In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Germany was split into four zones, each administered by France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively. In 1949, the Soviet-controlled zone formed the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), while the rest became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In this time, Berlin was also split into four zones, and the three non-Soviet zones formed West Berlin, which was a part of West Germany (although the West's administrative capital was moved to Bonn). One population grows, while the other declines Between 1949 and 1961, an estimated 2.7 million people migrated from East to West Germany. East Germany had a communist government with a socialist economy and was a satellite state of the Soviet Union, whereas West Germany was a liberal democracy with a capitalist economy, and western autonomy increased over time. Because of this difference, West Germany was a much freer society with more economic opportunities. During the German partition, the population of the west grew, from 51 million in 1950 to 62.7 million in 1989, whereas the population of East Germany declined from 18.4 million to just 16.4 million during this time. Little change after reunification In 1989, after four decades of separation, the process of German reunification began. The legal and physical barriers that had split the country were removed, and Germans could freely travel within the entire country. Despite this development, population growth patterns did not change. The population of the 'new states' (East Germany) continued to decline, whereas the population of the west grew, particularly in the 1990s, the first decade after reunification. The reasons for this continued imbalance between German population in the east and west, is mostly due to a low birth rate and internal migration within Germany. Despite the fact that levels of income and unemployment in the new states have gotten closer to those reported for the west (a major obstacle after reunification), life and opportunities in the west continue to attract young Germans from rural areas in the east with detrimental effect on the economy and demography of the new states.

Germany Population: East data was reported at 16,147.618 Person th in 2021. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,163.795 Person th for 2020. Germany Population: East data is updated yearly, averaging 16,722.586 Person th from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2021, with 72 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18,388.172 Person th in 1950 and a record low of 15,119.530 Person th in 2000. Germany Population: East data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistisches Bundesamt. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Germany – Table DE.G001: Population.

In 1800, the region of Germany was not a single, unified nation, but a collection of decentralized, independent states, bound together as part of the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was dissolved, however, in 1806, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Europe, and the German Confederation was established in 1815. Napoleonic reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, extension of voting rights to property-owners, and an overall increase in living standards. The population grew throughout the remainder of the century, as improvements in sanitation and medicine (namely, mandatory vaccination policies) saw child mortality rates fall in later decades. As Germany industrialized and the economy grew, so too did the argument for nationhood; calls for pan-Germanism (the unification of all German-speaking lands) grew more popular among the lower classes in the mid-1800s, especially following the revolutions of 1948-49. In contrast, industrialization and poor harvests also saw high unemployment in rural regions, which led to waves of mass migration, particularly to the U.S.. In 1886, the Austro-Prussian War united northern Germany under a new Confederation, while the remaining German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) joined following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; this established the German Empire, under the Prussian leadership of Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. 1871 to 1945 - Unification to the Second World War The first decades of unification saw Germany rise to become one of Europe's strongest and most advanced nations, and challenge other world powers on an international scale, establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific. These endeavors were cut short, however, when the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent was assassinated in Sarajevo; Germany promised a "blank check" of support for Austria's retaliation, who subsequently declared war on Serbia and set the First World War in motion. Viewed as the strongest of the Central Powers, Germany mobilized over 11 million men throughout the war, and its army fought in all theaters. As the war progressed, both the military and civilian populations grew increasingly weakened due to malnutrition, as Germany's resources became stretched. By the war's end in 1918, Germany suffered over 2 million civilian and military deaths due to conflict, and several hundred thousand more during the accompanying influenza pandemic. Mass displacement and the restructuring of Europe's borders through the Treaty of Versailles saw the population drop by several million more.

