One important reason for performing GIS analysis is to determine proximity. Often, this type of analysis is done using vector data and possibly the Buffer or Near tools. In this course, you will learn how to calculate distance using raster datasets as inputs in order to assign cells a value based on distance to the nearest source (e.g., city, campground). You will also learn how to allocate cells to a particular source and to determine the compass direction from a cell in a raster to a source.What if you don't want to just measure the straight line from one place to another? What if you need to determine the best route to a destination, taking speed limits, slope, terrain, and road conditions into consideration? In cases like this, you could use the cost distance tools in order to assign a cost (such as time) to each raster cell based on factors like slope and speed limit. From these calculations, you could create a least-cost path from one place to another. Because these tools account for variables that could affect travel, they can help you determine that the shortest path may not always be the best path.After completing this course, you will be able to:Create straight-line distance, direction, and allocation surfaces.Determine when to use Euclidean and weighted distance tools.Perform a least-cost path analysis.

This layer shows workers' place of residence by commute length. This is shown by tract, county, and state boundaries. This service is updated annually to contain the most currently released American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data, and contains estimates and margins of error. There are also additional calculated attributes related to this topic, which can be mapped or used within analysis. This layer is symbolized to show the percentage of commuters whose commute is 90 minutes or more. To see the full list of attributes available in this service, go to the "Data" tab, and choose "Fields" at the top right. Current Vintage: 2019-2023ACS Table(s): B08303Data downloaded from: Census Bureau's API for American Community Survey Date of API call: December 12, 2024National Figures: data.census.govThe United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS):About the SurveyGeography & ACSTechnical DocumentationNews & UpdatesThis ready-to-use layer can be used within ArcGIS Pro, ArcGIS Online, its configurable apps, dashboards, Story Maps, custom apps, and mobile apps. Data can also be exported for offline workflows. For more information about ACS layers, visit the FAQ. Please cite the Census and ACS when using this data.Data Note from the Census:Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. The degree of uncertainty for an estimate arising from sampling variability is represented through the use of a margin of error. The value shown here is the 90 percent margin of error. The margin of error can be interpreted as providing a 90 percent probability that the interval defined by the estimate minus the margin of error and the estimate plus the margin of error (the lower and upper confidence bounds) contains the true value. In addition to sampling variability, the ACS estimates are subject to nonsampling error (for a discussion of nonsampling variability, see Accuracy of the Data). The effect of nonsampling error is not represented in these tables.Data Processing Notes:This layer is updated automatically when the most current vintage of ACS data is released each year, usually in December. The layer always contains the latest available ACS 5-year estimates. It is updated annually within days of the Census Bureau's release schedule. Click here to learn more about ACS data releases.Boundaries come from the US Census TIGER geodatabases, specifically, the National Sub-State Geography Database (named tlgdb_(year)_a_us_substategeo.gdb). Boundaries are updated at the same time as the data updates (annually), and the boundary vintage appropriately matches the data vintage as specified by the Census. These are Census boundaries with water and/or coastlines erased for cartographic and mapping purposes. For census tracts, the water cutouts are derived from a subset of the 2020 Areal Hydrography boundaries offered by TIGER. Water bodies and rivers which are 50 million square meters or larger (mid to large sized water bodies) are erased from the tract level boundaries, as well as additional important features. For state and county boundaries, the water and coastlines are derived from the coastlines of the 2023 500k TIGER Cartographic Boundary Shapefiles. These are erased to more accurately portray the coastlines and Great Lakes. The original AWATER and ALAND fields are still available as attributes within the data table (units are square meters).The States layer contains 52 records - all US states, Washington D.C., and Puerto RicoCensus tracts with no population that occur in areas of water, such as oceans, are removed from this data service (Census Tracts beginning with 99).Percentages and derived counts, and associated margins of error, are calculated values (that can be identified by the "_calc_" stub in the field name), and abide by the specifications defined by the American Community Survey.Field alias names were created based on the Table Shells file available from the American Community Survey Summary File Documentation page.Negative values (e.g., -4444...) have been set to null, with the exception of -5555... which has been set to zero. These negative values exist in the raw API data to indicate the following situations:The margin of error column indicates that either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute a standard error and thus the margin of error. A statistical test is not appropriate.Either no sample observations or too few sample observations were available to compute an estimate, or a ratio of medians cannot be calculated because one or both of the median estimates falls in the lowest interval or upper interval of an open-ended distribution.The median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution, or in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution. A statistical test is not appropriate.The estimate is controlled. A statistical test for sampling variability is not appropriate.The data for this geographic area cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small.

