Description: This dataset contains historical economic data spanning from 1871 to 2024, used in Jaouad Karfali’s research on Economic Cycle Analysis with Numerical Time Cycles. The study aims to improve economic forecasting accuracy through the 9-year cycle model, which demonstrates superior predictive capabilities compared to traditional economic indicators.

Dataset Contents: The dataset includes a comprehensive range of economic indicators used in the research, such as:

USGDP_1871-2024.csv – U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data. USCPI_cleaned.csv – U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI), cleaned and processed. USWAGE_1871-2024.csv – U.S. average wages data. EXCHANGEGLOBAL_cleaned.csv – Global exchange rates for the U.S. dollar. EXCHANGEPOUND_cleaned.csv – U.S. dollar to British pound exchange rates. INTERESTRATE_1871-2024.csv – U.S. interest rate data. UNRATE.csv – U.S. unemployment rate statistics. POPTOTUSA647NWDB.csv – U.S. total population data. Significance of the Data: This dataset serves as a foundation for a robust economic analysis of the U.S. economy over multiple decades. It was instrumental in testing the 9-year economic cycle model, which demonstrated an 85% accuracy rate in economic forecasting when compared to traditional models such as ARIMA and VAR.

Applications:

Economic Forecasting: Predicts a 1.5% decline in GDP in 2025, followed by a gradual recovery between 2026-2034. Economic Stability Analysis: Used for comparing forecasts with estimates from institutions like the IMF and World Bank. Academic and Institutional Research: Supports studies in economic cycles and long-term forecasting. Source & Further Information: For more details on the methodology and research findings, refer to the full paper published on SSRN:

https://ssrn.com/author=7429208 https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9626-7289

• Jaouad Karfali

Digital commerce was the highest earning digital economy segment in Romania, with a value of nearly ** billion euros in 2021. However, in 2030, the information, communications, and technology (ICT) industry was expected to be the leading segment. In total, the value of Romania's digital economy was forecast to reach ** billion euros in 2030. Romania had one of the largest digital economies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).

Imports: Price: Other Products: Printed Material data was reported at 5,584.393 USD/Ton in 30 Apr 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 5,511.667 USD/Ton for 27 Apr 2025. Imports: Price: Other Products: Printed Material data is updated daily, averaging 9,289.425 USD/Ton from Mar 2019 (Median) to 30 Apr 2025, with 263 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 33,802.801 USD/Ton in 11 Sep 2022 and a record low of 4,603.991 USD/Ton in 06 Apr 2025. Imports: Price: Other Products: Printed Material data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Special Secretariat for Foreign Trade and International Affairs. The data is categorized under Brazil Premium Database’s Foreign Trade – Table BR.JAA010: Imports: Economic Activity: Product: Price.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts and calculations presented in Economic multilateralism 80 years after Bretton Woods, PIIE Working Paper 24-9.

If you use the data, please cite as: Obstfeld, Maurice. 2024. Economic multilateralism 80 years after Bretton Woods. PIIE Working Paper 24-9. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy include gross credit from the financial system to households, nonprofit institutions serving households, nonfinancial corporations, state and local governments, and social security funds. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

United States NLB: saar: Capital Account: Addendum: Rest of the World data was reported at 569.211 USD bn in Mar 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 524.026 USD bn for Dec 2017. United States NLB: saar: Capital Account: Addendum: Rest of the World data is updated quarterly, averaging 43.283 USD bn from Dec 1951 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 266 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 859.012 USD bn in Sep 2006 and a record low of -42.129 USD bn in Mar 1991. United States NLB: saar: Capital Account: Addendum: Rest of the World data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.AB074: Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts: Total Economy and Sectors: Selected Aggregates.

Denton economic data from the American Community Survey (ACS)

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in Hungary under Orbán: Can Central Planning Revive Its Economy?, PIIE Policy Brief 15-11. If you use the data, please cite as: Djankov, Simeon. (2015). Hungary under Orbán: Can Central Planning Revive Its Economy?. PIIE Policy Brief 15-11. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In 2024, the finance, real estate, insurance, rental, and leasing industry added the most value to the GDP of the United States. In that year, this industry added 6.2 trillion U.S. dollars to the national GDP. Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product is a measure of how much a country produces in a certain amount of time. Countries with a high GDP tend to have large economies, for example, the United States. However, GDP does not take into consideration the cost of living and inflation rates, so it is not a good measure of the standard of living. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is thought to be more reflective of living conditions within a particular country. U.S. GDP California added the largest amount of value to the real GDP of the U.S. in 2022. California was followed by Texas and New York. In California, the professional and business services industry was the most valuable to GDP in 2022. In New York, the finance, insurance, real estate, rental, and leasing industry added the most value to the state GDP. While the business sector added the highest value to the U.S. real GDP in 2021, it was the information industry that had the biggest percentage change in value added to the GDP between 2010 and 2021.