Reparations and economic mismanagement also financially crippled Germany and led to bitter indignation among many Germans in the interwar period; something that was exploited by Adolf Hitler on his rise to power. Reckless printing of money caused hyperinflation in 1923, when the currency became so worthless that basic items were priced at trillions of Marks; the introduction of the Rentenmark then stabilized the economy before the Great Depression of 1929 sent it back into dramatic decline. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi government disregarded the Treaty of Versailles' restrictions and Germany rose once more to become an emerging superpower. Hitler's desire for territorial expansion into eastern Europe and the creation of an ethnically-homogenous German empire then led to the invasion of Poland in 1939, which is considered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Again, almost every aspect of German life contributed to the war effort, and more than 13 million men were mobilized. After six years of war, and over seven million German deaths, the Axis powers were defeated and Germany was divided into four zones administered by France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S.. Mass displacement, shifting borders, and the relocation of peoples based on ethnicity also greatly affected the population during this time. 1945 to 2020 - Partition and Reunification In the late 1940s, cold war tensions led to two distinct states emerging in Germany; the Soviet-controlled east became the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR), and the three western zones merged to form the democratic Federal Republic of Germany. Additionally, Berlin was split in a similar fashion, although its location deep inside DDR territory created series of problems and opportunities for the those on either side. Life quickly changed depending on which side of the border one lived. Within a decade, rapid economic recovery saw West Germany become western Europe's strongest economy and a key international player. In the east, living standards were much lower, although unemployment was almost non-existent; internationally, East Germany was the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc (after the USSR), though it eventually fell behind the West by the 1970s. The restriction of movement between the two states also led to labor shortages in t...

Following the Second World War, Germany was split into four territories, administered by France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. In 1949, the zones occupied by Britain, France and the US formed the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), and the USSR zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The capital city of Berlin, which was located in East Germany, was also split into two parts, with West Berlin remaining in the Federal Republic of Germany and East Berlin belonging to the Soviet satellite state of the German Democratic Republic. Between 1949 and 1961, over 2.5 million people (mostly skilled laborers) emigrated from East to West Germany in search of economic opportunities and higher standard of living. Increasing restrictions In reaction to this imbalanced migration, the communist East German government increased restrictions on movement to the West, and, despite initial requests being denied by Nikita Khrushchev in 1953, the Soviet leader eventually approved the building of a physical barrier in 1961. Initially, a wire fence was used to separate the East from the West, and this was later reinforced with concrete walls, bunkers, guard towers and landmines, most notably in the case of the Berlin Wall, which became the symbol of German division during the Cold War. From the early 1960s until the late 1980s, migration from East to West Germany dropped significantly. In the 1970s, there was no year where more than 20,000 people moved from the East to West, which is a significant drop from the 1950s, where as many as 331,000 people migrated in 1953 alone. The fall of the iron curtain As the Soviet Union's power weaned in the 1980s, and their influence in Eastern Europe diminished, communism in the Eastern block and Soviet satellite states began to collapse at the end of the decade. On November 9, 1989, when an East German politician mistakenly claimed that restrictions on travel visas would be lifted with immediate effect, thousands of people in Berlin gathered at the checkpoints along the Berlin Wall demanding to be allowed through. As tensions rose, the commanding officers eventually gave in to public demands and opened the barriers, allowing the people to move freely again between both German states. In the days that followed, Germans from both sides of the barrier began to tear down and create holes in the Berlin Wall, in a symbolic act that would represent unity and the end of German division.

Analysis of ‘Population in East German countries by age and sex’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-www-datenportal-bmbf-de-portal-0-13 on 16 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Table 0.13: Population in East German countries by age and sex

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

1941 marked an escalation of the Second World War in Europe. By the middle of the year, Germany and its European allies had already consolidated power across most of the continent, with only the United Kingdom and Soviet Union not under Axis control or on neutral terms with Germany. As population sizes were fundamental to the war effort, both in terms of military manpower and the workforce of the home front, the annexation of other countries proved vital in supplying new volunteers, conscripts, and forced laborers for the Axis war effort. Together, Germany and Austria had a similar population to the rest of Europe's Axis powers combined, with all giving a total population of 154 million. However, the total population of the Axis-occupied territories in Europe was comparable to the Axis home fronts themselves, at almost 130 million people

Germans in the East Eastern Europe had a sizeable population of ethnic Germans who often worked with the Axis powers, and the German Army recruited upwards of a million volunteers from occupied countries. The Soviet Union in particular had a number of Russia German enclaves across the region, that reached as far as the Volga river and Kazakhstan and numbered at several million people. In Russia, these communities had existed for centuries, but they were ostracized or mistrusted by Soviet leadership and the deaths of these communities under Stalin's regime is often considered genocide. In addition to ethnic Germans, collaborators also included large numbers of Eastern Europeans who sympathized with Nazi ideology, or were hostile to Soviet or communist expansion; this also included ethnic minorities, such as Muslims from the Balkans or USSR.