How many people are staying at home? How far are people traveling when they don’t stay home? Which states and counties have more people taking trips? The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) now provides answers to those questions through our mobility statistics program.

The "Trips by Distance" data and number of people staying home and not staying home are estimated for the Bureau of Transportation Statistics by the Maryland Transportation Institute and Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory at the University of Maryland. The travel statistics are produced from an anonymized national panel of mobile device data from multiple sources. All data sources used in the creation of the metrics contain no personal information. Data analysis is conducted at the aggregate national, state, and county levels. A weighting procedure expands the sample of millions of mobile devices, so the results are representative of the entire population in a nation, state, or county. To assure confidentiality and support data quality, no data are reported for a county if it has fewer than 50 devices in the sample on any given day.

Trips are defined as movements that include a stay of longer than 10 minutes at an anonymized location away from home. Home locations are imputed on a weekly basis. A movement with multiple stays of longer than 10 minutes before returning home is counted as multiple trips. Trips capture travel by all modes of transportation. including driving, rail, transit, and air.

The daily travel estimates are from a mobile device data panel from merged multiple data sources that address the geographic and temporal sample variation issues often observed in a single data source. The merged data panel only includes mobile devices whose anonymized location data meet a set of data quality standards, which further ensures the overall data quality and consistency. The data quality standards consider both temporal frequency and spatial accuracy of anonymized location point observations, temporal coverage and representativeness at the device level, spatial representativeness at the sample and county level, etc. A multi-level weighting method that employs both device and trip-level weights expands the sample to the underlying population at the county and state levels, before travel statistics are computed.

These data are experimental and may not meet all of our quality standards. Experimental data products are created using new data sources or methodologies that benefit data users in the absence of other relevant products. We are seeking feedback from data users and stakeholders on the quality and usefulness of these new products. Experimental data products that meet our quality standards and demonstrate sufficient user demand may enter regular production if resources permit.

These data are made available under a public domain license. Data should be attributed to the "Maryland Transportation Institute and Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Laboratory at the University of Maryland and the United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics."

Daily data for a given week will be uploaded to the BTS website within 9-10 days of the end of the week in question (e.g., data for Sunday September 17-Saturday September 23 would be updated on Tuesday, October 3). All BTS visualizations and tables that rely on these data will update at approximately 10am ET on days when new data are received, processed, and uploaded.

The methodology used to develop these data can be found at: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/67520.

This layer contains 30 minute driving times from each SAMHSA treatment center in Tennessee. This map depicts the locations of SAMHSA Treatment Programs in Tennessee as of 09/18/2019. The map also contains 60 and 30 minute drive time analysis polygons and 30 minute walking analysis polygons.Data was downloaded from https://dpt2.samhsa.gov/treatment/ and geocoded in ArcGIS Online. Locations have not been verified. Drive and walking time polygons were generated in ArcGIS Online.

The travel time map was generated using the Pedestrian Evacuation Analyst model from the USGS. The travel time analysis uses ESRI's Path Distance tool to find the shortest distance across a cost surface from any point in the hazard zone to a safe zone. This cost analysis considers the direction of movement and assigns a higher cost to steeper slopes, based on a table contained within the model. The analysis also adds in the energy costs of crossing different types of land cover, assuming that less energy is expended walking along a road than walking across a sandy beach. To produce the time map, the evacuation surface output from the model is grouped into 1-minute increments for easier visualization. The times in the attribute table represent the estimated time to travel on foot to the nearest safe zone at the speed designated in the map title. The bridge or nobridge name in the map title identifies whether bridges were represented in the modeling or whether they were removed prior to modeling to estimate the impact on travel times from earthquake-damaged bridges.

Urban SDK is a GIS data management platform and global provider of mobility, urban characteristics, and alt datasets. Urban SDK Traffic data provides traffic volume, average speed, average travel time and congestion for logistics, transportation planning, traffic monitoring, routing and urban planning. Traffic data is generated from cars, trucks and mobile devices for major road networks in US and Canada.

