In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States expanded 3.80 percent in the second quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States GDP Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United Kingdom grew by 0.9 percent and is expected to grow by just one percent in 2025 and by 1.9 percent in 2026. Growth is expected to slow down to 1.8 percent in 2027, and then grow by 1.7, and 1.8 percent in 2027 and 2028 respectively. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 in 2020 and subsequent closure of large parts of the economy were the cause of the huge 9.4 percent contraction in 2020, with the economy recovering somewhat in 2021, when the economy grew by 7.6 percent. UK growth downgraded in 2025 Although the economy is still expected to grow in 2025, the one percent growth anticipated in this forecast has been halved from two percent in October 2024. Increased geopolitical uncertainty as well as the impact of American tariffs on the global economy are some of the main reasons for this mark down. The UK's inflation rate for 2025 has also been revised, with an annual rate of 3.2 percent predicated, up from 2.6 percent in the last forecast. Unemployment is also anticipated to be higher than initially thought, with the annual unemployment rate likely to be 4.5 percent instead of 4.1 percent. Long-term growth problems In the last two quarters of 2023, the UK economy shrank by 0.1 percent in Q3 and by 0.3 percent in Q4, plunging the UK into recession for the first time since the COVID-19 pandemic. Even before that last recession, however, the UK economy has been struggling with weak growth. Although growth since the pandemic has been noticeably sluggish, there has been a clear long-term trend of declining growth rates. The economy has consistently been seen as one of the most important issues to people in Britain, ahead of health, immigration and the environment. Achieving strong levels of economic growth is one of the main aims of the Labour government elected in 2024, although after almost one year in power it has so far proven elusive.

Abstract The years 2011-14 mark a slowing down of the Brazilian economy, despite the apparent maintenance of the developmentalist model that sustained growth and faced the international crisis over the period 2004-10. Since then, the interpretation that this situation showed the breakdown of the developmentalist model, especially in the fiscal area, has become dominant. The same expansion strategies of public spending and tax cuts that stimulated growth since 2004 no longer have leverage effects. This paper questions this widespread interpretation using a Keynesian approach of the fiscal policy during Dilma Rousseff’s government (2011-14). It concludes that it was apparently only expansionary, contributing in practice to the economic downturn. Therefore it is not a case of ineffectiveness but rather unsuitable conservative fiscal policy, unable to face the uncertainties of the 2011-14 period.

Although the share of industry in GDP remained stable, it underwent significant fundamental changes. During this period, as a process of product restructuring, when a gross value was adjusted, production increased at current prices by 8 percent per annum. Then in 2004-09, the GDP growth rate increased to 20%. At the same prices, the annual but significant increase in employment was also 7.5 percent per annum. The work participation rate was 39.2 percent in 2009-10. Of these, 53 percent were in agriculture and the remaining 47 percent were in non-agricultural sectors. For the first time in the late 2000s, the number of perfect workers in the agricultural sector decreased. Unemployment in the economy as a whole has come down from 8.3 percent in 2004-05 to 6.6 percent in 2009-10. We can say that the Indian economy has performed well since 1991 but now the Indian economy is going through another turbulent period. The growth rate of the Indian economy has been slowing down since 2014. In addition to this, Kovid 19 has spread its legs in India and has slowed down the growth rate. The research paper will conclude the study of the Indian economy from 2014 to 2020, as well as three economic sectors.

