It is estimated that Russia had the largest population among Central and Eastern European countries, with ***** million people in 2024. The following largest countries in terms of population size were Poland, with **** million, and Ukraine, with **** million.

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During the 1950s and 1960s, the population of Eastern Europe grew by approximately 1.3 percent each year, although it varied per country. The Soviet Union and Poland saw the largest growth, with annual increases of 1.5 and 1.4 percent respectively. While most countries saw significant population growth in this period, East Germany's population actually decreased, from 18.4 million in 1950 to 17.1 million in 197. This was due to the high rates of Westward migration in the 1950s, before border restrictions became much more stringent after 1961.

The Jewish population of Europe decreased dramatically during the 20th century, as millions of Jews were killed during the Holocaust of the Second World War, while millions of others emigrated to escape persecution (notably to Israel and the U.S.). Some estimates suggest that the total number of Jews in Europe in 1933 was approximately 9.5 million people, with the majority of these living in Eastern Europe. Jews were a minority in most countries, however they still made up a significant portion of the population in countries such as Hungary, Poland and Romania. Following the war however, the Jewish populations in these countries dropped drastically, and by the end of the century they made up just 0.1 percent or less in several countries.

This line chart displays urban population (people) by date using the aggregation sum in Eastern Europe. The data is about countries per year.

This line chart displays male population (people) by date using the aggregation sum in Eastern Europe. The data is about countries per year.

This map shows the population density in North-Eastern Europe in 2011. This map is extracted from the cartographic atlas made on the occasion of the merger of the Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine Regions in January 2016. It is available on the website of the Grand Est Region. This map was designed for A3 format, landscape.

Lithuania had the fastest-growing population in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), at an annual rate of 1.14 percent in 2022. Estonia ranked second, with the population growth of 1.03 percent year-on-year. In most CEE countries, the population marked a decrease from the previous year. Ukraine reported the most dramatic population decline, at nearly 14.2 percent.

This horizontal bar chart displays female population (people) by date using the aggregation sum in Eastern Europe. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

As part of the project "Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989," sample surveys were conducted in 1993 and 1994 in six countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia. Using a questionnaire common to all countries, national probability samples of approximately 5,000 members of the adult population were surveyed in five of the six countries in 1993; in Poland, due to the lack of local funds, the data collection was delayed until 1994 and the sample size was reduced to approximately 3,500. To permit analyses of special interest to urban geographers (the Dutch funding was provided by a study committee of the Dutch NSF consisting of sociologists and urban geographers), over-samples of the populations of Prague and Warsaw were surveyed, with the sample sizes sufficient to bring the sum of cases from the over-sample and the national sample in each country to approximately 1,500. (About 900 cases each are available for Budapest and Sofia, generated by the national sample design. Thus, a four city comparison of Eastern European capitals is feasible.) The design of the survey called for exactly comparable wording of questions, and variation in the response categories only where national variations in circumstances (e.g., different religious distributions) warranted it. Country teams were free to add local questions at the end of the questionnaire. To ensure such comparability, the questionnaire was translated into each local language and then back-translated into English; the back-translated versions were compared as a group by a multi-lingual team and discrepancies in wording corrected. Inevitably, despite our best intentions, minor variations crept into the questionnaire. These are identified at appropriate places in the Codebook. The local language questionnaires are shown in Appendix G (Vol. II). (Probability samples of about 1,000 members of the old elite and about 1,000 members of the new elite in each country except Slovakia were also surveyed, using a similar but not identical questionnaire. These surveys have a separate codebook, which may be found under the title "Social Stratification in Eastern Europe after 1989: Elite Survey".)

Opinion data from Hungary, Bulgaria and Latvia (including the Russian-speaking minority).