Collaborators in the West The perceived threat of communism in the west saw men volunteer from countries such as France, the Netherlands, or Norway, to fight in the Axis armies. The fluctuating borders of the interwar period also meant that there were many German communities across the borders of neighboring countries, whose men also enlisted in the Wehrmacht. Within these occupied countries, conspirators with local knowledge were used to track down Jews and political adversaries, and many collaborated in order to elevate their positions in the government or enterprises. Apart from Austria, however, the majority of the public in annexed territories were unsupportive or hostile to their occupiers, and after the war, many of the surviving collaborators were tried (and often executed) for their actions.

A wide-ranging representative longitudinal study of private households that permits researchers to track yearly changes in the health and economic well-being of older people relative to younger people in Germany from 1984 to the present. Every year, there were nearly 11,000 households, and more than 20,000 persons sampled by the fieldwork organization TNS Infratest Sozialforschung. The data provide information on all household members, consisting of Germans living in the Old and New German States, Foreigners, and recent Immigrants to Germany. The Panel was started in 1984. Some of the many topics include household composition, occupational biographies, employment, earnings, health and satisfaction indicators. In addition to standard demographic information, the GSOEP questionnaire also contains objective measuresuse of time, use of earnings, income, benefit payments, health, etc. and subjective measures - level of satisfaction with various aspects of life, hopes and fears, political involvement, etc. of the German population. The first wave, collected in 1984 in the western states of Germany, contains 5,921 households in two randomly sampled sub-groups: 1) German Sub-Sample: people in private households where the head of household was not of Turkish, Greek, Yugoslavian, Spanish, or Italian nationality; 2) Foreign Sub-Sample: people in private households where the head of household was of Turkish, Greek, Yugoslavian, Spanish, or Italian nationality. In each year since 1984, the GSOEP has attempted to re-interview original sample members unless they leave the country. A major expansion of the GSOEP was necessitated by German reunification. In June 1990, the GSOEP fielded a first wave of the eastern states of Germany. This sub-sample includes individuals in private households where the head of household was a citizen of the German Democratic Republic. The first wave contains 2,179 households. In 1994 and 1995, the GSOEP added a sample of immigrants to the western states of Germany from 522 households who arrived after 1984, which in 2006 included 360 households and 684 respondents. In 1998 a new refreshment sample of 1,067 households was selected from the population of private households. In 2000 a sample was drawn using essentially similar selection rules as the original German sub-sample and the 1998 refreshment sample with some modifications. The 2000 sample includes 6,052 households covering 10,890 individuals. Finally, in 2002, an overrepresentation of high-income households was added with 2,671 respondents from 1,224 households, of which 1,801 individuals (689 households) were still included in the year 2006. Data Availability: The data are available to researchers in Germany and abroad in SPSS, SAS, TDA, STATA, and ASCII format for immediate use. Extensive documentation in English and German is available online. The SOEP data are available in German and English, alone or in combination with data from other international panel surveys (e.g., the Cross-National Equivalent Files which contain panel data from Canada, Germany, and the United States). The public use file of the SOEP with anonymous microdata is provided free of charge (plus shipping costs) to universities and research centers. The individual SOEP datasets cannot be downloaded from the DIW Web site due to data protection regulations. Use of the data is subject to special regulations, and data privacy laws necessitate the signing of a data transfer contract with the DIW. The English Language Public Use Version of the GSOEP is distributed and administered by the Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University. The data are available on CD-ROM from Cornell for a fee. Full instructions for accessing GSOEP data may be accessed on the project website, http://www.human.cornell.edu/che/PAM/Research/Centers-Programs/German-Panel/cnef.cfm * Dates of Study: 1984-present * Study Features: Longitudinal, International * Sample Size: ** 1984: 12,290 (GSOEP West) ** 1990: 4,453 (GSOEP East) ** 2000: 20,000+ Links: * Cornell Project Website: http://www.human.cornell.edu/che/PAM/Research/Centers-Programs/German-Panel/cnef.cfm * GSOEP ICPSR: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/00131

Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings East Germany

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A dwelling is defined as a group of connected rooms, which are built as living quarters, have a separate entrance directly from a stair well or directly from the outside, and have a kitchen or a kitchenette. - Households: A household is a group of persons who live and keep house together. A person living alone forms a household. Persons occupying several dwellings are assigned to one household in each dwelling. - Group quarters: Collective dwellings, for the purpose of the census, are hostels, establishments for the care of children and youth, for health services, or for social welfare to provide care and accommodations to persons who lived there for reasons of working, occupational training, studying or for special education and treatment.

Universe

Persons who live permanently in the GDR, excluding members of foreign embassies and consular offices, and military and civil members of the Soviet Union military and their families

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Central State Office for Statistics

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 4278563.

SAMPLE DESIGN: 25% sample of households drawn by the Federal Statistical Office. Sample method unknown

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are 3 forms: (1) household list; (2) person list which contains information on all persons living in the household; and (3) housing list which contains information on the rooms of residence

Data from https://www.deutschlandatlas.de : Average development of the population between 2016 and 2021 per year in %. The population development reflects both the number of inflows and outflows as well as the natural population change due to births and deaths of a municipality. It is striking that between 2016 and 2021, municipalities in West German federal states experienced predominantly a population increase, whereas municipalities in East German federal states predominantly recorded declining population figures.

Currently, the German population amounts to around ***** million. This number is predicted to rise in the following years, at least until 2025, after which population numbers will decrease, amounting to ***** million people by 2045. The average age of the German population increased slightly in the last decade.

Objective: To assess the extent of early mortality and its temporal course after prostatectomy and radiotherapy in the general population.Methods: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and East German epidemiologic cancer registries were used for the years 2005–2013. Metastasized cases were excluded. Analyzing overall mortality, year-specific Cox regression models were used after adjusting for age (including age squared), risk stage, and grading. To estimate temporal hazards, we computed year-specific conditional hazards for surgery and radiotherapy after propensity-score matching and applied piecewise proportional hazard models.Results: In German and US populations, we observed higher initial 3-month mortality odds for prostatectomy (USA: 9.4, 95% CI: 7.8–11.2; Germany: 9.1, 95% CI: 5.1–16.2) approaching the null effect value not before 24-months (estimated annual mean 36-months in US data) after diagnosis. During the observational period, we observed a constant hazard ratio for the 24-month mortality in the US population (2005: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.5–1.9; 2013: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.6–2.2) comparing surgery and radiotherapy. The same was true in the German cohort (2005: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9–2.1; 2013: 3.3, 95% CI: 2.2–5.1). Considering low-risk cases, the adverse surgery effect appeared stronger.Conclusion: There is strong evidence from two independent populations of a considerably higher early to midterm mortality after prostatectomy compared to radiotherapy extending the time of early mortality considered by previous studies up to 36-months.