The Great Recession was a period of economic contraction which came in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008. The recession was triggered by the collapse of the U.S. housing market and subsequent bankruptcies among Wall Street financial institutions, the most significant of which being the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history. These economic convulsions caused consumer confidence, measured by the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), to drop sharply in 2007 and the beginning of 2008. How does the Consumer Confidence Index work? The CCI measures household's expectation of their future economic situation and, consequently, their likely future spending and savings decisions. A score of 100 in the index would indicate a neutral economic outlook, with consumers neither being optimistic nor pessimistic about the near future. Scores below 100 are then more pessimistic, while scores above 100 indicate optimism about the economy. Consumer confidence can have a self-fulfilling effect on the economy, as when consumers are pessimistic about the economy, they tend to save and postpone spending, contracting aggregate demand and causing the economy to slow down. Conversely, when consumers are optimistic and willing to spend, this can have a reinforcing effect as wages and employment may rise when consumers spend more. CCI and the Great Recession As the reality of the trouble which the U.S. financial sector was in set in over 2007, consumer confidence dropped sharply from being slightly positive, to being deeply pessimistic by the Summer of 2008. While confidence began to slowly rebound up until September 2008, with the panic caused by Lehman's bankruptcy and the freezing of new credit creation, the CCI plummeted once more, reaching its lowest point during the recession in February 2008. The U.S. government stepped in to prevent the bankruptcy of AIG in 2008, promising to do the same for any future possible failures in the financial system. This 'backstopping' policy, whereby the government assured that the economy would not be allowed to fall further into crisis, along with the Federal Reserve's unconventional monetary policies used to restart the economy, contributed to a rebound in consumer confidence in 2009 and 2010. In spite of this, consumers still remained pessimistic about the economy.

The average for 2024 based on 175 countries was 5.54 index points. The highest value was in Syria: 9.9 index points and the lowest value was in Denmark: 0.7 index points. The indicator is available from 2007 to 2024. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Serbia’s gross domestic product advanced by 1% year-on-year in the third quarter of 2022, following a downwardly revised 3.8 % rise in the previous three-month period. It marks the fifth consecutive quarter of decelerating growth and the weakest growth rate since the last quarter of 2020, amid fading low-base effects and on the back of deteriorating global economic conditions. Household consumption slowed down (3.1% vs 3.8% in Q2) while both government spending (-4.5% vs 4.6%) and fixed investment (-2.2% vs 1.8%) decreased. Meanwhile, net external demand contributed positively to the GDP, as exports (14.9% vs 20.7% in Q3) advanced much faster than imports (7.8% vs 20.2%). On a seasonally adjusted quarterly basis, the Serbian economy contracted by 0.7%, compared to a 1.2% expansion in the previous quarter. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Serbia averaged 3.25 percent from 1997 until 2022, reaching an all time high of 26.20 percent in the second quarter of 2000 and a record low of -21.50 percent in the second quarter of 1999. This page provides - Serbia GDP Annual Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Volcker Shock was a period of historically high interest rates precipitated by Federal Reserve Chairperson Paul Volcker's decision to raise the central bank's key interest rate, the Fed funds effective rate, during the first three years of his term. Volcker was appointed chairperson of the Fed in August 1979 by President Jimmy Carter, as replacement for William Miller, who Carter had made his treasury secretary. Volcker was one of the most hawkish (supportive of tighter monetary policy to stem inflation) members of the Federal Reserve's committee, and quickly set about changing the course of monetary policy in the U.S. in order to quell inflation. The Volcker Shock is remembered for bringing an end to over a decade of high inflation in the United States, prompting a deep recession and high unemployment, and for spurring on debt defaults among developing countries in Latin America who had borrowed in U.S. dollars.

Monetary tightening and the recessions of the early '80s

Beginning in October 1979, Volcker's Fed tightened monetary policy by raising interest rates. This decision had the effect of depressing demand and slowing down the U.S. economy, as credit became more expensive for households and businesses. The Fed funds rate, the key overnight rate at which banks lend their excess reserves to each other, rose as high as 17.6 percent in early 1980. The rate was allowed to fall back below 10 percent following this first peak, however, due to worries that inflation was not falling fast enough, a second cycle of monetary tightening was embarked upon starting in August of 1980. The rate would reach its all-time peak in June of 1981, at 19.1 percent. The second recession sparked by these hikes was far deeper than the 1980 recession, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 percent in December 1980, the highest level since The Great Depression. This recession would drive inflation to a low point during Volcker's terms of 2.5 percent in August 1983.

