Marijuana is by far the most used illicit drug in the United States, with over 61 million people using this drug in 2023. The second most used drug at that time was cocaine, followed by methamphetamine and ecstasy. The United States has had a complicated history with drugs, from fighting a “War on Drugs” starting in the 1970s, to seeing the legalisation of marijuana in many states, and experiencing an ongoing nationwide opioid overdose epidemic. Recreational marijuana Although marijuana is still illegal under federal law, 21 states have legalized the recreational use of marijuana. This legalization has opened a new and thriving market in these states. It is estimated that sales of legal cannabis will reach around 25 billion U.S. dollars by the year 2025. Although support for the legalization of marijuana has not always been strong, now around 68 percent of U.S. adults believe it should be made legal. The opioid epidemic The opioid epidemic describes a rise in overdose deaths in the U.S. due to prescription opioids, heroin, and illegally manufactured synthetic opioids such as fentanyl. The epidemic stems from misleading information from pharmaceutical companies concerning the dangers of opioids such as oxycontin, overprescribing of opioids from physicians, and an influx of easily accessible heroin and highly potent synthetic opioids. In 2022, there were around 81,806 deaths from opioid overdose in the United States.

Around 27 percent of U.S. respondents in grades 8, 10, and 12 in 2023 stated that they used any illicit drug within their lifetime. This survey shows the lifetime prevalence of use of any illicit drug for grades 8, 10, and 12 combined from 1991 to 2023.

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) survey is designed to
capture data on emergency department (ED) episodes that are induced by
or related to the use of an illicit, prescription, or over-the-counter
drug. For purposes of this collection, a drug "episode" is an ED visit
that was induced by or related to the use of an illegal drug or the
nonmedical use of a legal drug for patients aged six years and
older. A drug "mention" refers to a substance that was mentioned
during a drug-related ED episode. Because up to four drugs can be
reported for each drug abuse episode, there are more mentions than
episodes in the data. Individual persons may also be included more
than once in the data. Within each facility participating in DAWN, a
designated reporter, usually a member of the emergency department or
medical records staff, was responsible for identifying drug-related
episodes and recording and submitting data on each case. An episode
report was submitted for each patient visiting a DAWN emergency
department whose presenting problem(s) was/were related to their own
drug use. DAWN produces estimates of drug-related emergency department
visits for 50 specific drugs, drug categories, or combinations of
drugs, including the following: acetaminophen, alcohol in combination
with other drugs, alprazolam, amitriptyline, amphetamines, aspirin,
cocaine, codeine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, fluoxetine,
heroin/morphine, inhalants/solvents/aerosols, LSD, lorazepam,
marijuana/hashish, methadone, methamphetamine, and PCP/PCP in
combination with other drugs. The use of alcohol alone is not
reported. The route of administration and form of drug used (e.g.,
powder, tablet, liquid) are included for each drug. Data collected for
DAWN also include drug use motive and total drug mentions in the
episode, as well as race, age, patient disposition, reason for ED
visit, and day of the week, quarter, and year of episode.This study has 1 Data Set.

The goal of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program is to determine the extent and correlates of illicit drug use in the population of booked arrestees in local areas. Data were collected in 2001 at four separate times (quarterly) during the year in 33 metropolitan areas in the United States. The ADAM program adopted a new instrument in 2000 in adult booking facilities for male (Part 1) and female (Part 2) arrestees. Data from arrestees in juvenile detention facilities (Part 3) continued to use the juvenile instrument from previous years, extending back through the DRUG USE FORECASTING series (ICPSR 9477). The ADAM program in 2001 also continued the use of probability-based sampling for male arrestees in adult facilities, which was initiated in 2000. Therefore, the male adult sample includes weights, generated through post-sampling stratification of the data. For the adult files, variables fell into one of eight categories: (1) demographic data on each arrestee, (2) ADAM facesheet (records-based) data, (3) data on disposition of the case, including accession to a verbal consent script, (4) calendar of admissions to substance abuse and mental health treatment programs, (5) data on alcohol and drug use, abuse, and dependence (6) drug acquisition data covering the five most commonly used illicit drugs, (7) urine test results, and (8) weights. The juvenile file contains demographic variables and arrestee's self-reported past and continued use of 15 drugs, as well as other drug-related behaviors.