This survey focuses on relations with and attitudes towards Russia in three East European countries with a record of close ties with Russia – Latvia, Hungary, and Bulgaria. The survey was carried out against the backdrop of Russia´s annexation of Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. It may be the very first survey to tap East European reactions to Russia’s drastic attempt to redraw the map of post-war Eastern Europe. The 2015 Post-Crimea Survey asks many of the key questions in the Baltic Barometer questions about identity, democracy, and the European Union (Baltic Barometer 2014).

FUME data on projected distributions of migrants at local level between 2030 and 2050. The dataset contains a folder of data for each destination city as a gridded dataset at 100m resolution in GeoTIFF format. The examined destination cities are: Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Krakow and Rome. The dataset is provided as 100m grid cells based on the Eurostat GISCO grid of the 2021 NUTS version, using ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (EPSG: 3035) as coordinate system. The file names consist of the projected year, the corresponding scenario, and the reference migrant group. The projections have been performed for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050. The investigated scenarios are the following: • benchmark (bs), • baseline (bs), • Rising East (re), • EU Recovery (eur), • Intensifying Global Competition (igc), and • War (war). The migration background is derived from data about the Region of Origin (RoO) for migrants in Copenhagen and Amsterdam, and from Region of Citizenship (CoC) for migrants in Krakow and Rome. The case study of Copenhagen covers the two central NUTS3 areas (DK011, DK012) and the groups presented are the following: • total population (totalpop), • native population (DNK), • Eastern EU European migrants (EU_East), • Western EU Europeans migrants (EU_West), • Non-EU European migrants (EurNonEU), • migrants from Turkey (Turkey), • the MENAP countries (MENAP; excluding Turkey), • other non-Western (OthNonWest), and • other Western countries (OthWestern). The case study of Amsterdam covers one NUTS3 area (NL329) and the presented groups are the following: • total population (totalpop), • native population (NLD), • Eastern EU European migrants (EU East), • Western EU European migrants (EU West), • migrants from Turkey and Morocco (Turkey + Morocco), • migrants from the Middle East and Africa (Middle East + Africa), • migrants from the former colonies (Former Colonies), and • migrants from the rest of the world (Other Europe etc). The case study of Krakow covers the Municipality of Krakow, and the presented groups are the following: • total population (totalpop), • native population (POL), • EU/EFTA European migrants (EU), • non-EU European migrants (Europe_nonEU), and • migrants from the rest of the world (Other). The case of Rome covers the Municipality of Rome, and the presented groups are the following: • total population (totalpop), • native population (ITA), • migrants from Romania (ROU), • Philippines (PHL), • Bangladesh (BGD), • the EU (EU; excluding Romania), • Africa (Africa), • Asia (Asia; excluding Philippines and Bangladesh) and • America (America).

