It is estimated that Russia had the largest population among Central and Eastern European countries, with ***** million people in 2024. The following largest countries in terms of population size were Poland, with **** million, and Ukraine, with **** million.

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During the 1950s and 1960s, the population of Eastern Europe grew by approximately 1.3 percent each year, although it varied per country. The Soviet Union and Poland saw the largest growth, with annual increases of 1.5 and 1.4 percent respectively. While most countries saw significant population growth in this period, East Germany's population actually decreased, from 18.4 million in 1950 to 17.1 million in 197. This was due to the high rates of Westward migration in the 1950s, before border restrictions became much more stringent after 1961.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

This line chart displays urban population (people) by date using the aggregation sum in Eastern Europe. The data is about countries per year.

This horizontal bar chart displays female population (people) by date using the aggregation sum in Eastern Europe. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

The Jewish population of Europe decreased dramatically during the 20th century, as millions of Jews were killed during the Holocaust of the Second World War, while millions of others emigrated to escape persecution (notably to Israel and the U.S.). Some estimates suggest that the total number of Jews in Europe in 1933 was approximately 9.5 million people, with the majority of these living in Eastern Europe. Jews were a minority in most countries, however they still made up a significant portion of the population in countries such as Hungary, Poland and Romania. Following the war however, the Jewish populations in these countries dropped drastically, and by the end of the century they made up just 0.1 percent or less in several countries.

The European countries which saw the greatest population growth in 2025 were Gibraltar, Kosovo and Iceland. Overall, Europe's population declined by 3.3 percent in 2025, with this varying by region from a 0.19 percent decline in northern Europe to 4.6 percent in southern Europe. All the countries which saw the largest declines in their population in 2025 were central and eastern European countries.

Due to the industrialization that swept across the Eastern Bloc in the post-war decades, urbanization increased significantly, and millions flocked from the countryside to cities searching for work. Of the five given countries, Bulgaria saw the most considerable shift in population distribution, with the difference in population distribution in these years being equal to half of the total population. Romania experienced the smallest change, although the shift in population distribution was still equal to more than one-fifth of the total population. When looking at these figures, it is important to remember that young people migrated to cities in higher numbers than older generations. Therefore, birth rates were much higher, and death rates were much lower in urban areas.

Aggregate indicators at the level of the country for 7 countries of the East Bloc from the areas of economy, defense, population and society. Topics: 1. Population and society: population density; population growth from 1970 to 1978; infant mortality and life expectancy; degree of urbanization; rate of provision with running water and sanitary facilities; residential furnishings and housing conditions; hospital beds and doctors per capita; proportion of children in kindergartens; proportion of women in various branchs of the economy; religious affiliation; divorce rate; training level of the population; education expenditures; employees in technology and science; scientific book production; social mobility. 2. Economy: growth rate of the gross national product; GNP per capita; public investments; merchandise import and export; proportion of employees and proportion of production in the individual sectors of the economy; average income; meat consumption and supply of calories; trade with Comecon countries, capitalist and under-developed countries; trade deficit and foreign debt; growth of import and export as well as of income; work productivity; working hours needed for selected goods; capital intensity; provision of households with telephone, television, cars and other durable economic goods; energy import and energy use; employee-worker relationship; development of real income as well as prices; private savings; income concentration; retail trade index; hectare yields and proportion of private agriculture. 3. Military: defense expenditures; export of weapons; strength of military forces; proportion of defense expenditures in gross national product; number of disturbances and protest demonstrations; armed attacks and persons killed; sanctions of the government; internal security forces. 4. Miscellaneous: content analysis of newspapers regarding reports about human rights, disarmament, economic as well as technical cooperation and conflicts after adoption of the final agreement of Helsinki and Belgrad. Auf Länderebene aggregierte Indikatoren von 7 Staaten des Ostblocks aus den Bereichen Wirtschaft, Verteidigung, Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft. Themen: 1. Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft: Bevölkerungsdichte; Bevölkerungswachstum von 1970 bis 1978; Kindersterblichkeit und Lebenserwartung; Urbanisierungsgrad; Versorgungsrate mit fließend Wasser und sanitären Einrichtungen; Wohnungsausstattung und Wohnungsbedingungen; Krankenhausbetten und Ärzte pro Anteil der Kinder in Kindergärten; Frauenanteil in verschiedenen Wirtschaftszweigen; Religionszugehörigkeit; Scheidungsrate; Ausbildungsniveau der Bevölkerung; Bildungsausgaben; Beschäftigte in der Technik und Wissenschaft; wissenschaftliche Buchproduktion; soziale Mobilität. 2. Wirtschaft: Wachstumsrate des Bruttosozialprodukts; BSP pro Kopf; öffentliche Investitionen; Warenimport und -export; Beschäftigtenanteil und Produktionsanteil in den einzelnen Sektoren der Wirtschaft; Durchschnittseinkommen; Fleischkonsum und Kalorienversorgung; Handel mit Comecon-Staaten, kapitalistischen und unterentwickelten Ländern; Handelsdefizit und Auslandsverschuldung; Wachstum von Import und Export sowie der Einkommen; Arbeitsproduktivität; benötigte Arbeitszeit für ausgewählte Güter; Kapitalintensität; Versorgung der Hauhalte mit Telefon, Fernsehen, Autos und sonstigen langlebigen Wirtschaftsgütern; Energieimport und Energieverwendung; Angestellten Arbeiterverhältnis; Entwicklung de Realeinkommen sowie der Preise; privates Sparen; Einkommenskonzentration; Einzelhandelsindex; Hektarerträge und Anteil der privaten Agrarwirtschaft. 3. Militär: Verteidigungsausgaben; Waffenexporte; Stärke der Streitkräfte; Anteil der Verteidigungsausgaben am Bruttosozialprodukt; Anzahl der Unruhen und Protestdemonstrationen; bewaffnete Angriffe und getötete Personen; Sanktionen der Regierung; interne Sicherheitskräfte. 4. Sonstiges: Inhaltsanalyse von Zeitungen bezüglich Berichten über Menschenrechte, Abrüstung, ökonomische sowie technische Koope ration und Konflikte nach Verabschiedung der Schlußakte von Helsinki und Belgrad. Aggregate data from statistics yearbooks and the like.

