View data of the Effective Federal Funds Rate, or the interest rate depository institutions charge each other for overnight loans of funds.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Effective Federal Funds Rate in the United States remained unchanged at 4.33 percent on Wednesday July 2. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Effective Federal Funds Rate.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

United States - Federal Funds Effective Rate was 4.33% in July of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Funds Effective Rate reached a record high of 22.36 in July of 1981 and a record low of 0.04 in December of 2011. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Funds Effective Rate - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit (DFEDTARU) from 2008-12-16 to 2025-07-15 about federal, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median (FEDTARMD) from 2025 to 2027 about projection, federal, median, rate, and USA.

France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index data was reported at 94.367 2010=100 in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.525 2010=100 for 2016. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index data is updated yearly, averaging 101.200 2010=100 from Dec 1980 (Median) to 2017, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114.122 2010=100 in 1980 and a record low of 92.693 2010=100 in 2015. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Exchange Rates and Real Effective Exchange Rates. Real effective exchange rate is the nominal effective exchange rate (a measure of the value of a currency against a weighted average of several foreign currencies) divided by a price deflator or index of costs.; ; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics.; ;

France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Consumer Price Index data was reported at 94.415 2010=100 in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.562 2010=100 for 2016. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Consumer Price Index data is updated yearly, averaging 101.138 2010=100 from Dec 1980 (Median) to 2017, with 38 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 114.122 2010=100 in 1980 and a record low of 92.761 2010=100 in 2015. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Consumer Price Index data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.IMF.IFS: Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Annual.

France FR: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate Index: From Unit Labour Costs data was reported at 97.666 2010=100 in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 96.420 2010=100 for 2016. France FR: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate Index: From Unit Labour Costs data is updated yearly, averaging 97.680 2010=100 from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2017, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 102.351 2010=100 in 2009 and a record low of 91.188 2010=100 in 2000. France FR: Nominal Effective Exchange Rate Index: From Unit Labour Costs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.IMF.IFS: Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Annual.

The Coronary CT-FFR Software market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $133 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.4% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. The increasing prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), coupled with advancements in computed tomography (CT) imaging technology and the development of more accurate and efficient FFR software, are significantly boosting market demand. Hospitals and clinics are increasingly adopting these software solutions for improved diagnostic capabilities, enabling faster and more precise assessment of coronary stenosis severity, leading to optimized treatment strategies and reduced patient hospitalization times. The shift towards cloud-based solutions enhances accessibility, data management, and collaboration among healthcare professionals, further propelling market growth. Technological innovations focusing on improving image quality, reducing processing time, and integrating AI capabilities for automated analysis are further enhancing the appeal and efficacy of Coronary CT-Ffr software. Competition is notably intense, with established players like Abbott, Siemens Healthineers, and Medtronic alongside emerging companies like Shenzhen Ruixin Intelligent Medical Technology and Hangzhou Atrui Technology vying for market share through product innovation and strategic partnerships. The market segmentation reveals a significant focus on both cloud-based and end-based software, catering to the diverse needs of healthcare facilities. Geographic distribution shows strong presence in North America and Europe, but significant growth potential exists in the Asia-Pacific region driven by increasing healthcare expenditure and adoption of advanced medical technologies. The market's restraints include the high initial investment costs associated with software acquisition and integration, the need for skilled professionals trained in interpreting CT-FFR results, and the potential for variations in diagnostic accuracy depending on image quality and software algorithms. Despite these challenges, the overall market trajectory remains positive, fueled by ongoing technological advancements, increasing awareness of the benefits of CT-FFR, and expanding healthcare infrastructure in developing economies. The long-term forecast suggests continued market expansion, driven by the increasing focus on personalized medicine and the demand for efficient, cost-effective diagnostic solutions for coronary artery disease. Regulatory approvals and reimbursement policies will also play a significant role in shaping market growth in different regions.

Fractional Flow Reserve Devices Market Outlook

The global market size for Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Devices is poised to witness substantial growth, projected to reach approximately USD 1.5 billion by 2032, up from an estimated USD 700 million in 2023. This growth trajectory is underpinned by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% over the forecast period. The rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), coupled with the increasing adoption of minimally invasive diagnostic procedures, is driving the expansion of the FFR devices market globally. As healthcare systems pivot towards precision medicine, the demand for accurate and reliable diagnostic tools such as FFR devices is expected to soar, thereby bolstering market growth.

One of the primary growth factors of the FFR devices market is the escalating incidence of coronary artery diseases worldwide. As sedentary lifestyles become increasingly prevalent and dietary habits shift, there is a noticeable uptick in lifestyle-related diseases, particularly cardiovascular disorders. This has necessitated the need for advanced diagnostic tools that offer precision and reliability. FFR devices have proven to be instrumental in assessing myocardial ischemia, thereby significantly aiding in the clinical decision-making process regarding revascularization. The growing awareness and understanding of the benefits of FFR in clinical practice among healthcare professionals have further propelled their adoption, contributing to market growth.