Aggregate indicators at the level of the country for 7 countries of the East Bloc from the areas of economy, defense, population and society. Topics: 1. Population and society: population density; population growth from 1970 to 1978; infant mortality and life expectancy; degree of urbanization; rate of provision with running water and sanitary facilities; residential furnishings and housing conditions; hospital beds and doctors per capita; proportion of children in kindergartens; proportion of women in various branchs of the economy; religious affiliation; divorce rate; training level of the population; education expenditures; employees in technology and science; scientific book production; social mobility. 2. Economy: growth rate of the gross national product; GNP per capita; public investments; merchandise import and export; proportion of employees and proportion of production in the individual sectors of the economy; average income; meat consumption and supply of calories; trade with Comecon countries, capitalist and under-developed countries; trade deficit and foreign debt; growth of import and export as well as of income; work productivity; working hours needed for selected goods; capital intensity; provision of households with telephone, television, cars and other durable economic goods; energy import and energy use; employee-worker relationship; development of real income as well as prices; private savings; income concentration; retail trade index; hectare yields and proportion of private agriculture. 3. Military: defense expenditures; export of weapons; strength of military forces; proportion of defense expenditures in gross national product; number of disturbances and protest demonstrations; armed attacks and persons killed; sanctions of the government; internal security forces. 4. Miscellaneous: content analysis of newspapers regarding reports about human rights, disarmament, economic as well as technical cooperation and conflicts after adoption of the final agreement of Helsinki and Belgrad. Auf Länderebene aggregierte Indikatoren von 7 Staaten des Ostblocks aus den Bereichen Wirtschaft, Verteidigung, Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft. Themen: 1. Bevölkerung und Gesellschaft: Bevölkerungsdichte; Bevölkerungswachstum von 1970 bis 1978; Kindersterblichkeit und Lebenserwartung; Urbanisierungsgrad; Versorgungsrate mit fließend Wasser und sanitären Einrichtungen; Wohnungsausstattung und Wohnungsbedingungen; Krankenhausbetten und Ärzte pro Anteil der Kinder in Kindergärten; Frauenanteil in verschiedenen Wirtschaftszweigen; Religionszugehörigkeit; Scheidungsrate; Ausbildungsniveau der Bevölkerung; Bildungsausgaben; Beschäftigte in der Technik und Wissenschaft; wissenschaftliche Buchproduktion; soziale Mobilität. 2. Wirtschaft: Wachstumsrate des Bruttosozialprodukts; BSP pro Kopf; öffentliche Investitionen; Warenimport und -export; Beschäftigtenanteil und Produktionsanteil in den einzelnen Sektoren der Wirtschaft; Durchschnittseinkommen; Fleischkonsum und Kalorienversorgung; Handel mit Comecon-Staaten, kapitalistischen und unterentwickelten Ländern; Handelsdefizit und Auslandsverschuldung; Wachstum von Import und Export sowie der Einkommen; Arbeitsproduktivität; benötigte Arbeitszeit für ausgewählte Güter; Kapitalintensität; Versorgung der Hauhalte mit Telefon, Fernsehen, Autos und sonstigen langlebigen Wirtschaftsgütern; Energieimport und Energieverwendung; Angestellten Arbeiterverhältnis; Entwicklung de Realeinkommen sowie der Preise; privates Sparen; Einkommenskonzentration; Einzelhandelsindex; Hektarerträge und Anteil der privaten Agrarwirtschaft. 3. Militär: Verteidigungsausgaben; Waffenexporte; Stärke der Streitkräfte; Anteil der Verteidigungsausgaben am Bruttosozialprodukt; Anzahl der Unruhen und Protestdemonstrationen; bewaffnete Angriffe und getötete Personen; Sanktionen der Regierung; interne Sicherheitskräfte. 4. Sonstiges: Inhaltsanalyse von Zeitungen bezüglich Berichten über Menschenrechte, Abrüstung, ökonomische sowie technische Koope ration und Konflikte nach Verabschiedung der Schlußakte von Helsinki und Belgrad. Aggregate data from statistics yearbooks and the like.

Aggregate data of economical, military, demographical, social and political indicators concerning 7 Eastern European communist countries. ( Theme 1: population and society ) population density / population growth 1970-1978 / infant mortality and life expectancy / degree of urbanization / amenities running water, central heating etc. / housing conditions / hospital beds and medical doctors / kindergarten / women in branches of economy / religion / divorce / education / technics and science / production of scientific books / social mobility. ( Theme 2: economy ) GNP / investments / import and export / employment and production in sectors of economy / incomes / meat consumption and calorie supply / trade with comecon/ capitalist and underdeveloped countries / trade deficit and debt to foreign countries / growth of import, export and incomes / labour productivity / required work-time for selected goods / capital intensity / nr. of telephones, tv-sets, cars, etc. / energy import and consumption / ratio employees and workers / development real incomes and prices / private savings / income concentration / retail trade index / hectare yields and portion of private agriculture. ( Theme 3: defense ) defense expenditures / arms export / armed forces / GNP of defense expenditures / riots and protest demonstration / armed attacks and persons killed / government sanctions / internal security forces. ( Theme 4: miscellaneous ) content analysis of newspapers concerning human rights/ disarmament/ economical and technical co-operation and conflicts after the final acts of Helsinki and Belgrade.

