in column D. For instance, line 2 (N=9, Type = Proportion) means that 9 replicates were assayed, and the readout for each experiment is proportion (i.e., fraction of animals paralyzed). In line 19, for example, N=276, Type=Dendrites, this means that a total of 276 dendrites were analyzed for this experiment.

E) Total animals. This column desribes how many animals were used in total to obtain the data for all experiments described in that line.

Background Dopamine was shown to stimulate the perivitelline fluid secretion by the albumen gland. Even though the albumen gland has been shown to contain catecholaminergic fibers and its innervation has been studied, the type of catecholamines, distribution of fibers and the precise source of this neural innervation has not yet been deduced. This study was designed to address these issues and examine the correlation between dopamine concentration and the sexual status of snails.

   Results
   Dopaminergic neurons were found in all ganglia except the pleural and right parietal, and their axons in all ganglia and major nerves of the brain. In the albumen gland dopaminergic axons formed a nerve tract in the central region, and a uniform net in other areas. Neuronal cell bodies were present in the vicinity of the axons. Dopamine was a major catecholamine in the brain and the albumen gland. No significant difference in dopamine quantity was found when the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails were compared.


   Conclusions
   Our results represent the first detailed studies regarding the catecholamine innervation and quantitation of neurotransmitters in the albumen gland. In this study we localized catecholaminergic neurons and axons in the albumen gland and the brain, identified these neurons and axons as dopaminergic, reported monoamines present in the albumen gland and the brain, and compared the dopamine content in the brain and the albumen gland of randomly mating, virgin and first time mated snails.

Corpus-verified analysis of 298 PubMed studies on Dopamine Antagonists. Includes evidence scores, research domain classification, study type breakdown, and velocity metrics.

This dataset is used by the research Single-cell genomic profiling of human dopamine neurons identifies a population that selectively degenerates in Parkinson’s disease, it contains the human digital gene expression matrix and the macaque slide seqv2 dataset publish by the authors. - The data for Cross Species analysis are not included.

You can check the result produced by research:

1. Single Cell Analysis
2. Slide Seq

Motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the subsequent dopamine depletion in different brain areas. The most common therapy to treat motor symptoms for patients with this disorder is the systemic intake of L-DOPA that increases dopamine levels in all the brain, making it difficult to discern the main locus of dopaminergic action in the alleviation of motor control. Caged compounds are molecules with the ability to release neuromodulators locally in temporary controlled conditions using light. In the present study, we measured the turning behavior of unilateral dopamine-depleted mice before and after dopamine uncaging. The optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum of lesioned mice produced contralateral turning behavior that resembled, to a lesser extent, the contralateral turning behavior evoked by a systemic injection of apomorphine. Contralateral turning behavior induced by dopamine uncaging was temporarily tied to the transient elevation of dopamine concentration and was reversed when dopamine decreased to pathological levels. Remarkably, contralateral turning behavior was tuned by changing the power and frequency of light stimulation, opening the possibility to modulate dopamine fluctuations using different light stimulation protocols. Moreover, striatal dopamine uncaging recapitulated the motor effects of a low concentration of systemic L-DOPA, but with better temporal control of dopamine levels. Finally, dopamine uncaging reduced the pathological synchronization of striatal neuronal ensembles that characterize unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. We conclude that optical delivery of dopamine in the striatum resembles the motor effects induced by systemic injection of dopaminergic agonists in unilateral dopamine-depleted mice. Future experiments using this approach could help to elucidate the role of dopamine in different brain nuclei in normal and pathological conditions.

We trained naive or trained mice to associate odor cues with outcome (water, air puff or no outcome), and recorded dopamine cell body activity in the vetral tegmental area (VTA), dopamine axon activity in the ventral striatum (VS) or dopamine release in VS with optic fiber fluorometry (photometry). In different set of mice, single dopamine neuron activiy was recorded with 2-photon microscope. In some of these mice, we reversed odor-outcome contingency so that an odor that was associated with no outcome or air puff became associated with water reward. Licking pattern was also recorded.

Datafile for: "Dopamine and the creative mind: Individual differences in creativity are predicted by interactions between dopamine genes DAT and COMT."

Introduction: The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), is an advantageous model for studying developmental toxicology due to its well defined developmental stages and homology to humans. It has been established that across species, dopaminergic neurons are highly vulnerable to neurotoxicant exposure, resulting in developmental neuronal dysfunction and age-induced degeneration. C. elegans, with genetic perturbations in dopamine system proteins, can provide insight into the mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotoxicants. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effect of gene mutations in dopamine-related proteins on body size, development, and behavior in C. elegans. Methods: We studied C. elegans that lack the ability to sequester dopamine (OK411) and that overproduce dopamine (UA57) and a novel strain (MBIA) generated by the genetic crossing of OK411 and UA57, which both lack the ability to sequester dopamine into vesicles and, additionally, endogenously overproduce dopamine. The MBIA strain was generated to address the hypothesis that an endogenous increase in the production of dopamine can rescue deficits caused by a lack of vesicular dopamine sequestration. These strains were analyzed for body size, developmental stage, reproduction, egg laying, motor behaviors, and neuronal health utilizing multiple methods. Results: Our results further implicate proper dopamine synthesis and sequestration in the regulation of C. elegans body size, development through larval stages into gravid adulthood, and motor functioning. Furthermore, our analyses demonstrate that body size in terms of length is distinct from the developmental stage as fully developed gravid adult C. elegans with disruptions in the dopamine system have decreased body lengths. Thus, body size should not be used as a proxy for the developmental stage when designing experiments. Discussion: Our results provide additional evidence that the dopamine system impacts the development, growth, and reproduction in C. elegans. Furthermore, our data suggest that endogenously increasing the production of dopamine mitigates deficits in C. elegans lacking the ability to package dopamine into synaptic vesicles. The novel strain, MBIA, and novel analyses of development and reproduction presented here can be utilized in developmental neurotoxicity experiments.