This statistic shows the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) in Finland from 2013 to 2023. In 2023, the share of agriculture in Finland's gross domestic product was 2.31 percent, industry contributed approximately 23.86 percent and the services sector contributed about 61.37 percent.

Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data was reported at 2,427.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,214.000 EUR mn for Dec 2017. Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,706.000 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 113 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,214.000 EUR mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 1,042.000 EUR mn in Mar 1994. Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A001: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price.

Abstract

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

The indicators in the 2017 Global Findex database are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in 144 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world’s population (see table A.1 of the Global Findex Database 2017 Report for a list of the economies included). The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. Interview procedure Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where this is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.

Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed and the handheld survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer’s gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size was 1000.

Mode of data collection

Cellular Telephone

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in more than 140 languages upon request.

Questions on cash on delivery, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar, and Jake Hess. 2018. The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank

Finland GDP: CL 2015p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data was reported at 2,093.000 EUR mn in Dec 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,069.000 EUR mn for Sep 2024. Finland GDP: CL 2015p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,800.500 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 140 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,837.000 EUR mn in Jun 2021 and a record low of 919.000 EUR mn in Dec 1993. Finland GDP: CL 2015p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A006: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2015 Price: Seasonally Adjusted.

Graph and download economic data for Financial System Deposits to GDP for Finland (DDDI08FIA156NWDB) from 1960 to 2021 about Finland, deposits, financial, and GDP.

Finland GDP: sa: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data was reported at 2,747.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,622.000 EUR mn for Dec 2017. Finland GDP: sa: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,710.000 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 113 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,747.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018 and a record low of 1,061.000 EUR mn in Dec 1993. Finland GDP: sa: GCF: Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A002: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price: Seasonally Adjusted.

The main themes of this survey were social welfare policy, taxation, political lobbying and influence, policies of the future government, candidate choice in the forthcoming parliamentary elections, and options for lengthening working lives in Finland. First, the respondents were asked whether they agreed with a number of statements relating to political decision-making, climate change, political parties, politics, economic and fiscal policy, Finnish economy, working life, NATO membership, welfare, entrepreneurship, national identity, etc. Opinions were charted on which tax rates (income tax, corporate tax, excise duty on alcoholic beverages, value-added tax rates etc) could be increased, kept at the same level or lowered. The respondents were also asked how they would rank Finland compared to other countries regarding a number of issues. The issues mentioned included, for instance, how well the political system, democracy and society on the whole work; material and mental well-being; the quality of education, social security and public services; Finland's image; economic competitiveness; equality; safety; income differences; amount of corruption. The next set of questions probed views on how much certain bodies/operators (trade unions, employer organisations, public authorities, big businesses, the media, market forces, the EU, the EMU, lobby groups, voters etc) influenced political decisions in Finland and whether their influence was too great, appropriate or too low. Opinions were charted on what should be the focus areas for the future government (e.g. economy, employment, national debt, poverty, education, crime prevention, business environment, immigration). One theme pertained to the forthcoming parliamentary elections. The respondents were asked how important certain aspects were for their candidate choice. The aspects mentioned included, for instance, the candidate image, party, charisma, expertise, values, image given on the Internet or in the social media, the candidate's gender, age, honesty, verbal skills. Opinions were charted on what would be good methods for lenghtening people's working lives (e.g. restricting access to early retirement, raising retirement age, abolishing conscription, measures to shorten unemployment periods, immigration, restricting access to unemployment benefits etc). The survey also investigated attitudes to Finland's EU membership, change of currency to euro, and whether the EMU membership was a benefit or disadvantage to Finland in the economic situation at that time. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, basic and vocational education, size and type of the municipality of residence, industry of employment, region, economic activity and occupational status, trade union membership, self-perceived social class and the candidate of which political party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time.