"With the old data I used, it took me 3-4 weeks to create a presentation. I will be able to do 3-4x the work with your Urban SDK traffic data."

Traffic Volume, Speed and Congestion Data Type Profile:

• Traffic volume in annual average daily and daily traffic volumes per roadway
• Average travel speed in 15 minute and hourly intervals per roadway
• Travel time in seconds in 15 minute intervals per roadway
• Commute travel time in minutes in annual interval estimates in geohash boundaries
• Congested roadway segments based on travel time reliability in monthly intervals per roadway
• Traffic data attributed spatially to state, county, road functional class, road name, road segment, segment length in km or miles as geojson

Industry Solutions include:

• Transportation Planning
• Traffic Monitoring
• Congestion Management and Trend Analysis
• Travel Demand Modeling
• Traffic Impact Analysis
• Parking Analysis
• Transit System Planning
• Route Planning
• Civil Engineering
• Site Selection

Use cases:

• Traffic monitoring, data analysis, and forecasting for transportation, transit, and urban planning.
• Improve dynamic routing with accurate travel time and congestion data
• Environmental and emissions analysis
• Travel demand and transportation modeling
• Location analysis and assessment for commercial site selection for retail or logistics related locations

Analysis of ‘Strategic Measures_Transit Travel Time Reliability: Percent change in MetroBus on-time performance by Type’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/1e24fd66-c213-4ebe-ab2b-35ba26e2da37 on 26 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

This dataset supports measure M.A.2.a of SD 2023. The source of the data is Capital Metro. Each row displays the statistics related to performance by time.This dataset can be used to know more about on-time performance trends for transit in Austin. View more details and insights related to this measure on the story page : https://data.austintexas.gov/stories/s/M-A-2-a-Transit-Travel-Time-Reliability-percent-ch/ktzy-fxx3/

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Travel Time Reliability (T9)

FULL MEASURE NAME Freeway buffer time index

LAST UPDATED May 2017

DESCRIPTION Transportation planners quantify the travel time reliability of a given route by means of a buffer time index (BTI). BTI is a measure of the amount of time, over and above the average travel time, that a driver would need to budget to ensure on-time arrival at the desired destination, with a 95 percent confidence rate. BTI is expressed as a fraction of the average travel time – the lower the BTI, the more reliable the trip. This measure focuses solely on the regional freeway system, as no comparable data is available on the local street network. The dataset includes metropolitan area, regional and freeway corridor tables.

DATA SOURCE Metropolitan Transportation Commission/INRIX: Freeway Reliability Analysis

California Department of Transportation: Annual Traffic Volume Reports http://traffic-counts.dot.ca.gov

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@mtc.ca.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) Buffer time index was calculated based on the average reliability of each freeway segment over the course of one-hour time windows. Peak periods were defined as 6 AM to 10 AM and 3 PM to 7 PM. Regional BTI was calculated using traffic volumes on each segment and weighting BTI accordingly across the network.

The travel time map was generated using the Pedestrian Evacuation Analyst model from the USGS. The travel time analysis uses ESRI's Path Distance tool to find the shortest distance across a cost surface from any point in the hazard zone to a safe zone. This cost analysis considers the direction of movement and assigns a higher cost to steeper slopes, based on a table contained within the model. The analysis also adds in the energy costs of crossing different types of land cover, assuming that less energy is expended walking along a road than walking across a sandy beach. To produce the time map, the evacuation surface output from the model is grouped into 1-minute increments for easier visualization. The times in the attribute table represent the estimated time to travel on foot to the nearest safe zone at the speed designated in the map title. The bridge or nobridge name in the map title identifies whether bridges were represented in the modeling or whether they were removed prior to modeling to estimate the impact on travel times from earthquake-damaged bridges.