Judgement on parties and politicians shortly before the election for the East German Parliament Topics: intent to participate in the election; certainty of one´s voting decision; party preference (first and second choice); preference for prime minister; sympathy scale for the top politicians; expected winner of the election; party most able to solve the problems in the GDR; attitude to unification of the two German nations; judgement on unification progress; advantages and disadvantages for the population of the GDR from unification; understanding for emigrants from the GDR; attitude to rapid introduction of the DM and to election campaign appearances by politicians from the west in the GDR; Interest in campaign reports; attitude to democracy in the Federal Republic and to the idea of socialism; national pride; local ties and ties to state, the GDR, Germany as a whole, Western and Eastern Europe; agreement with the changes following the opening of the GDR borders; expected consequences for the GDR economy from the introduction of the market economy; general contentment with life; interest in politics; self-classification on a left-right continuum; identification as citizen of the GDR or German. Demography: Gender; age; education; qualification; profession; household size; denomination; district. Also encoded was: weighting factor. Blitzumfrage vor der Volkskammerwahl am 18. März 1990 Themen: Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht; beabsichtigte Wahlentscheidung; Sicherheit der eigenen Wahlentscheidung; Partei, die am besten und zweitbesten gefällt (Parteipräferenz); Ministerpräsidentenpräferenz; Sympathie-Skalometer für ausgewählte Spitzenpolitiker; erwarteter Wahlgewinner; Problemlösungskompetenz einer von der Allianz für Deutschland oder von der SPD geführten Regierung; Einstellung zur Deutschen Wiedervereinigung; Beurteilung der Entwicklung der Wiedervereinigung; erwartete Vorteile oder Nachteile für die Bevölkerung der DDR durch die Wiedervereinigung; Verständnis für Übersiedlung in die BRD; Einstellung zur Einführung der DM als offizielle Währung; Einstellung zu BRD-Politikern im Wahlkampf; Interesse an Wahlkampfberichten im Fernsehen; Einstellung zur Demokratie in der BRD und zum Sozialismus; Nationalstolz als DDR-Bürger; Verbundenheit mit der Wohngemeinde, dem Bundesland, der DDR, Deutschland als ganzem, Westeuropa und Osteuropa; Einverständnis mit den Veränderungen nach der Grenzöffnung; erwartete Folgen der Einführung der sozialen Marktwirtschaft in der DDR; Lebenszufriedenheit; Politikinteresse; Selbsteinstufung auf einem links-rechts-Kontinuum; Identifikation als Bürger der DDR oder als Deutscher. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Schulbildung; Qualifikation; Beruf; Haushaltsgröße; Konfession; Bezirk. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Gewichtungsfaktor. Multi-stage stratified random sample Mehrstufige geschichtete Zufallsstichprobe Face-to-face-interview with standardized questionnaire

This statistic shows the degree of urbanization in Germany from 2013 to 2023. Urbanization means the share of urban population in the total population of a country. In 2023, 77.77 percent of Germany's total population lived in urban areas and cities. Urbanization in Germany Currently, about three quarter of the German population live in urban areas and cities, which is more than in most nations around the world. Urbanization, as it can be seen in this graph, refers to the number of people living in an urban area and has nothing to do with the actual geographical size or footprint of an area or country. A country which is significantly bigger than Germany could have a similar degree of urbanization, just because not all areas in the country are inhabitable, for example. One example for this is Russia, where urbanization has reached comparable figures to Germany, even though its geographical size is significantly bigger. However, Germany’s level of urbanization does not make the list of the top 30 most urbanized nations in the world, where urbanization rates are higher than 83 percent. Also, while 25 percent of the population in Germany still lives in rural areas, rural livelihoods are not dependent on agriculture, as only 0.75 percent of GDP came from the agricultural sector in 2014. So while Germany's urbanization rate is growing, a significant percentage of the population is still living in rural areas. Furthermore, Germany has a number of shrinking cities which are located to the east and in older industrial regions around the country. Considering that population growth in Germany is on the decline, because of low fertility rates, and that a number of cities are shrinking, the urban population is likely shifting to bigger cities which have more economic opportunities than smaller ones.

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

This survey covers East and West Germany.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for Germany covers East and West Germany national population, aged 18 years and over, for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

East Germany Sampling Procedure:

The sample was designed to be representative of the entire adult population, i.e. 18 years and older, of your country. The lower age cut-off for the sample was 18 and there was not any upper age cut-off for the sample. Population: Total non-institutionalized population of East-Germany, 18 years and older. Four-stage area probability sample: (1) East Germany is divided into strata. For each stratum the desired number of respondents is defined proportionally to population size. (2) Within each stratum the primary sampling units (communities) are selected at random, proportionally to size. (3) Within each primary sampling unit secondary sampling units (mail-code-areas) are randomly selected. The total number of secondary sampling units was 101. (4) Within each secondary sampling unit households as third sampling units are selected at random from the Telekom phoneregister on CD-ROM (D-Info 3.0). (5) Within each household respondent are randomly selected by phone using the (last) birthday method (fourth sampling unit). Selection is done: 46% Male and 54% Female. 86% Urban and 14% Rural. The sample size is N=1009.