The survey charted Finnish attitudes and values. The respondents were presented with a series of attitudinal statements covering occupational life, work-life balance, social welfare, environmental issues, influencing, decision-making, political life, economy, globalisation, and political power. They were also asked how the government should prioritise different areas of its activity including employment, taxation, education, health care, environmental protection, social security, regional policy, and equality between men and women. The respondents also gave their opinions on whether different forces in society (e.g. labour movement, church, market forces, police, the media, citizens) have too much, just the right amount, or too little power. The respondents' views on taxation were charted by asking them whether taxes are generally too high in Finland, whether the security and services in Finnish society received in exchange for taxes are sufficient, whether the total tax rate should be lowered to the average level of the EU countries, whether the focus of taxation should be shifted from work to consumption, and whether the respondents experience their taxation as unjust. Opinions on the most desirable, the least desirable, and the most likely government coalition were investigated. Views were also probed on the party affiliation of the next prime minister, and on how different values should be emphasised in developing Finnish society (e.g. social and economic equality, ability to undertake bold reforms, freedom of competition and entrepreneurship, individual responsibility for one's own welfare). Opinions on women's position in the labour market were charted with the help of attitudinal statements. The respondents gave their views on whether women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men, whether female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their male co-workers, whether gender quotas should be used for instance in the management of enterprises, and whether it is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as men doing the same work. Finally, there were three questions on the EU membership, Euro, and EU enlargement. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, size of municipality of residence, education, and industry of employment.

Finland GDP: CL 2010p: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data was reported at 2,296.000 EUR mn in Jun 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,820.000 EUR mn for Mar 2018. Finland GDP: CL 2010p: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,640.500 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 114 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,096.000 EUR mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 860.000 EUR mn in Sep 1993. Finland GDP: CL 2010p: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A006: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2010 Price.

Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: Machinery, Equipment, Transport Equipment & Weapons Systems (ME) data was reported at 2,880.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,640.000 EUR mn for Dec 2017. Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: Machinery, Equipment, Transport Equipment & Weapons Systems (ME) data is updated quarterly, averaging 2,213.000 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 113 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,640.000 EUR mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 1,254.000 EUR mn in Mar 1994. Finland GDP: GCF: Fixed: Machinery, Equipment, Transport Equipment & Weapons Systems (ME) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A001: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Current Price.

The main themes of the survey were the competitiveness of Finnish enterprises, the state of the political system and how to achieve economic growth in Finland. First, the respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to, for instance, political parties and the political system, science and technology, gender equality, environment, free competition, public services, Finnish business life and enterprises, measures to lessen the impact of the aging population, globalisation, Finland's NATO membership, market forces, national debt, immigrants, taxation, and the circumstances of employees, etc. Opinions were charted on why the competitiveness of Finnish enterprises had declined. Causes mentioned included lack of innovation, high pay rises, social security contributions or taxes, lack of enthusiasm and determination, lack of government support, the euro, high wages of top managers, risk avoidance, bad working atmosphere, environmental regulations and strategic mistakes by management. The respondents were also asked whether they would accept or object to a number of measures or structural changes aiming to stimulate economic growth. The measures mentioned included giving up conscription, reducing corporation tax, restricting the power of trade unions, increasing research funding, competitive tendering for the provision of public services, tighter rules for unemployment benefits, pay freeze, cutting public service expenditure, lowering income tax, increasing annual working hours, reducing study time, establishing new state-owned companies and increasing immigration. Opinions were charted on Finland's EU membership and the currency change to euro. The respondents were asked whether the economic independence of EU states should be restricted and whether they would vote for or against Finland's EU membership if a referendum were held at the time of the survey. The background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, region of residence (NUTS3), basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, industry of employment, which political party would vote for in parliamentary elections, membership in a trade union and self-perceived social class.