In 2023, around 20 percent of all respondents in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the U.S. stated they had used any illicit drug within the past year. This survey shows the past-year prevalence of illicit drug use for grades 8, 10, and 12 combined as of 2023, by drug.

In 2021, it was estimated that around *** million people worldwide consumed illegal drugs such as cannabis, opioids, and cocaine. Furthermore, around **** million people were thought to be problem drug users or to have a drug use disorder. Although drug use varies from country to country, drug use remains a significant problem in many parts of the world. For example, the United States is currently experiencing an opioid epidemic, with drug overdose deaths reaching record levels over the past few years. What is the most used illicit drug worldwide? The most used illicit drug worldwide is cannabis, followed by opioids, and amphetamines. High estimates suggest that around *** percent of the global population consumed cannabis in the past year as of 2021. In comparison, around *** percent of people were thought to have consumed opioids in the past year, and less than *** percent were estimated to have used amphetamines. Drug use is generally more prevalent among men than women, but this distribution varies by drug. For example, around ** percent of cocaine users worldwide are men and ** percent are women, but women account for ** percent of amphetamine users. Cannabis uses In 2021, it was estimated that around *** million people worldwide consumed cannabis at least once in the past year. The highest number of past year cannabis users at that time was found in the Americas. This may be unsurprising since Canada and many U.S. states now allow the sale and use of recreational cannabis. The market for recreational cannabis is substantial in both countries. In the United States, sales of recreational cannabis reached **** billion U.S. dollars in 2021 and are expected to grow to some ** billion U.S. dollars by the year 2026. In 2020, there were thought to be around **** million adult consumers of cannabis in the United States, with this number expected to increase to just over *** million by 2025.

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) series measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the United States. The surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. Information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of United States households aged 12 and older. Questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past-month usage for the following drug classes: marijuana, cocaine (and crack), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including psychotherapeutics. Respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, substance abuse treatment history, illegal activities, problems resulting from the use of drugs, need for treatment for drug or alcohol use, criminal record, and needle-sharing. Questions on mental health and access to care, which were introduced in the 1994-B questionnaire (see NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE, 1994), were retained in this administration of the survey. Also retained was the section on risk/availability of drugs that was reintroduced in 1996, and sections on driving behavior and personal behavior were added (see NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE, 1996). The 1997 questionnaire (NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE, 1997) introduced new items that the 1998 NHSDA continued on cigar smoking, people who were present when respondents used marijuana or cocaine for the first time (if applicable), reasons for using these two drugs the first time, reasons for using these two drugs in the past year, reasons for discontinuing use of these two drugs (for lifetime but not past-year users), and reasons respondents never used these two drugs. Both the 1997 and 1998 NHSDAs had a series of questions that were asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. These items covered a variety of topics that may be associated with substance use and related behaviors, such as exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, gang involvement, relationship with parents, and substance use by friends. Demographic data include sex, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, income level, veteran status, and current household composition. This study has 1 Data Set.

The largest amount of federal drug control spending was reported for FY 2023 with some 44.2 billion U.S. dollars. The requested funding 2025 is slightly higher. This statistic depicts the total federal drug control spending in the United States from FY 2012 to FY 2025, in million U.S. dollars.

U.S. drug control spending

In the United States, around half of the requested budget for federal drug control spending in 2025 was requested for treatment of substance use disorders; the remaining budget was distributed amongst various governmental departments for prevention, interdiction, and law enforcement. In particular, the largest amount of drug control treatment funding in 2024 within the Department of Health and Human Services was spent by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, followed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Drug control and the opioid epidemic

The misuse of prescription drugs and the opioid epidemic are a major focus of U.S. drug control strategies and spending. In the U.S., the top controlled prescription drugs distributed are hydrocodone and oxycodone, both potentially addictive opioid analgesics that can be misused and sold illegally. In 2010-2019, efforts to reduce illegal sales of opioid narcotics in the U.S. have managed to reduce the amount of opioids diverted from the legal market by over half. Unfortunately, misusing opioids and synthetic variants such as heroin can be life-threatening; death rates due to opioid overdoses are continuing to rise.