The legacy of the Volcker Shock

By the end of Volcker's terms as Fed Chair, inflation was at a manageable rate of around four percent, while unemployment had fallen under six percent, as the economy grew and business confidence returned. While supporters of Volcker's actions point to these numbers as proof of the efficacy of his actions, critics have claimed that there were less harmful ways that inflation could have been brought under control. The recessions of the early 1980s are cited as accelerating deindustrialization in the U.S., as manufacturing jobs lost in 'rust belt' states such as Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania never returned during the years of recovery. The Volcker Shock was also a driving factor behind the Latin American debt crises of the 1980s, as governments in the region defaulted on debts which they had incurred in U.S. dollars. Debates about the validity of using interest rate hikes to get inflation under control have recently re-emerged due to the inflationary pressures facing the U.S. following the Coronavirus pandemic and the Federal Reserve's subsequent decision to embark on a course of monetary tightening.

How the Chinese Economy Works

The Chinese economy is the second largest in the world, after the United States. It is a mixed economy, with elements of both capitalism and socialism. The government plays a significant role in the economy, but there is also a growing private sector.

Agriculture

Agriculture is a major sector of the Chinese economy, employing about 25% of the workforce. China is a major producer of rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, and cotton. The country is also a leading producer of fruits, vegetables, and livestock.

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the largest sector of the Chinese economy, accounting for about 40% of GDP. China is a major producer of a wide range of goods, including electronics, textiles, apparel, and machinery. The country is also a major exporter of manufactured goods.

Services

Services are the third largest sector of the Chinese economy, accounting for about 45% of GDP. This sector includes a wide range of activities, such as finance, transportation, real estate, and tourism.

Government

The government plays a significant role in the Chinese economy. The government owns and operates many state-owned enterprises, which are important players in the economy. The government also regulates the economy through a variety of policies, such as tariffs, subsidies, and taxes.

Private Sector

The private sector is growing in importance in the Chinese economy. Private companies are playing an increasing role in manufacturing, services, and other sectors. The government is encouraging the growth of the private sector by reducing regulations and providing support for small businesses.

Challenges

The Chinese economy faces a number of challenges, including:

Inequality: The gap between the rich and the poor is growing in China. Environmental degradation: China is facing serious environmental problems, such as air pollution and water pollution. Political stability: The Chinese government is facing increasing challenges to its authority. Outlook

The Chinese economy is expected to continue to grow in the coming years. However, the growth is likely to slow down as the country faces the challenges mentioned above.

Conclusion

The Chinese economy is a complex and dynamic system. It is a mix of capitalism and socialism, with a significant role for the government. The economy is growing rapidly, but it also faces a number of challenges.

The greatest economy in Africa is that of Nigeria. Gross domestic product (GDP), which represents the total cost of goods and services generated in Nigeria, is a key indicator of the country's economic development. In this data analysis, we will decide on the potential future of Nigeria's growth and examine some potential variables that could slow down the country's pace of development. We will also examine the role that leadership may play in the country's economy's expansion.

To read more https://rb.gy/rlqdk

This dataset provides information on the three macroeconomic sectoral balances, covering 195 countries over 45 years.

Macroeconomic analysis often focuses on the 'twin deficits' - the government deficit and the current account deficit. This is an incomplete view which leaves out the private sector balance.

The three sectoral balances must sum up to zero, by accounting identity (UN System of National Accounts 2008):

(S – I) + (T – G) + (M – X) = 0

Economists using the two-dimensional view have famously missed the global financial crisis, while those using accounting models covering all three sectoral balances were able to predict it (Bezemer 2010, Galbraith 2012). However, data on private sector deficits/surpluses is not readily available. Only the public and current account balances are published regularly by the IMF's World Economic Outlook.

Beyond developed countries, looking at the private sector balance is critical for analyzing and crafting policies in developing countries. The frequently recommended policy of 'fiscal consolidation', i.e. reducing public deficits, is revealed in the sectoral balances to also reduce, ceteris paribus, the private sector surplus (or increase its deficit), slowing down or even reversing development and poverty reduction (Assa and Morgan 2025).

The dataset was calculated based on two publicly available series from the IMF World Economic Outlook (downloaded October 2025): General government net lending/borrowing (coded as GOV) and Current account balance (coded as CAB). From this we calculated the private sector balance as PRV = CAB - GOV. We converted CAB to ROW (ROW = -CAB), the rest of the world balance, and made sure that ROW, GOV and PRV add up to zero as required by the national accounting identity. All years containing IMF forecasts were removed.