This dataset is about countries per year in Eastern Europe. It has 10 rows and is filtered where the date is 2021. It features 3 columns: country, and female population.

As part of the project "Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989," sample surveys were conducted in 1993 and 1994 in six countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia. Using a questionnaire common to all countries, national probability samples of approximately 5,000 members of the adult population were surveyed in five of the six countries in 1993; in Poland, due to the lack of local funds, the data collection was delayed until 1994 and the sample size was reduced to approximately 3,500. To permit analyses of special interest to urban geographers (the Dutch funding was provided by a study committee of the Dutch NSF consisting of sociologists and urban geographers), over-samples of the populations of Prague and Warsaw were surveyed, with the sample sizes sufficient to bring the sum of cases from the over-sample and the national sample in each country to approximately 1,500. (About 900 cases each are available for Budapest and Sofia, generated by the national sample design. Thus, a four city comparison of Eastern European capitals is feasible.) The design of the survey called for exactly comparable wording of questions, and variation in the response categories only where national variations in circumstances (e.g., different religious distributions) warranted it. Country teams were free to add local questions at the end of the questionnaire. To ensure such comparability, the questionnaire was translated into each local language and then back-translated into English; the back-translated versions were compared as a group by a multi-lingual team and discrepancies in wording corrected. Inevitably, despite our best intentions, minor variations crept into the questionnaire. These are identified at appropriate places in the Codebook. The local language questionnaires are shown in Appendix G (Vol. II). (Probability samples of about 1,000 members of the old elite and about 1,000 members of the new elite in each country except Slovakia were also surveyed, using a similar but not identical questionnaire. These surveys have a separate codebook, which may be found under the title "Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989: Elite Survey".)

Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) between allelic richness (Ar), gene diversity (HE), inbreeding coefficient calculated with INEST (FISINEST), latitude and longitude calculated for populations within: (i) Europe overall, (ii) TESS group 2 (constituting populations from northern and eastern Europe, see S1 Table), and (iii) Norway.

Lithuania had the fastest-growing population in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), at an annual rate of 1.14 percent in 2022. Estonia ranked second, with the population growth of 1.03 percent year-on-year. In most CEE countries, the population marked a decrease from the previous year. Ukraine reported the most dramatic population decline, at nearly 14.2 percent.

UNFPA Real-Time Eastern Europe and Central Asia Activity Dataset

Aggregate data of economical, military, demographical, social and political indicators concerning 7 Eastern European communist countries. ( Theme 1: population and society ) population density / population growth 1970-1978 / infant mortality and life expectancy / degree of urbanization / amenities running water, central heating etc. / housing conditions / hospital beds and medical doctors / kindergarten / women in branches of economy / religion / divorce / education / technics and science / production of scientific books / social mobility. ( Theme 2: economy ) GNP / investments / import and export / employment and production in sectors of economy / incomes / meat consumption and calorie supply / trade with comecon/ capitalist and underdeveloped countries / trade deficit and debt to foreign countries / growth of import, export and incomes / labour productivity / required work-time for selected goods / capital intensity / nr. of telephones, tv-sets, cars, etc. / energy import and consumption / ratio employees and workers / development real incomes and prices / private savings / income concentration / retail trade index / hectare yields and portion of private agriculture. ( Theme 3: defense ) defense expenditures / arms export / armed forces / GNP of defense expenditures / riots and protest demonstration / armed attacks and persons killed / government sanctions / internal security forces. ( Theme 4: miscellaneous ) content analysis of newspapers concerning human rights/ disarmament/ economical and technical co-operation and conflicts after the final acts of Helsinki and Belgrade.

As of October 2024, the highest share of the population unconnected to the internet among European regions was in Eastern Europe, approximately 30 percent. Southern Europe followed, with around 14.8 percent of its population being unconnected. The least share of the unconnected population was in Northern Europe. The region had the worldwide highest internet penetration rate as of the latest measured period.

UNFPA Eastern Europe and Central Asia Activity Dataset

A total of 192 populations of Quercus cerris from the eastern Mediterranean Basin (Italy, Balkan peninsula, Anatolia) were genotyped with six polymorphic chloroplast microsatellites, and the genetic diversity and differentiation of the populations were evaluated. DNA samples are kept in collection at -20° C and available for research use only.

As of October 2024, the highest share of the population unconnected to the internet among European regions was in Eastern Europe, approximately 30 percent. Southern Europe followed, with around 14.8 percent of its population being unconnected. The least share of the unconnected population was in Northern Europe. The region had the worldwide highest internet penetration rate as of the latest measured period.