Yemen YE: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 121.203 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of -229.611 USD mn for 2016. Yemen YE: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.861 USD bn in 1998 and a record low of -2.483 USD bn in 1997. Yemen YE: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Yemen – Table YE.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Ethiopian external debt sustainability analysis: evidence for Engle - granger residual based c0- integration testBackgroundThe debt sustainability problem is the prime issue facing many developing countries like Ethiopia. With the best knowledge of the researcher, there have been few studies on the sustainability of public external debt outside the research path of the IMF in Ethiopia. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the external public debt sustainability of Ethiopia's economyMethodsEngle-Granger's two-step model, which is based on two frameworks for debt sustainability between import and export as well as external public debt and export, was used to study the goal. The data is spanning from 1981 to 2021.ResultsThe study’s findings concluded that the unit root tests are all stationary at first differences are consistent with the study frameworks. In the first framework, the Engle-Granger residual-based co-integration test confirms the existence of co-integrated relationships between export and import. However, the long-run co-integrated coefficient is significantly different from unity implying that the result is inconsistent with the first framework. According to the second framework, the study's findings revealed a co-integration relationship between export and import but none between export and external debt.ConclusionThus, the study's findings in both frameworks conclude that external debt is not sustainable in the Ethiopian Economy

Sudan SD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at -321.611 USD mn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of -358.626 USD mn for 2015. Sudan SD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.828 USD bn in 1989 and a record low of -1.138 USD bn in 2011. Sudan SD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sudan – Table SD.World Bank: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

The total reserves as a percentage of the total external debt in Honduras decreased by 7.7 percentage points (-11.57 percent) compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significantly higher reserves as share of external debt than the preceding years.

Egypt EG: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 18.755 USD bn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 6.632 USD bn for 2015. Egypt EG: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18.755 USD bn in 2016 and a record low of -12.660 USD bn in 1990. Egypt EG: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

In 2018, the debt that Peru's central government owed to creditors based in the country was almost double the amount of debt held with foreign creditors. As recently as 2015, Peru's external debt in relation to the country's gross domestic product (GDP) was higher than its internal debt.

The total reserves as a percentage of the total external debt in Paraguay decreased to 37.82 percent compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significantly higher reserves as share of external debt than the preceding years.

The total reserves as a percentage of the total external debt in Belize decreased by 1.5 percentage points (-4.57 percent) compared to the previous year. Nevertheless, the last two years recorded a significantly higher reserves as share of external debt than the preceding years.

Historical chart and dataset showing India external debt by year from 1970 to 2023.

The coronavirus pandemic has revived interest in the effects of fiscal policy. This paper studies the effects of government spending on default risk in emerging economies. We first build a general equilibrium small open economy model where government spending shocks influence external debt and sovereign bond spreads. We show that external debt piles up and sovereign bond spreads increase following a government spending shock. We then develop VAR evidence based on a panel of 18 countries. We find that in response to a 10% government spending increase, (1) the real effective exchange rate appreciates by 1.0% and the current account to GDP ratio deteriorates by 0.0025 on impact; (2) external debt increases by an average of 3.5% in the year following the shock; and (3) the EMBI Global spread rises by an average of 25 basis points within two years and peaks at 132 basis points 14 quarters after the shock, suggesting a higher sovereign default risk. The empirical results confirm the theoretical predictions from the general equilibrium model.

Eritrea ER: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 22.553 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of -77.009 USD mn for 2016. Eritrea ER: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 127.226 USD mn in 1999 and a record low of -77.009 USD mn in 2016. Eritrea ER: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Eritrea – Table ER.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

ABSTRACT The paper presents a model intended to define and discuss the sustainability of external debts in “emergent markets”. The first sustainability condition is the existence of a maximum in the debt-output ratio. With some simple behavior hypotheses, it is shown that sustainability depends on the initial debt-exports ratio, the rate of growth of exports and the country-risk premium. An endogenous country-risk premium gives room for multiple equilibrium. The model allows the discussion of vulnerability vis-à-vis financial shocks and the propensity of the economy to jump to unsustainable paths. The first sustainability condition is not a stringent one. Two additional sustainability conditions are added: a positive rate of growth and a minimum in the domestic absorption-output ratio. The discussion of multiple equilibrium, vulnerability and the potential instability of sustainability is then extended.