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) provides national and state-level data on the use of tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs (including non-medical use of prescription drugs) and mental health in the United States. This annual survey involves interviews with approximately 70,000 randomly selected individuals aged 12 and older. NSDUH is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), an agency of the U.S. Public Health Service in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

Marijuana, followed by cocaine and LSD, is the most used illicit drug in the United States. As of 2023, around 133.5 million people in the United States had used marijuana at some point in their lifetime. In the past few years, a number of states have legalized marijuana for both recreational and medical purposes, creating a new and thriving market. Legal cannabis As of the beginning of 2023, 21 U.S. states had legalised the use of cannabis for recreational purposes. Sales of legal cannabis were estimated to reach 21.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2023, with this number expected to grow to 25 billion by the year 2025. By that time, the state of California is expected to account for around 20 percent of the legal cannabis industry. Florida and Illinois are expected to account for the second and third highest shares of the industry with eight percent each. Teen cannabis use Despite the recent change of legality in many U.S. states, the perceived availability of marijuana among 12th graders has decreased in recent years. Nevertheless, around 70 percent of 12th graders stated they perceived it to be “fairly easy” or “very easy” to obtain marijuana. Past month use of marijuana among high school students has also declined from figures reported in the late 1990s, but around 11 percent of high school students still report having used marijuana in the past month.

The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) is a nationally representative public health surveillance system that has monitored drug related emergency department (ED) visits to hospitals since the early 1970s. First administered by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the responsibility for DAWN now rests with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ). Over the years, the exact survey methodology has been adjusted to improve the quality, reliability, and generalizability of the information produced by DAWN. The current approach was first fully implemented in the 2004 data collection year. DAWN relies on a longitudinal probability sample of hospitals located throughout the United States. To be eligible for selection into the DAWN sample, a hospital must be a non-Federal, short-stay, general surgical and medical hospital located in the United States, with at least one 24-hour ED. DAWN cases are identified by the systematic review of ED medical records in participating hospitals. The unit of analysis is any ED visit involving recent drug use. DAWN captures both ED visits that are directly caused by drugs and those in which drugs are a contributing factor but not the direct cause of the ED visit. The reason a patient used a drug is not part of the criteria for considering a visit to be drug related. Therefore, all types of drug-related events are included: drug misuse or abuse, accidental drug ingestion, drug-related suicide attempts, malicious drug poisonings, and adverse reactions. DAWN does not report medications that are unrelated to the visit. The DAWN public-use dataset provides information for all types of drugs, including illegal drugs, prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, dietary supplements, anesthetic gases, substances that have psychoactive effects when inhaled, alcohol when used in combination with other drugs (all ages), and alcohol alone (only for patients aged 20 or younger). Public-use dataset variables describe and categorize up to 16 drugs contributing to the ED visit, including toxicology confirmation and route of administration. Administrative variables specify the type of case, case disposition, categorized episode time of day, and quarter of year. Metropolitan area is included for represented metropolitan areas. Created variables include the number of unique drugs reported and case-level indicators for alcohol, non-alcohol illicit substances, any pharmaceutical, non-medical use of pharmaceuticals, and all misuse and abuse of drugs. Demographic items include age category, sex, and race/ethnicity. Complex sample design and weighting variables are included to calculate various estimates of drug-related ED visits for the Nation as a whole, as well as for specific metropolitan areas, from the ED visits classified as DAWN cases in the selected hospitals.This study has 1 Data Set.

It is estimated that around *** percent of the global population uses illicit drugs. Use of illicit drugs varies by country and region as countries enact their own laws regarding such substances. Access to illicit drugs also differs by country and region and culture plays a role in how acceptable drug use is. Global drug use Worldwide, cannabis is by far the most used illicit drug, followed by opioids and amphetamines. It is estimated that around *** million people worldwide consume illegal drugs and **** million could be considered addicts or problem drug users. Drug addiction and abuse can negatively impact relationships, increases the risk of a number of diseases, and can ultimately lead to death. Opioid epidemic in the U.S. The United States has a long and complicated history with illegal drugs, once going so far as to fight a “War on Drugs”. Today, the U.S. is experiencing what has been called an opioid epidemic. This has been characterized by an increase in overdose deaths from prescription opioids, heroin and, more recently, illegally manufactured synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl. In 2021, there were ****** opioid overdose deaths in the United States.

This statistic displays the total number of clients in U.S. substance abuse treatment facilities from 2007 to 2020. In 2020, there were 1,090,357 clients in local, county, or community government run substance abuse treatment facilities.

In the United States, the percentage of adults who stated they had ever had trouble in their family due to drug abuse rose from 19 percent in 1995 to 32 percent in 2021. This statistic shows the percentage of U.S. adults who reported drug abuse had ever caused trouble in their family from 1995 to 2021.