Number of inhabitants born in Eastern and Southern Europe (non-EU), Africa, Asia or South America divided by the total population of the municipality.

In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000–4,000 b.c.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 b.c.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics. To date, inferences about the genetic make up of past populations have mostly been drawn from studies of modern-day Eurasian populations, but increasingly ancient DNA studies offer a direct view of the genetic past. We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500–4,900 calibrated b.c.) and used comprehensive phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to locate its origins within the broader Eurasian region, and to trace potential dispersal routes into Europe. We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany. These results considerably extend the available genetic dataset for the LBK (n = 42) and permit the first detailed genetic analysis of the earliest Neolithic culture in Central Europe (5,500–4,900 calibrated b.c.). We characterized the Neolithic mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and geographical affinities of the early farmers using a large database of extant Western Eurasian populations (n = 23,394) and a wide range of population genetic analyses including shared haplotype analyses, principal component analyses, multidimensional scaling, geographic mapping of genetic distances, and Bayesian Serial Simcoal analyses. The results reveal that the LBK population shared an affinity with the modern-day Near East and Anatolia, supporting a major genetic input from this area during the advent of farming in Europe. However, the LBK population also showed unique genetic features including a clearly distinct distribution of mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies, confirming that major demographic events continued to take place in Europe after the early Neolithic.

The Levada Center has been conducting omnibus surveys of the Russian population on a regular basis. This data collection includes questions about the full-scale Russian military aggression against Ukraine which started on 24 February 2022 together with standard socio-demographic and political data about all respondents. It contains the raw data from 14 opinion polls conducted from March 2022 to April 2023.

Included in this data collection are the relevant questions from the Levada omnibus surveys copied into one file. The SPSS file (.sav) is the original file provided by the Levada Center. It has been exported into an Excel file. The content of the respective xlsx-file should be identical with the original sav-file.

The documentation of data collection lists the questions included in the dataset and provides information about the random-sample questionnaire-based nationally representative polls conducted as omnibus surveys. The original data file is in Russian, but the documentation lists all questions and answer options with an English translation.

Additionally, the data collection contains (1) an excerpt from a working paper outlining arguments against a reduced validity of Levada surveys. (2) a file detailing the response and rejections rates of the Levada omnibus surveys conducted in the first quarter of 2022 with a discussion by the Levada team and (3) a description of an experiment conducted by the Leveda Center to analyse the readiness of the Russian population to participate in surveys (available only in Russian language).

Compared to the previous version the results for January to April 2023 have been added. Moreover, for the full dataset two questions about media consumption have been added.

The data presented in this dataset have been compiled by the Levada Center. The dataset has been provided to the Research Centre for East European Studies at the University of Bremen for open access publication (non-commercial use) on the DiscussData-platform. The documentation of data collection has been compiled by Heiko Pleines (Research Centre for East European Studies at the University of Bremen), who is also responsible for the upload of this data collection to the DiscussData-platform.

Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) between allelic richness (Ar), gene diversity (HE), inbreeding coefficient calculated with INEST (FISINEST), latitude and longitude calculated for populations within: (i) Europe overall, (ii) TESS group 2 (constituting populations from northern and eastern Europe, see S1 Table), and (iii) Norway.

The number of internet users in Eastern Europe was forecast to increase between 2024 and 2029 by in total **** million users (+**** percent). This overall increase does not happen continuously, notably not in 2028 and 2029. The number of users is estimated to amount to ***** million users in 2029. Notably, the number of internet users of was continuously increasing over the past years.Depicted is the estimated number of individuals in the country or region at hand, that use the internet. As the datasource clarifies, connection quality and usage frequency are distinct aspects, not taken into account here.The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in up to *** countries and regions worldwide. All indicators are sourced from international and national statistical offices, trade associations and the trade press and they are processed to generate comparable data sets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).Find more key insights for the number of internet users in countries like Southern Europe and Northern Europe.