References:

Assa, J., & Morgan, M. (2025). The General Relativity of Fiscal Space: Theory and Applications. Review of Political Economy, 1-35.

Bezemer, D. J. (2010). Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting, organizations and society, 35(7), 676-688.

Galbraith, J. K. (2012). Who are these economists, anyway?. In Contributions in Stock-flow Modeling: Essays in Honor of Wynne Godley (pp. 63-75). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

United Nations (2008). System of National Accounts 2008. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/sna2008.asp

The extreme marine weather is a very vital factor and has important implications for of marine economic development. However, there is a lack of systematic and quantitative analyses of its impact on the marine economic development. Here, we study the impacts of extreme marine weather on marine economic development of 11 coastal regions in China, using the dynamic panel model. We found that extreme marine weather exerts a significant negative impact on the marine economic development. The marine scientific and technological innovation promotes marine economic development in a prominent manner. The marine scientific and technological innovation slows down the unfavorable impact of extreme marine weather on the marine economy. After considering different industries for marine economic development and heterogeneity, we found that extreme marine weather and marine scientific and technological innovation have a great impact on marine economic development in the tertiary industry and the areas with high development concerning marine economy level, while deliver a small impact on the marine economic development in the primary industry and the areas low development level. This paper empirically studies the relationship between the two variables of marine extreme weather and marine science and technology innovation and its impact on marine economic development, enriches the research perspective of extreme weather on marine economic development, and provides new method evidence for improving the level of marine scientific and technological innovation and promoting the development of marine economy.

By April 2026, it is projected that there is a probability of ***** percent that the United States will fall into another economic recession. This reflects a significant decrease from the projection of the preceding month.

Monthly GDP YoY in Argentina increased to 5 percent in September from 2.40 percent in August of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Argentina Economic Activity Index.

Retail Sales in the United States increased 4.30 percent in September of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides - United States Retail Sales YoY - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Investment growth slowed from 2014 to 2016, a period when the overall economy was expanding. Using a statistical model, I find clear evidence that investment growth fluctuates between high and low growth regimes that usually correspond to expansions and recessions. However, during 2014–16, the investment sector experienced an isolated recession within an overall expansion, which is unusual by historical standards.

The labor market in Romania is expected to slow down due to rising labor costs and a continuing lack of skilled workers. By contrast, the impact of Brexit in Romania was considered a potential challenge by only *** percent of respondents.

Window Cleaners Market size was valued at USD 2.68 Billion in 2023 and is estimated to reach USD 5.34 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 9.3% from 2024 to 2031.Global Window Cleaners Market DriversThe market drivers for the Window Cleaners Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:Increasing urbanization: As cities grow and more high-rise buildings go up, more people want effective ways to clean their windows.Growing Residential and Commercial building: The need for window cleaning goods and services is increased by new building and renovation projects.Global Window Cleaners Market RestraintsSeveral factors can act as restraints or challenges for the Window Cleaners Market. These may include:High Levels of Competition and Market Saturation: When there is a lot of competition in a market that is already full, prices can go up and companies can't make as much money.Economic Downturns: When the economy slows down or goes into a slump, people and businesses may spend less on services that aren't necessary, like window cleaning.

Strong swings in Kenya's economic performance and slowing down in overall growth reflect the fundamental structural problems of the economy. Kenya now faces the necessity of making difficult and far-reaching policy decisions to remedy these structural weaknesses in the context of a generally unfavorable world economic environment. Efforts must be made to revitalize the agricultural sector, restructure the industrial sector to make it more internationally competitive, design government expenditure plans which are consistent with resource availablities, support growth of the productive sectors and contribute to meeting basic needs, and reduce the rate of population growth. The Fourth Plan makes these efforts, but the program of structural adjustment must be executed first. The structural adjustment program should result in a more equitable pattern of income distribution and a manageable balance of payments situation. A second phase of the program is under consideration. Fundamental restructuring of the pattern of development will be difficult but is essential. Agricultural issues are discussed in the annex.