Remarks about sampling: - Final numbers of clusters or sampling points: 101 - Sample unit from office sampling: Household

West Germany Sampling Procedure:

The sample was designed to be representative of the entire adult population, i.e. 18 years and older, of your country. The lower age cut-off for the sample was 18 and there was not an upper age cut-off for the sample. Population: Total non-institutionalized population of Germany, 18 years and older. Four stage area probability sample: (1) West Germany is divided into strata. For each stratum the desired number of respondents is defined proportionally to population size. (2) Within each stratum the primary sampling units (communities) are selected at random, proportional to size. (3) Within each primary sampling unit secondary sampling units (mail-code-areas) are randomly selected. The total number of secondary sampling units was 99. (4) Within each secondary sampling unit households as third sampling units are selected at random from the Telekom phone-register on CDROM (D-Info 3.0). (5) Within each household respondents are randomly selected by phone using the (last) birthday method (fourth sampling unit). Selection is done: 46% Male and 54% Female. 91% Urban and 9% Rural. The sample size is N=1017.

Remarks about sampling: - Final numbers of clusters or sampling points: 99 - Sample unit from office sampling: Household

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

East Germany Questionnaire: The WVS questionnaire was in German. Some special variable labels have been included such as: V56 Neighbours: Muslims and V149 Institution: The European Union. Special categories labels are: V167 Least liked groups: 1. Turks; V179: Other Christian Community; V203/ V204: Geographical affinity, 1. Locality or town where you live, 2. Region of country where you live, 3. Own country as a whole, 4. Europe, 5. The world as whole. Country Specific variables included are: V209: Language at home: 2. English, 3. Dutch, 4. Polish, 5. Russian, 6. Turkish and 7. Other. The variables political parties V210 a V212; Ethic group: V 233 and Region: V 234 are also included as country specific variables. The V 206 Born is also different in East Germany.

West Germany Questionnaire: The WVS questionnaire was in German. Some special variable labels have been included such as: V56 Neighbours: Muslims and V149 Institution: The European Union. Special categories labels are: V167 Least liked groups: Turks and V203/ V204: Geographical affinity, 1. Locality or town where you live, 2. Region of country where you live, 3. Own country as a whole, 4. Europe, 5. The world as whole. Country Specific variables included are: V209: Language at home: 2. English, 3. Dutch, 4. Polish, 5. Russian, 6. Turkish, 7. Other. The variables political parties V210 a V212; Ethic group: V 233 and Region: V 234 are also included as country specific variables. The V 206 Born in this country is also different in West Germany.

Response rate

East Germany: The response rate for East Germany is 51% and is caluculated as follows: (1009/1977) x 100=51%

West Germany: The response rate for West Germany is 50.2% and is calculated as follows: (1017/2025) x 100= 50.2 %

Sampling error estimates

East Germany sampling error: +/- 3,1%

West Germany sampling error: +/-3,1%

Relationship of East Germans with foreigners. Topics: National identity; regular contacts with foreigners; type of contact; nationality of foreigners; conduct of Germans regarding foreigners; longer stays abroad; age at first trip abroad; contact with foreigners in parental home; annual vacation abroad; socially just treatment of foreigners; foreign friends of one's own children; reaction at public violent conflicts between Germans and foreigners; reasons for conflicts between Germans and foreigners (scale); stand on resettling of citizens of the GDR in the FRG, on influx of civil servants, managers and workers from the FRG, citizens from the European Community, from Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia; right to vote for foreigners; changes of the proportion of foreigners in the GDR population; visitor regulation with Poland; attitude to foreigners; most important characteristics of East and West Germans; place of residence; state; number of children; religious affiliation; Sunday question; employment; job security; prospects for the future; knowledge of foreign languages. Verhältnis der Ostdeutschen zu Ausländern. Themen: Nationale Identität; regelmäßige Kontakte zu Ausländern; Kontaktart; Nationalität der Ausländer; Verhalten der Deutschen gegenüber Ausländern; längere Auslandsaufenthalte; Alter beim ersten Auslandsbesuch; Kontakt zu Ausländern im Elternhaus; Jahresurlaub im Ausland; sozial gerechte Behandlung der Ausländer; ausländische Freunde der eigenen Kinder; Reaktion bei offenen gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Deutschen und Ausländern; Ursachen für die Konflikte zwischen Deutschen und Ausländern (Skala); Haltung zur Umsiedlung von DDR-Bürgern in die BRD, zum Zuzug von Beamten, Managern und Arbeitnehmern aus der BRD, Bürgern aus der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, aus Osteuropa, Afrika und Asien; Wahlrecht für Ausländer; Veränderungen des Ausländeranteils an der DDR-Bevölkerung; Besucherregelung mit Polen; Haltung zu Ausländern; wichtigste Eigenschaften von Ost- und Westdeutschen; Wohnort; Bundesland; Kinderzahl; Religionszugehörigkeit; Sonntagsfrage; Berufstätigkeit; Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Zukunftsaussichten; Fremdsprachenkenntnisse.