The survey charted the values and attitudes of Finnish people. The main themes of the 2017 survey included the Finnish basic education system, municipal services and how they are provided, economic differences between population groups, the Finnish political system, social security, democracy, globalisation, Finnish foreign policy, and the EU and eurozone. First, the respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a large number of statements relating to, for instance, political parties and the political system, globalisation, education, employment, economic growth and markets, municipalities, taxation, changes in society, immigration and refugees, social security, the EU, and NATO membership. The respondents' opinions on municipalities' duties were charted by asking which services should be provided by the public sector, which services should be provided by the private sector or in cooperation with the private sector. These services included day care, education, and street and road maintenance, among other things. Opinions on municipal tax and its effect on services provided by the municipality were also investigated. Views on basic education were probed by asking which things schools should teach and what subjects could be taught less. Views on immigration were charted in light of the current refugee crisis. The respondents' opinions on democracy and different political systems were investigated by asking how important they felt it was to live in a democratic country, and by asking them to evaluate different political systems. Furthermore, the respondents were presented made-up political parties with extreme views, and asked how likely they were to vote for the party in the next parliamentary elections if such party existed. The potential future developments of the EU and the EMU that the respondents hoped to see happen in the following 10 years were surveyed (e.g. Brexit being cancelled, dissolution of the EU, Finland quitting the euro, the development of the EU into a federation). Further questions relating to the European Union were asked, charting opinions on Finland's EU membership and the currency change to the euro. The respondents were also asked whether the EMU membership and the euro were advantageous or disadvantageous to Finland in the economic situation at the time of the survey, and whether the respondents would have voted for or against Finland's EU membership if a referendum had been held at the time of responding. The respondents were also asked about the impacts they felt Donald Trump would have as the president of the USA. Lastly, the respondents were presented with a list of influencers of current society and asked whether they thought these influencers had too much, enough, or not enough power in Finland. Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, region of residence (NUTS3), basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, household size and composition, household gross income, working time, industry of employment, political party choice if parliamentary elections were held at the time of survey, membership in a trade union, self-perceived social class, and number of inhabitants in the municipality of residence.

The survey studied Finnish values and attitudes. The respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to Finland's EU membership, replacement of the Finnish currency with the euro, EU enlargement, political parties, gender equality, enterprises, economic growth, environmental issues, Finland's potential NATO membership, globalisation, immigration, immigrants, immigration policy, political power, national identity, market economy, welfare state, etc. Opinions on how to develop education and how to allocate tax revenue were studied. Attitudes to different kinds of interest movements and voluntary organisations were surveyed, likewise the respondents' expectations of what Finland would be like in 2025. The respondents were also asked whether there were conflicts between certain groups (e.g. rich - poor, employers - employees, men - women, enterprises - environmental protection) in Finnish society. Background variables included the respondent's sex, age group, size of the municipality of residence, type of the neighbourhood, province of residence, basic education, vocational education, economic activity, trade union membership, industry of employment, self-perceived social class, and which party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time.

Finland GDP: CL 2010p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data was reported at 2,627.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,491.000 EUR mn for Dec 2017. Finland GDP: CL 2010p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data is updated quarterly, averaging 1,652.000 EUR mn from Mar 1990 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 113 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,627.000 EUR mn in Mar 2018 and a record low of 874.000 EUR mn in Sep 1993. Finland GDP: CL 2010p: sa: GCF: ow Fixed: ME: Machinery, Equipment & Weapons Systems data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.A007: ESA 2010: GDP: by Expenditure: Chain Linked 2010 Price: Seasonally Adjusted.

Abstract

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Frequency of data collection

Triennial

Sampling procedure

As in the first edition, the indicators in the 2014 Global Findex are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in more than 140 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population. The survey was carried out over the 2014 calendar year by Gallup, Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has continually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 140 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017.

Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks. In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households by means of the Kish grid. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected through the Kish grid from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or Kish grid method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size in Finland was 1,001 individuals.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in 142 languages upon request.

Questions on cash withdrawals, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, school fees, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Peter Van Oudheusden, “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World.” Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