NSDUH is the primary source of statistical information on the use of illegal drugs, alcohol, and tobacco by the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older. Conducted by the Federal Government since 1971, the survey collects data through face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of the population at the respondent''s place of residence. Correlates in OAS reports include the following: age, gender, pregnancy status, race / ethnicity, education, employment, geographic area, frequency of use, and association with alcohol, tobacco, & illegal drug use. NSDUH collects information from residents of households and noninstitutional group quarters (e.g., shelters, rooming houses, dormitories) and from civilians living on military bases. The survey excludes homeless persons who do not use shelters, military personnel on active duty, and residents of institutional group quarters, such as jails and hospitals. Most of the questions are administered with audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI). ACASI is designed to provide the respondent with a highly private and confidential mode for responding to questions in order to increase the level of honest reporting of illicit drug use and other sensitive behaviors. Less sensitive items are administered by interviewers using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). The 2010 NSDUH employed a State-based design with an independent, multistage area probability sample within each State and the District of Columbia. The eight States with the largest population (which together account for about half of the total U.S. population aged 12 or older) were designated as large sample States (California, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) and had a sample size of about 3,600 each. For the remaining 42 States and the District of Columbia, the sample size was about 900 per State. The design oversampled youths and young adults; each State''s sample was approximately equally distributed among three age groups: 12 to 17 years, 18 to 25 years, and 26 years or older.

The graph illustrates the number of people who used illicit drugs in the United States across different time periods for the years 2021 and 2022. The x-axis represents the time periods—Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month—while the y-axis indicates the number of individuals. In 2021, 139,677 people reported lifetime drug use, 61,995 reported past-year use, and 40,564 reported past-month use. In 2022, these numbers increased to 143,116 for lifetime use, 70,338 for past-year use, and 46,603 for past-month use. The data shows an upward trend in illicit drug use across all time periods from 2021 to 2022, with the most significant increases observed in past-year and past-month usage. This information is presented in a bar graph format, effectively highlighting the rise in illicit drug use across different timeframes in the United States between 2021 and 2022.

Snapshot img

Drugs Of Abuse Testing Market Size 2024-2028

The drugs of abuse testing market size is forecast to increase by USD 1.04 billion at a CAGR of 4.5% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased strategic developments and the growing adoption of advanced information technology and information management solutions. These advancements in instruments enable efficient and accurate testing, reducing turnaround time and enhancing overall productivity. For instance, mass spectrometer and chromatography systems are extensively employed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cannabinoids in cannabis strains. However, high costs associated with the implementation and maintenance of these technologies remain a challenge for market expansion. Additionally, stringent regulations and the need for continuous innovation to keep up with emerging drugs of abuse are other key factors shaping the market landscape. Overall, the DoA testing market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, fueled by the need for workplace safety and substance abuse prevention.

What will be the Size of the Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is driven by the increasing prevalence of prescription drug abuse, psychostimulants, fentanyl, vaping, and illicit drugs, as well as alcohol. Substance use disorders continue to be a significant public health concern in the US. Forensic laboratories and hospitals are major end-users, diagnostics with epidemiologic investigations and addiction treatment centers also contribute. Vulnerable populations such as the elderly, those with chronic pain, LIMS software, and individuals with opioid medications are key focus areas. Drugs like Fentanyl, psychostimulants, and cannabis/marijuana are common targets for testing.

Moreover, fentanyl, a powerful opioid, has emerged as a significant threat in the market. Its illegally manufactured forms are often mixed with other substances, making it difficult to detect and leading to a high number of overdose deaths. The elderly population is another vulnerable group in the market. They are at a higher risk of substance use disorders due to chronic pain and the misuse of prescription medications. Drug use statistics indicate that psychostimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamines, continue to be popular among certain demographics. Vaping, a newer form of drug delivery, has also gained popularity, particularly among the younger population.

Furthermore, real-time surveillance and epidemiologic investigations play a crucial role in identifying drug-related activity and addressing vulnerabilities in the market. Public awareness campaigns and drug testing mandates are essential tools in preventing substance use disorders and promoting addiction treatment. Cannabis, or marijuana, is another substance of interest in the market. While it is legal for medicinal and recreational use in some states, it is still illegal in others, making testing a necessity for employers and law enforcement agencies. The market is expected to grow due to the increasing need for accurate and reliable testing services. This growth is driven by the rising number of overdose deaths, addiction treatment initiatives, and public awareness campaigns.