The study was commissioned by the German settlement and state pension bank with the objective to analyze the historical and future role of social housing in Germany. Another objective of the investigation was to evaluate 47 years of social housing and give recommendations for its future tasks. The results of the investigation give an overview over the role of social housing in different periods of the development of the housing market since 1950. The study also shows differences in social housing in the various federal states. “The present investigation summarizes almost 50 years of social housing and raises the question whether the entire system of social housing fits to the framework and conditions of the future housing market which can be predicted today with a relative certainty. The indicators for the future development of population and households indicate since already two decades that in the second half of the 90s there will be a decline in demand and afterwards a long stagnation in the housing demand on a lower level. Through the huge wave of immigrants in West Germany with more than five million persons the discussion of the 80s about the adjustment of housing subsidies was postponed again. Today, after the decline in immigration and smaller new generations that enter in the age of household foundation the question is raised again and seems even more urgent.” (Hübl, L./Möller, P., 1997, a. cit., p. 4f) The rules of social housing were discussed lively since its implementation. In the 45 years that passed since the approval of the first law housing in 1950 it a lot of changes and support methods were undertaken in order to be compatible with the social and economic framework. Important changes were induced especially trough the implementation of the law “III. Förderwegs” (Third funding way) in 1989. All changes were steps on the way to a higher flexibility of funding instruments. Data tables in HISTAT: A. Old states of Germany: Housing completions and authorizations of social housing A.01 Housing completions altogether and authorizations of social housing in the old states of Germany (1950 – 1995) A.02 Population, Households and stock of housing in the old states of Germany (1950 – 1987) A.03 Authorizations of social housing in the old states of Germany (1950-1995) B. Social housing in the new states of Germany and in East Berlin B.01 Social housing in the new states of Germany and in East Berlin (1991-1995) C. Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing at provincial level Register of tables in HISTAT: A. Old states of Germany: Housing completions and authorizations of social housing A.01 Housing completions altogether and authorizations of social housing in the old states of Germany (1950 – 1995) A.02 Population, Households and stock of housing in the old states of Germany (1950 – 1987) A.03 Authorizations of social housing in the old states of Germany (1950-1995) B. Social housing in the new states of Germany and in East Berlin B.01 Social housing in the new states of Germany and in East Berlin (1991-1995) C. Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing at provincial level C.01 Schleswig – Holstein: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.02 Hamburg: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.03 Lower Saxony: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.04 Bremen: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.05 North Rhine - Westphalia: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.06 Hesse: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.07 Rhineland - Palatinate: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.08 Saarland: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.09 Baden - Württemberg: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.10 Bavaria: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995) C.11 Berlin – West: Development of population, construction activities and authorizations of social housing (1953-1995)