The main themes of the survey were leadership, work, taxation and security of Finland. First, the respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to, for instance, political parties and the political system, science and technology, employment, economic growth, taxation, changes in society, health care, environment, entrepreneurship, public services, Finland's foreign relations, NATO membership, regulation of alcohol, social services, national debt, etc. Regarding the parliamentary elections of 2015, the respondents were asked what the new government should focus on (e.g. lowering taxation, increasing funding for education, crime prevention, cutting public expenditure) and how well certain characteristics and descriptions (e.g. "patriotic, always promotes Finland's interests") applied to the four prime minister candidates (Antti Rinne, Juha Sipilä, Timo Soini, Alexander Stubb). Opinions were charted on why Finland's capacity for decision-making has been poor. Reasons mentioned included, for instance, the inexperience of decision-makers, politicians' fear of media reaction and negative publicity, shift of decision-making to the EU, and the strong role of bureaucracy. Regarding taxation, the respondents' opinions were surveyed on statements about tax policy (e.g. "On the whole, taxation in Finland is too high", "Taxation should not be lowered if it leads to weakening social security and public services") and which taxes should be increased and decreased. Views on the likelihood of certain future developments in occupational life were investigated. The respondents were also asked which ways of increasing the amount of work done in Finland they regarded acceptable in order to finance the welfare state (e.g. increasing weekly working hours, raising retirement age). Self-perceived health status and use of private and public health services were surveyed as well as opinions on the quality of health services in Finland. The respondents were asked how well certain characteristics/descriptions applied to Russia (e.g. "good neighbour and associate", "centralised dictatorship"). Relating to the European Union, opinions were charted on Finland's EU membership and the currency change to euro. The respondents were also asked whether the EMU membership and the euro were advantageous or disadvantageous to Finland in the economic situation at the time of the survey, and whether they would have voted for or against Finland's EU membership if a referendum had been held at the time of responding. Background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, region of residence (NUTS3), basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, industry of employment, political party choice if parliamentary elections were held at the time of survey, membership in a trade union, self-perceived social class, and number of inhabitants in the municipality of residence.

Finland Population Education Structure: Age 15 or Over: EQ: Bachelor's or Equivalent data was reported at 518,969.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 500,520.000 Person for 2016. Finland Population Education Structure: Age 15 or Over: EQ: Bachelor's or Equivalent data is updated yearly, averaging 217,221.000 Person from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 518,969.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 91,511.000 Person in 1970. Finland Population Education Structure: Age 15 or Over: EQ: Bachelor's or Equivalent data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Finland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.G005: Education Statistics.

The survey charted young adults' attitudes towards politics, their opinions on the principal matters in politics, and their views on the current political questions. The respondents' interest in politics was queried, as well as how much they thought politics influences various things, and to what extent they trust in decision-makers' ability to solve young people's problems. Some questions covered how firm the respondents considered their political views and party preference to be. The respondents were asked to place different political parties and themselves on the left-right axis. They indicated whether it was easy for them to choose between political parties, what is their attitude towards given parties, and on what basis they select their party. In addition, the respondents were given a list of various things (e.g. Finnishness, scientific achievements of the Finns, Finnish social security and health care system) and asked to choose which items on the list make them feel proud about Finland. They were also presented with a set of attitudinal statements on topics such as voting, entrepreneurship, the Government, Parliament, social differences, political parties, politicians, unemployment, welfare state, law, refugees, immigrants, development aid, nuclear power, the EC, income taxation, and traditional Finnish values. In relation to voting and elections, the respondents' views were probed on what basis election candidates were assessed, how citizens should relate to elections and voting, what kind of voting habits the respondents' parents had, whether the respondents had used their right to vote, whether they were going to use that right in the future, and whether our political system works or not. Background variables included the respondent's gender, municipality of residence, age, marital status, number of children, type of accommodation, socio-economic status, education level, mother tongue, parents' and spouse's occupation and education level, membership in various organisations or associations (e.g. sports clubs, youth organisations, student associations), place of birth, annual gross income, and annual household gross income. Those who were employed were asked about their occupational status, students were asked about their educational institution and main subject, and those who were unemployed were in turn asked about the duration of unemployment during the past two years and occupational status before unemployment. In addition, views were queried on how important it is to work hard and to get by on the salary one receives from work. Further background variables investigated when R had moved to the capital area, from where R had moved, whether R would like to have a life that resembles that of R's parents' in the future, to what extent R follows different things on the media (e.g. technology, public figures, science), how much R spent money on various things on a monthly average (e.g. movies, food, clothes), whether R exercised regularly, which TV or radio channels R usually follow at home, how often R does various things (e.g. meets friends, visits the library, goes to a discotheque), and where R would like to travel to. Finally, views were charted on which party R would vote for in parliamentary elections, and which party R voted for in the 1987 municipal elections.

