Here is your guide to understanding inflation. The Cleveland Fed's Center for Inflation Research provides inflation basics and explanations of inflation essentials for you to explore.

We provide explanations of basic and fundamental concepts on the definition of inflation, measurement of inflation, costs of inflation, the importance of measuring and controlling inflation, the role of the Federal Reserve in inflation, and other concepts such as price indexes, hyperinflation, trend and underlying inflation, measures of inflation like CPI, core CPI, median CPI, trimmed-mean CPI, PCE, core PCE, and trimmed-mean PCE.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SEHF) from Mar 1935 to Dec 2024 about CT, NJ, New York, energy, PA, NY, urban, consumer, services, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This panel dataset contains quarterly series on inflation targets, bands, and track records for 41 inflation targeting countries from 1990 to 2024. Data on inflation targets and bands are collected through each central bank’s historical documents and rules-based track record measures are calculated by the author to assess actual inflation outcomes with respect to the central banks’ stated policy objectives. The dataset supports research work in Zhang (2025), Zhang and Wang (2022), and Zhang (2021). Please cite the papers when using the data.

Z. Zhang, Does inflation targeting track record matter for asset prices? Evidence from stock, bond, and foreign exchange markets, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Volume 101, 2025, 102141. Z. Zhang, S. Wang, Do actions speak louder than words? Assessing the effects of inflation targeting track records on macroeconomic performance, 2022, IMF Working Papers 2022/227.
Z. Zhang, Stock returns and inflation redux: An explanation from monetary policy in advanced and emerging markets, 2021, IMF Working Papers 2021/219.

Auer, Raphael, Levchenko, Andrei, and Saure, Philip, (2019) "International Inflation Spillovers through Input Linkages." Review of Economics and Statistics 101:3, 507-521.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data was reported at 100.220 Prev Mth=100 in Mar 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 100.910 Prev Mth=100 for Feb 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data is updated monthly, averaging 100.670 Prev Mth=100 from Jan 2003 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 267 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 108.550 Prev Mth=100 in Jan 2006 and a record low of 96.990 Prev Mth=100 in Sep 2003. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Month=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IB101: Consumer Price Index: Far East Federal District: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Other Goods and Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SAG) from Jan 1976 to Sep 2025 about CT, NJ, New York, PA, NY, urban, consumer, goods, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data was reported at 102.460 Prev Dec=100 in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 101.540 Prev Dec=100 for Jan 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data is updated monthly, averaging 106.245 Prev Dec=100 from Jan 2003 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 266 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 122.490 Prev Dec=100 in Sep 2003 and a record low of 98.470 Prev Dec=100 in Jan 2018. Consumer Price Index (CPI): Prev Dec=100: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Goods & Services not for Core Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal State Statistics Service. The data is categorized under Russia Premium Database’s Inflation – Table RU.IB101: Consumer Price Index: Far East Federal District: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Other Goods and Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUUSA101SAG) from H1 1984 to H1 2025 about CT, NJ, New York, PA, NY, urban, consumer, goods, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Montenegro HICP: Administrative Inflation data was reported at 100.000 Prev Mth=100 in Jun 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 100.052 Prev Mth=100 for May 2018. Montenegro HICP: Administrative Inflation data is updated monthly, averaging 100.000 Prev Mth=100 from Feb 2010 (Median) to Jun 2018, with 101 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 105.184 Prev Mth=100 in Jan 2012 and a record low of 97.439 Prev Mth=100 in Apr 2011. Montenegro HICP: Administrative Inflation data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistical Office of Montenegro. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Montenegro – Table ME.I001: Harmonized Index of Consumer Price: Previous Month=100.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUUSA101SEHF) from H1 1984 to H2 2024 about CT, NJ, New York, energy, PA, NY, urban, consumer, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Services Less Medical Care Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SASL5) from Jan 1967 to Sep 2025 about medical, CT, NJ, New York, PA, NY, urban, consumer, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Metals and Metal Products: Iron and Steel (WPU101) from Jan 1926 to Sep 2025 about iron, steel, metals, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Services Less Rent of Shelter in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SASL2RS) from Dec 1982 to Sep 2025 about shelter, CT, NJ, New York, rent, PA, NY, urban, consumer, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Education and Communication Commodities in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SAEC) from Dec 2009 to Sep 2025 about communication, CT, NJ, New York, PA, NY, education, urban, consumer, commodities, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Utility (Piped) Gas Service in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SEHF02) from May 1971 to Dec 2024 about CT, utilities, NJ, New York, PA, gas, NY, urban, consumer, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Retail Trade Services: Lawn, Garden, and Farm Equipment and Supplies Retailing (WPU58A101) from Mar 2009 to Aug 2025 about garden, supplies, agriculture, retail trade, equipment, sales, retail, commodities, services, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Retail Trade Services: Hardware and Building Materials and Supplies Retailing (WPS58D101) from Mar 2009 to Sep 2025 about hardware, materials, supplies, buildings, retail trade, sales, retail, services, commodities, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Household Furnishings and Supplies in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUURA101SAH31) from Dec 2009 to Sep 2025 about CT, supplies, NJ, New York, PA, NY, urban, households, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Education and Communication Services in New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA (CBSA) (CUUSA101SAES) from H1 2010 to H1 2025 about communication, CT, NJ, New York, PA, NY, education, urban, consumer, CPI, services, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.