Dataset for the textbook Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science (3rd Edition), 2023 Fahui Wang, Lingbo Liu Main Book Citation: Wang, F., & Liu, L. (2023). Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003292302 KNIME Lab Manual Citation: Liu, L., & Wang, F. (2023). Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science - Lab Manual. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003304357 KNIME Hub Dataset and Workflow for Computational Methods and GIS Applications in Social Science-Lab Manual Update Log If Python package not found in Package Management, use ArcGIS Pro's Python Command Prompt to install them, e.g., conda install -c conda-forge python-igraph leidenalg NetworkCommDetPro in CMGIS-V3-Tools was updated on July 10,2024 Add spatial adjacency table into Florida on June 29,2024 The dataset and tool for ABM Crime Simulation were updated on August 3, 2023, The toolkits in CMGIS-V3-Tools was updated on August 3rd,2023. Report Issues on GitHub https://github.com/UrbanGISer/Computational-Methods-and-GIS-Applications-in-Social-Science Following the website of Fahui Wang : http://faculty.lsu.edu/fahui Contents Chapter 1. Getting Started with ArcGIS: Data Management and Basic Spatial Analysis Tools Case Study 1: Mapping and Analyzing Population Density Pattern in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 2. Measuring Distance and Travel Time and Analyzing Distance Decay Behavior Case Study 2A: Estimating Drive Time and Transit Time in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 2B: Analyzing Distance Decay Behavior for Hospitalization in Florida Chapter 3. Spatial Smoothing and Spatial Interpolation Case Study 3A: Mapping Place Names in Guangxi, China Case Study 3B: Area-Based Interpolations of Population in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 3C: Detecting Spatiotemporal Crime Hotspots in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 4. Delineating Functional Regions and Applications in Health Geography Case Study 4A: Defining Service Areas of Acute Hospitals in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Case Study 4B: Automated Delineation of Hospital Service Areas in Florida Chapter 5. GIS-Based Measures of Spatial Accessibility and Application in Examining Healthcare Disparity Case Study 5: Measuring Accessibility of Primary Care Physicians in Baton Rouge Chapter 6. Function Fittings by Regressions and Application in Analyzing Urban Density Patterns Case Study 6: Analyzing Population Density Patterns in Chicago Urban Area >Chapter 7. Principal Components, Factor and Cluster Analyses and Application in Social Area Analysis Case Study 7: Social Area Analysis in Beijing Chapter 8. Spatial Statistics and Applications in Cultural and Crime Geography Case Study 8A: Spatial Distribution and Clusters of Place Names in Yunnan, China Case Study 8B: Detecting Colocation Between Crime Incidents and Facilities Case Study 8C: Spatial Cluster and Regression Analyses of Homicide Patterns in Chicago Chapter 9. Regionalization Methods and Application in Analysis of Cancer Data Case Study 9: Constructing Geographical Areas for Mapping Cancer Rates in Louisiana Chapter 10. System of Linear Equations and Application of Garin-Lowry in Simulating Urban Population and Employment Patterns Case Study 10: Simulating Population and Service Employment Distributions in a Hypothetical City Chapter 11. Linear and Quadratic Programming and Applications in Examining Wasteful Commuting and Allocating Healthcare Providers Case Study 11A: Measuring Wasteful Commuting in Columbus, Ohio Case Study 11B: Location-Allocation Analysis of Hospitals in Rural China Chapter 12. Monte Carlo Method and Applications in Urban Population and Traffic Simulations Case Study 12A. Examining Zonal Effect on Urban Population Density Functions in Chicago by Monte Carlo Simulation Case Study 12B: Monte Carlo-Based Traffic Simulation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 13. Agent-Based Model and Application in Crime Simulation Case Study 13: Agent-Based Crime Simulation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Chapter 14. Spatiotemporal Big Data Analytics and Application in Urban Studies Case Study 14A: Exploring Taxi Trajectory in ArcGIS Case Study 14B: Identifying High Traffic Corridors and Destinations in Shanghai Dataset File Structure 1 BatonRouge Census.gdb BR.gdb 2A BatonRouge BR_Road.gdb Hosp_Address.csv TransitNetworkTemplate.xml BR_GTFS Google API Pro.tbx 2B Florida FL_HSA.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (RegressionR) 3A China_GX GX.gdb 3B BatonRouge BR.gdb 3C BatonRouge BRcrime R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (STKDE) 4A BatonRouge BRRoad.gdb 4B Florida FL_HSA.gdb HSA Delineation Pro.tbx Huff Model Pro.tbx FLplgnAdjAppend.csv 5 BRMSA BRMSA.gdb Accessibility Pro.tbx 6 Chicago ChiUrArea.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (RegressionR) 7 Beijing BJSA.gdb bjattr.csv R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (PCAandFA, BasicClustering) 8A Yunnan YN.gdb R_ArcGIS_Tools.tbx (SaTScanR) 8B Jiangsu JS.gdb 8C Chicago ChiCity.gdb cityattr.csv ...