In conclusion, the market is a critical component in addressing substance use disorders and promoting public health. It encompasses various sectors, including forensic laboratories and hospitals, and offers testing services for a range of substances, including prescription drugs, illicit drugs, and alcohol. The market is driven by various factors, including the increasing prevalence of substance use disorders, the emergence of new drugs and drug delivery methods, and the need for accurate and reliable testing services.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Product

  Instruments
  Consumables


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Denmark


  Asia

    China
    India


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The instruments segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market encompasses various systems, analyzers, and devices for detecting and quantifying different drug substances. These tools include breath analyzers, chromatography analyzers, immunoassay analyzers, urine testing devices, and oral fluid testing devices. For example, cannabis testing relies on mass spectrometers and chromatography systems to identify and measure the presence and quantity of cannabinoid compounds. Biotechnology plays a significant role in the market, as the principles of detection and quantification are similar to those used in foo

This file includes data from the 2002 through 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) survey. The only variables included in the data file are ones that were collected in a comparable manner across all ten years of data. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) series (formerly titled National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) primarily measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the United States. The surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. Information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of United States households aged 12 and older. Questions included age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past-month usage for the following drug classes: marijuana, cocaine (and crack), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. The survey covered substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment. The survey included questions concerning treatment for both substance abuse and mental health-related disorders. Respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, and needle-sharing. Certain questions are asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. These "youth experiences" items covered a variety of topics, such as neighborhood environment, illegal activities, drug use by friends, social support, extracurricular activities, exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, and perceived adult attitudes toward drug use and activities such as school work. Also included are questions on mental health and access to care, perceived risk of using drugs, perceived availability of drugs, driving and personal behavior, and cigar smoking. Demographic information includes gender, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, veteran status, and current household composition. In the income section, which was interviewer-administered, a split-sample study had been embedded within the 2006 and 2007 surveys to compare a shorter version of the income questions with a longer set of questions that had been used in previous surveys. This shorter version was adopted for the 2008 NSDUH and will be used for future NSDUHs.This study has 1 Data Set.

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) series (formerly titled National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) primarily measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the United States. The surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual estimates. Information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of United States households aged 12 and older. Questions included age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past-month usage for the following drug classes: marijuana, cocaine (and crack), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. The survey covered substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment, and included questions from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders that allow diagnostic criteria to be applied. The survey included questions concerning treatment for both substance abuse and mental health-related disorders. Respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, and needle-sharing. Questions introduced in previous administrations were retained in the 2015 survey, including questions asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. These "youth experiences" items covered a variety of topics, such as neighborhood environment, illegal activities, drug use by friends, social support, extracurricular activities, exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, and perceived adult attitudes toward drug use and activities such as school work. Several measures focused on prevention-related themes in this section. Also retained were questions on mental health and access to care, perceived risk of using drugs, perceived availability of drugs, driving and personal behavior, and cigar smoking. Questions on the tobacco brand used most often were introduced with the 1999 survey. For the 2008 survey, adult mental health questions were added to measure symptoms of psychological distress in the worst period of distress that a person experienced in the past 30 days and suicidal ideation. In 2008, a split-sample design also was included to administer separate sets of questions (WHODAS vs. SDS) to assess impairment due to mental health problems. Beginning with the 2009 NSDUH, however, all of the adults in the sample received only the WHODAS questions. Background information includes sex, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, veteran status, and current household composition. This study has 1 Data Set.

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) series (formerly titled National Household Survey on Drug Abuse) primarily measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the United States. The surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. Information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of United States households aged 12 and older. Questions included age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past-month usage for the following drug classes: marijuana, cocaine (and crack), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. The survey covers substance abuse treatment history and perceived need for treatment, and includes questions from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders that allow diagnostic criteria to be applied. The survey included questions concerning treatment for both substance abuse and mental health-related disorders. Respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, health care access and coverage, illegal activities and arrest record, problems resulting from the use of drugs, and needle-sharing. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002 (ICPSR 3903): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/64/studies/3903?archive=ICPSR&sortBy=7National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2003 (ICPSR 4138): http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/series/64/studies/4138?archive=ICPSR&sortBy=7