Die vorliegende Untersuchung ist zwei Fragestellungen gewidmet: (1) Hat das sozialistische System der früheren DDR die ostdeutsche Bevölkerung so beeinflusst, dass systematische Persönlichkeitsunterschiede zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschen bestehen? (2) Haben die dramatischen Änderungen der Lebensbedingungen nach der "Wende" bei den Ostdeutschen zu gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen geführt? Die Datenerhebung erfolgt mit Hilfe von drei Fragebogentests: Dem Berliner Verfahren zur Neurosendiagnostik (BVND), dem Trierer Persönlichkeitsfragebogen (TPF) und dem Trierer Inventar zur Verhaltenskontrolle (TIV). Untersucht wurden 598 Vpn, davon 300 aus Ost- und 298 aus Westdeutschland, bei einer Gleichverteilung der Geschlechter. Die internen Konsistenzen der verwendeten Skalen zeigten eine genügend hohe Reliabilität zur Verwendung von Gruppenvergleichen. In einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse konnten vier Hauptvarianzquellen ermittelt werden: (1) Allgemeine psychische und physische Beschwerden, (2) Verhaltenskontrolle, (3) Aktivität und (4) Soziabilität, diesbezüglich eine dreifaktorielle Varianzanalyse mit den Faktoren "Land" (Ost-West), "Geschlecht" und "Lebensalter" (3 Stufen) berechnet wurde. Zu Faktor 1: Hier kann entgegen der Erwartungen nicht von einer signifikant höheren psychosomatischen Belastung der Ostdeutschen gesprochen werden, wenn dies auch in einzelnen Skalen der Fall ist (höheres Angstpotential, grössere Unsicherheit, Erschöpfung und Nervosität bei Ostdeutschen). Zu Faktor 2: Hier zeigten sich die deutlichsten und konsistentesten Unterschiede: Ost-deutsche sind stärker verhaltenskontrolliert als Westdeutsche. The present study is devoted to two issues: (1) Did the socialist system of the former German Democratic Republic affect the East German population to the extent that systematic differences in personality are evident in comparison to West Germans? (2) Did the dramatic changes in living conditions following reunification lead to health problems in East German citizens? Data were collected using the following questionnaires: The Berliner Verfahren zur Neurosendiagnostik (BVND, a test for neuroses diagnostics), the Trier Personality Questionnaire (TPI), and the Trierer Inventar zur Verhaltenskontrolle (TIV, an inventory assessing control of behavior). 598 subjects were examined, including 300 from eastern Germany and 298 from western Germany, with an equal distribution between the sexes. The internal consistencies of the utilized scales displayed high reliability for use in group comparisons. In a principal components analysis, four main sources of variance were identified: (1) general mental and physical complaints, (2) behavioral control, (3) activity level, and (4) sociability and a three-factor analysis of variance was calculated using the factors of "country" (East, West), "gender", and "age" (three levels). Regarding factor 1: Contrary to expectations, an overall significantly higher psychosomatic stress level in East Germans could not be established, even though this was the case in individual scales (higher anxiety potential, greater feelings of uncertainty, fatigue, and nervousness among East Germans). Regarding factor 2: Here, the clearest and most consistent differences were found: East Germans' behavior is more controlled than that of West Germans.

The adult residential population 18 years old and older.

Germany: Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the total population: The latest value from is percent, unavailable from percent in . In comparison, the world average is 0.0 percent, based on data from countries. Historically, the average for Germany from to is percent. The minimum value, percent, was reached in while the maximum of percent was recorded in .

How do people living in contemporary Germany react to diversification in their every- day life? What undergirds pro-diversity perspectives among those who live in rapidly diversifying cities? Conversely, what are their limits, and what groups are excluded? The Diversity Assent (DivA) project was designed to understand the foundations and mechanisms underlying the acceptance of socio-demographic heterogeneity on multiple dimensions in cities located both in West and East Germany. Two core motivations underlie the project. So far, we insufficiently understand what motivates those who oppose right- wing positions – usually a majority among inhabitants of cities in Germany and other Western European countries. Second, this project builds on a previous large-scale project of the Socio-Cultural Diversity department at MPI-MMG, “Diversity and Contact”. In particular, it explores to what extent attitudes and patterns of interaction have changed, or remained constant, in the decade from 2010 to 2020, which was a time of major ruptures and political polarization. We designed a large telephone survey of 2,917 respondents asking a set of interrelated questions on dispositions towards diversity, everyday experiences and diversification dynamics. This includes a set of survey experiments designed to tap and measure social norms of tolerance.