Uruguay UY: BoP: Current Account: Services: Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others: Goods for Processing: Processing in Reporting Economy: Debit data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2010. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2009. Uruguay UY: BoP: Current Account: Services: Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others: Goods for Processing: Processing in Reporting Economy: Debit data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2010, with 5 observations. Uruguay UY: BoP: Current Account: Services: Manufacturing Services on Physical Inputs Owned by Others: Goods for Processing: Processing in Reporting Economy: Debit data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uruguay – Table UY.IMF.BOP: BPM6: Balance of Payments: Detailed Presentation: Annual.

The combined gross domestic product (GDP) of the G7 countries was estimated to reach nearly 50 trillion U.S. dollars in 2024. The United States accounted for 25 trillion of these, meaning that they stood for over half of the G7's combined GDP. Germany had the second highest GDP of the G7.

In 2024, the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in Argentina amounted to about -1.72 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by approximately 2.42 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. From 2024 to 2030, the growth will rise by around 4.69 percentage points, showing an overall upward trend with periodic ups and downs.This indicator describes the annual change in the gross domestic product at constant prices, expressed in national currency units. Here the gross domestic product represents the total value of the final goods and services produced during a year.

In 2023, Shanghai was the city with the largest GDP in China, reaching a value added of approximately *** trillion yuan. The four Chinese first-tier cites Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou had by far the strongest economic performance. Development of Chinese cities Rapid urbanization and economic growth have reshaped all Chinese cities since the economic opening up of China. While the first-tier cities have overall benefitted most from this development, the last two decades have seen many second-tier cities catching up. For many years already, growth rates in Qingdao, Hangzhou, Changsha, and Zhengzhou have been higher than in Shanghai or Beijing.This development was driven by lower costs in smaller cities, a specialization of their economies, and political measures to support inland cities and ease the pressure on the largest municipalities. Today, per capita GDP in cities such as Suzhou, Nanjing, and Shenzhen is already higher than in Beijing or Shanghai. Future perspectives Competition between cities will further change China’s urban landscape in the future. Medium-sized cities that can provide an attractive economic environment have the potential to grow their economy at a faster pace, attract immigration, and further increase their relative importance. Cities that are losing their competitive edge, however, like Shenyang, Dalian, and other cities in the northeastern rustbelt, are increasingly confronted by economic stagnation and demographic decline.

Points Of Interest - Economy interest contains point elements indicating the location of an economic activity, such as a brewery, wholesale market, (commercial, industrial) building, cooling tower, gas processing/disposal, slagheap, telecommunications, wind turbine, solar panel park in Belgium.

The average for 2023 based on 45 countries was 0.57 percent. The highest value was in Germany: 4.29 percent and the lowest value was in Andorra: 0 percent. The indicator is available from 1980 to 2023. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

🇬🇧 United Kingdom

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.

Bilateral commitments are the total amount of long-term loans for which contracts were signed in the year specified. Long-term external debt is defined as debt that has an original or extended maturity of more than one year and that is owed to nonresidents by residents of an economy and repayable in currency, goods, or services. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Chad: Uneven economic development index, 0 (low) - 10 (high): The latest value from 2024 is 8.4 index points, a decline from 8.7 index points in 2023. In comparison, the world average is 5.28 index points, based on data from 176 countries. Historically, the average for Chad from 2007 to 2024 is 8.96 index points. The minimum value, 8.4 index points, was reached in 2024 while the maximum of 9.3 index points was recorded in 2009.

According to a survey by Infocus Mekong conducted in January 2024, 31 percent of respondents in Vietnam believed that the economy would not recover until 2025. Meanwhile, nine percent of respondents expressed optimism regarding the economic recovery in the first quarter of 2024.