Moldova MD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 738.462 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 128.734 USD mn for 2016. Moldova MD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.010 USD bn in 2010 and a record low of -352.948 USD mn in 2014. Moldova MD: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Moldova – Table MD.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

This table contains information on general government debt. Debt is broken down into debt instruments and counterpart sectors (debt holders). Government debt is presented at face value (redemption value of debt) as well as market value (value at which debt can be traded). General government debt according to the Maastricht definitions relevant in the Stability and Growth Pact is valued at face value, whereas the market value is applied in national accounts. Government debt denominated in euros as well as debt denominated in foreign currency are separately disclosed. Foreign currency debt is valued at prevailing currency exchange rate. The figures are consolidated which means that flows between units that belong to the same sector of general government are eliminated. As a result, the debt of subsectors do not add up to total debt of general government. For example, debt of the State to social security funds is part of debt of the State. However, it is not included in the consolidated debt of general government, because it is debt of general government to general government. The terms and definitions used are in accordance with the framework of the national accounts. National accounts are based on the international definitions of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). Small temporary differences in this table with publications of the Dutch national accounts may occur due to the fact that the Dutch government finance statistics are sometimes more up to date.

Data available from: Yearly figures from 1995, quarterly figures from 1999.

Status of the figures: The figures for the period 1995-2022 are final. The figures for 2023 and 2024 are provisional.

Changes as of 24 June 2024: Figures on the first quarter of 2024 are available. The figures for 2022 are final. In the context of the revision policy of National accounts, the annual figures from 1995 and the quarterly figures from 1999 have been revised.

When will new figures be published? Provisional quarterly figures are published three months after the end of the quarter. In September the figures on the first quarter may be revised, in December the figures on the second quarter may be revised and in March the first three quarters may be revised. Yearly figures are published for the first time three months after the end of the year concerned. Yearly figures are revised two times: 6 and 18 months after the end of the year. Please note that there is a possibility that adjustments might take place at the end of March or September, in order to provide the European Commission with the latest figures. Revised yearly figures are published in June each year. Quarterly figures are aligned to revised years at the end of June. More information on the revision policy of Dutch national accounts and government finance statistics can be found under 'relevant articles' under paragraph 3.

Government debt continues to expand, reaching over all 872 billion, approximately 62 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), as of end-September 2013. Domestic debt grew sharply in the first half of 2013, emanating largely from poor tax revenue performance, together with the accumulation of a large stock of unpaid bills and arrears. External debt creditors comprise multilaterals, bilateral creditors, and private creditors. The concentrated nature of the investor base and the high domestic debt stock limit the choices available to debt management, particularly with regards to extending the maturity of the domestic debt. Public debt management in Albania follows an organized process but will benefit from a number of technical changes. The domestic borrowing plan has been revised frequently due to unexpected flows in the treasury account. In an environment of volatile treasury balances, cash flows safety nets or minimum cash buffers should be implemented. A number of initiatives are recommended to improve the transmission of price signals in the primary market - overall this will provide incentives for secondary market development. To support the development of the secondary market the General Directorate of public debt management should modify its issuance program and focus on key maturities on the yield curve. It is suggested that the issuance program takes a small step in this direction by limiting the number of tenors and focusing on for example, two, five, seven, and ten-year treasury bonds as well as increasing the frequency of 5 and 7-year maturities from quarterly to bi-monthly. This will provide more frequent price discovery in the primary market that will support portfolio valuation.

Uzbekistan UZ: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 1.429 USD bn in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.543 USD bn for 2015. Uzbekistan UZ: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.632 USD bn in 2014 and a record low of -572.918 USD mn in 2005. Uzbekistan UZ: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uzbekistan – Table UZ.World Bank: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Guyana GY: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at -0.075 USD mn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of -702.831 USD mn for 2015. Guyana GY: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 598.274 USD mn in 2011 and a record low of -702.831 USD mn in 2015. Guyana GY: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Guyana – Table GY.World Bank: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Montenegro ME: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data was reported at 425.743 USD mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 52.484 USD mn for 2016. Montenegro ME: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 854.598 USD mn in 2009 and a record low of -753.388 USD mn in 2010. Montenegro ME: External Debt: Stocks: Total Change data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.World Bank.WDI: External Debt: Arrears and Reschedulings. Total change in debt stocks shows the variation in debt stock between two consecutive years. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank, International Debt Statistics.; Sum;

Two Excel files that fully replicate all figures and tables. Each file includes short ReadMe files to guide users: • “HowChinaLends_DataandResults” includes the raw data and derives all results and statistics that are presented in the paper and appendix. The data in this file is identical to the dataset posted on the AidData website (https://www.aiddata.org/data/how-china-lends-dataset-version-1-0). The source links are updated to direct users to our online repository. The ContractData sheet contains the full coding results for all 100 Chinese loan contracts and all 142 benchmark contracts from Cameroon. • HowChinaLends_ChartBook presents all tables and figures from the paper based on statistics derived from “HowChinaLends_DataandResults".

If you use the data, please cite as: Gelpern, A., Horn, S., Morris, S., Parks, B., & Trebesch, C. (2021). How China Lends: A Rare Look into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Center for Global Development, and AidData at William & Mary.