The main themes of the survey were social change and the need for transformation in society, equality and inequality, and the European Union. First, the respondents were asked to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to, for instance, political parties and the political system, science and technology, employment, economic growth, changes in society, equality, education, environment, free competition, public services, globalisation, Finland's NATO membership, market forces, national debt, immigration etc. Opinions were charted on why the Finnish society was slow to change and reform. Reasons mentioned included, for instance, sensible caution and moderation, lack of public funds, complexity and size of social problems, bureaucracy, inability to cooperate of different actors in society, lack of leadership in society, atmosphere that discourages responsiblity and risk-taking, and opposition to reform among citizens. The respondents were also asked what kind of voter they were (i.e. core voter, swing voter, abstaining voter) as well as how they would place themselves on the left-right and liberal-conservative axes. One set of questions charted opinions on the equality/inequality between Finns in various issues and between different groups, for instance, income distribution, health, educational opportunities, genders, generations/age groups, municipalities, occupational groups, taxation, political rights and opportunities, freedom of speech, and ethnicities. Views on the acceptability of different means of influencing in society were investigated (e.g. boycotting, infiltrating and/or recording in production facilities, legal demonstrations, rioting, traffic blockades, nonviolent direct action in order to draw the attention of the media). Views were charted on characteristics of the Finns and Finland and the effects of these characteristics in society. Opinions were studied on Finnish education in international comparison. Relating to the European Union, opinions were charted on Finland's EU membership and the currency change to euro. The respondents were also asked whether the EMU membership and euro were advantageous or disadvantageous to Finland in the economic situation at the time of the survey, whether their opinion of the EU had become more positive or negative, and whether they would vote for or against Finland's EU membership if a referendum were held at the time of responding. The background variables included the respondent's gender, year of birth, region of residence (NUTS3), basic and vocational education, economic activity and occupational status, industry of employment, political party choice if parliamentary elections were held at the time of survey, membership in a trade union, self-perceived social class, and number of inhabitants in the municipality of residence.

The Citizens' Pulse surveys examine Finnish attitudes and opinions in the context of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Main themes in the surveys include the activity and communication of authorities, compliance with regulations, future expectations, trust, and the respondents' own state of mind. This collection round also included questions about the Russian invasion of Ukraine and preparing for crisis situations. The seventh collection round of 2022 surveyed the respondents' trust in various institutions (e.g. the Finnish Government, the health care system, the media, and the Finnish Defence Forces), as well as other people. The respondents' state of mind was examined with questions on various matters relating to health, well-being, and their situation in life. The questions covered, for example, the respondents' own mental well-being, whether they were worried about the adequacy of their income, their confidence in their future, experiences of stress and togetherness, and whether they felt their lives were meaningful. Additionally, the respondents were asked to evaluate whether an atmosphere of crisis prevailed amongst Finns and how Finland's application to join NATO had impacted the respondents' sense of safety. The next set of questions focused on the Russian invasion of Ukraine and crisis situations in general. In relation to the Ukraine crisis, the respondents were, for example, asked about their sense of security, worries caused by the crisis and its possible impact on the Finnish economy and their own financial situation, and whether they were concerned that the war might expand beyond Ukraine. Opinions on the economic sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU, how well authorities had been prepared for crises like the crisis in Ukraine, and whether the uncertainty caused by the Ukraine crisis had impacted the respondents' consumer behaviour were charted. The respondents were also asked whether they had noticed any cyber security issues or instances where purposefully misleading claims based on misinformation were spread on social media or online over the previous month. On the topics of communication and dissemination of information, the respondents' opinions on the availability, reliability and accuracy of the information provided by Finnish authorities on the coronavirus crisis were charted. Compliance with coronavirus restrictions was examined by asking the respondents whether they had followed the restrictions and recommendations set by authorities for preventing transmission of the virus, including maintaining safe distances, wearing a face mask, and minimising contact with other people. The respondents were also asked how necessary they felt it was to follow measures such as wearing a mask and maintaining safe distances after receiving two or three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, NUTS3 region of residence, highest level of education, household composition, and perceived financial situation of household.