Coping capacity is a key aspect of driver-vehicle interaction when drivers observe and make decisions, and is of great importance for drivers. However, different drivers have different self-cognition and assess their driving abilities differently, especially for novice drivers. Based on questionnaire data, this study has investigated the coping capacities of drivers in both static environments and dynamic environments. With the ANOVA analysis method and the structural equation model (SEM), this study has verified the effects of gender and driving factors (driving years, driving frequency, driving time) on drivers’ coping capacities based on drivers’ self-assessment scores and mutual assessment scores. Drivers’ self-assessment scores show significant effects of all factors on drivers’ coping capacities, and drivers’ mutual assessment scores show significant effects of all factors, excluding driving time, on drivers’ coping capacities. Also, it has been found that all drivers in the driving year group have cognitive biases. It seems that first-year drivers are always overconfident with their driving skills, while drivers with a driving experience of more than three years usually score driving skills of themselves and other drivers most conservatively. With increased exposure to various traffic conditions, experienced drivers are more aware of their limitations in dealing with complex traffic situations, while novice drivers do not know their lack of capability to properly respond to any unexpected situation they could encounter.

Accessibility to major cities dataset is modeled as raster-based travel time/cost analysis, computed for the largest cities (>50k habitants) in the country. This 500m resolution raster dataset is part of FAO’s Hand-in-Hand Initiative, Geographical Information Systems - Multicriteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) aimed at the identification of value chain infrastructure sites (or optimal location).

Accessibility to regional cities dataset is a raster-based analysis to calculate the travel time/cost to regional cities. Regional cities are defined as OpenStreetMap cities within a 500km radius, within the Nepal border. This 1km resolution raster dataset is part of FAO’s Hand-in-Hand Initiative, Geographical Information Systems - Multicriteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) aimed at the identification of value chain infrastructure sites (or optimal location).

The arrangement of water in the landscape affects the distribution of many species including the distribution of humans. This layer provides a landscape-scale estimate of the distance from large water bodies.Dataset SummaryThis layer provides access to a 250m cell-sized raster of distance to surface water. To facilitate mapping, the values are in units of pixels. To convert this value to meters multiply by 250. The layer was created by extracting surface water values from the World Lithology and World Land Cover layers to produce a surface water layer. The distance from water was calculated using the ArcGIS Euclidian Distance Tool. The layer was created by Esri in 2014.What can you do with this layer?This layer is suitable for both visualization and analysis. It can be used in ArcGIS Online in web maps and applications and can be used in ArcGIS Desktop. This layer has query, identify, and export image services available. This layer is restricted to a maximum area of 16,000 x 16,000 pixels - an area 4,000 kilometers on a side or an area approximately the size of Europe. This layer is part of a larger collection of landscape layers that you can use to perform a wide variety of mapping and analysis tasks.The Living Atlas of the World provides an easy way to explore the landscape layers and many other beautiful and authoritative maps on hundreds of topics.Geonet is a good resource for learning more about landscape layers and the Living Atlas of the World. To get started see the Living Atlas Discussion Group.The Esri Insider Blog provides an introduction to the Ecophysiographic Mapping project.

Vehicle travel time and delay data on routes in Hamilton City, based on Bluetooth sensor records. To get data for this dataset, please call the API directly talking to the HCC Data Warehouse: https://api.hcc.govt.nz/OpenData/get_traffic_route_stats?Page=1&Start_Date=2021-06-02&End_Date=2021-06-03. For this API, there are three mandatory parameters: Page, Start_Date, End_Date. Sample values for these parameters are in the link above. When calling the API for the first time, please always start with Page 1. Then from the returned JSON, you can see more information such as the total page count and page size. For help on using the API in your preferred data analysis software, please contact dale.townsend@hcc.govt.nz. NOTE: Anomalies and missing data may be present in the dataset. Column_InfoRoute_Id, int : Unique route identifierTravel_Time, int : Average travel time in seconds to travel along the routeDelay, int : Average travel delay in seconds, calculated as the difference between the free flow travel time and observed travel timeExcess_Delay, int : Excess Delay is similar to Delay, but it ignores recurring (expected) delays associated with peak times of dayDate, varchar : Starting date and time for the recorded delay and travel time, in 15 minute periods Relationship This table reference to table Traffic_Route Analytics For convenience Hamilton City Council has also built a Quick Analytics Dashboard over this dataset that you can access here. Disclaimer Hamilton City Council does not make any representation or give any warranty as to the accuracy or exhaustiveness of the data released for public download. Levels, locations and dimensions of works depicted in the data may not be accurate due to circumstances not notified to Council. A physical check should be made on all levels, locations and dimensions before starting design or works. Hamilton City Council shall not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense (whether direct or indirect) arising from reliance upon or use of any data provided, or Council's failure to provide this data. While you are free to crop, export and re-purpose the data, we ask that you attribute the Hamilton City Council and clearly state that your work is a derivative and not the authoritative data source. Please include the following statement when distributing any work derived from this data: ‘This work is derived entirely or in part from Hamilton City Council data; the provided information may be updated at any time, and may at times be out of date, inaccurate, and/or incomplete.'

The Travel Monitoring Analysis System (TMAS) - Volume dataset was compiled on December 31, 2023 and was published on July 16, 2024 from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)/Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD). The TMAS data included in this table have been collected by the FHWA from State DOTs through (temporal data representing each time period) permanent count data. DOTs determine what volume data is reported for any given month or day within the month. Each record in the volume data for the reported site, direction or lane is for the given day of record (it contains all 24 hours of data). The attributes are used by FHWA for its Travel Monitoring Analysis System and external agencies and have been intentionally limited to location referencing attributes since the core station description attribute data are contained within TMAS. The attributes in the Volume data correspond with the Volume file format found in Chapter 6 of the 2001 Traffic Monitoring Guide (https://doi.org/10.21949/1519109).

Accessibility to cities dataset is modeled as raster-based travel time/cost analysis. The model travel time/cost from/to cities is defined as the OpenStreetMap national capital, cities, and towns within Nepal. This 1km resolution raster dataset is part of FAO’s Hand-in-Hand Initiative, Geographical Information Systems - Multicriteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) aimed at the identification of value chain infrastructure sites (or optimal location)

This dataset depicts medical practitioners in Tennessee who can prescribe Buprenorphine. Data is from the US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drive Time Analysis for each location was conducted for 30 and 60 minutes driving time and 30 minutes walking time.Data can be found online at https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/practitioner-program-data/treatment-practitioner-locator?field_bup_physician_us_state_value=TN. Processing StepsData was downloaded in August 2019Data was geocoded using ArcGIS online. Addresses were NOT verified.

The friction (cost allocation/effort) surface was assembled using three primary input datasets on land surface characteristics that help or hinder travel speeds: land cover, roads and topography. Landcover data were from the ESA CCI Landcover map for Africa 2016, roads data were merged from Open-Street Map (OSM) and the MapwithAi project and topography was taken from the SRTM Digital Elevation Model. The costs for travel consider walking/pedestrian travel in this data, but the software is supplied with an easy to change set of travel speeds so they can be adapted easily to consider travel speeds reflecting motorised transportation use. We have reduced the walking speeds to reflect the fact that adults walking with children move approximately 22% slower. There are two friction surfaces provided, the first defines open water as a barrier to travel and so the speed allocated to this landcover is NA. The second defines open water with an associated speed (1 km/hr). To create a walking speed array, first the road walking speeds were used and then missing values were filled with landcover walking speed values. This walking speed array was multiplied by the slope impact grid. The speed for each cell was converted from kilometers per hour to meters per second. Finally, the time (in seconds) to walk across each cell was calculated. The outputs are 20-m spatial resolution geotiffs indicating the time to walk across each cell. They are subsequently used in the least cost path analysis to estimate travel time to the nearest health facilities. However,these friction surfaces can be used by others to estimate travel speed to other destinations in a GIS.