Technological advancements in the field of interventional cardiology have also played a crucial role in the growth of the FFR devices market. Innovations such as high-fidelity pressure guidewires and advanced monitoring systems have enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of FFR measurements. Moreover, the integration of FFR technology with imaging modalities such as intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) has expanded the scope of its application, making it an indispensable tool in modern catheterization labs. These technological advancements, coupled with increasing investment in research and development by key market players, continue to drive the market forward at a robust pace.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on cost-effective healthcare solutions is another significant growth driver for the FFR devices market. With healthcare costs escalating globally, there is a burgeoning demand for diagnostic tools that not only provide accurate results but also aid in reducing the need for unnecessary interventions. FFR devices, by providing precise measurements of blood flow and pressure in coronary arteries, help in making informed clinical decisions, potentially reducing the need for angioplasties and stenting procedures, thus optimizing healthcare expenditure. This cost-effectiveness, coupled with favorable reimbursement policies in several countries, has significantly contributed to the increasing adoption of FFR devices in clinical settings.

Regionally, the FFR devices market exhibits varying growth patterns, with North America and Europe leading the charge. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to register the highest growth rate over the forecast period, driven by increasing healthcare expenditure, rising awareness about advanced diagnostic tools, and improving healthcare infrastructure. The burgeoning middle-class population, coupled with the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in countries like China and India, further augments the market potential in this region. Moreover, favorable government initiatives aiming at improving healthcare access and affordability are expected to significantly bolster the market growth in the Asia Pacific during the forecast period.

Product Type Analysis

The Fractional Flow Reserve Devices market can be segmented by product type into Pressure Guidewires and Monitoring Systems. Pressure guidewires, which represent a significant portion of the market, are expected to maintain a strong growth trajectory due to their essential role in measuring pressure differences across coronary artery stenosis. These devices offer high precision and reliability, which are critical for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Continuous advancements in guidewire technology, including the development of more flexible and user-friendly designs, have further enhanced their adoption. Additionally, the integration of pressure guidewires with other diagnostic modalities is opening new avenues for comprehensive cardiovascular assessment, thereby driving market demand.

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Graph and download economic data for 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus Federal Funds Rate (T10YFF) from 1962-01-02 to 2025-07-11 about yield curve, spread, 10-year, maturity, Treasury, federal, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a hybrid model incorporating CT-fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR), pericoronary fat attenuation index (pFAI), and radiomics signatures for predicting progression of white matter hyperintensity (WMH).MethodsA total of 226 patients who received coronary computer tomography angiography (CCTA) and brain magnetic resonance imaging from two hospitals were divided into a training set (n = 116), an internal validation set (n = 30), and an external validation set (n = 80). Patients who experienced progression of WMH were identified from subsequent MRI results. We calculated CT-FFR and pFAI from CCTA images using semi-automated software, and segmented the pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) and myocardial ROI. A total of 1,073 features were extracted from each ROI, and were then refined by Elastic Net Regression. Firstly, different machine learning algorithms (Logistic Regression [LR], Support Vector Machine [SVM], Random Forest [RF], k-nearest neighbor [KNN] and eXtreme Gradient Gradient Boosting Machine [XGBoost]) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of radiomics signatures for predicting WMH progression. Then, the optimal machine learning algorithm was used to compare the predictive performance of individual and hybrid models based on independent risk factors of WMH progression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, calibration and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate predictive performance and clinical value of the different models.ResultsCT-FFR, pFAI, and radiomics signatures were independent predictors of WMH progression. Based on the machine learning algorithms, the PCAT signatures led to slightly better predictions than the myocardial signatures and showed the highest AUC value in the XGBoost algorithm for predicting WMH progression (AUC: 0.731 [95% CI: 0.603–0.838] vs.0.711 [95% CI: 0.584–0.822]). In addition, pFAI provided better predictions than CT-FFR (AUC: 0.762 [95% CI: 0.651–0.863] vs. 0.682 [95% CI: 0.547–0.799]). A hybrid model that combined CT-FFR, pFAI, and two radiomics signatures provided the best predictions of WMH progression [AUC: 0.893 (95%CI: 0.815–0.956)].ConclusionpFAI was more effective than CT-FFR, and PCAT signatures were more effective than myocardial signatures in predicting WMH progression. A hybrid model that combines pFAI, CT-FFR, and two radiomics signatures has potential use for identifying WMH progression.

The Image-based Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) Diagnosis market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), advancements in imaging technology, and the growing adoption of minimally invasive procedures. The market's expansion is fueled by the advantages of image-based FFR over traditional invasive methods, including reduced procedural time, lower costs, and decreased patient discomfort. Technological innovations, such as the development of more accurate and efficient quantitative FFR (QFR) and optical FFR (OFR) techniques, are further accelerating market growth. While the market is segmented by application (hospitals and imaging centers) and type of FFR technology (CT-FFR, QFR, OFR), the hospital segment currently dominates due to the availability of advanced imaging equipment and experienced medical professionals. Geographic expansion, particularly in emerging economies with growing healthcare infrastructure, presents a significant opportunity for market players. However, challenges remain, including the high cost of equipment, the need for skilled professionals to interpret the results, and regulatory hurdles in certain regions. The overall market demonstrates strong potential for continued expansion, with consistent growth projected throughout the forecast period. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies. Key players such as HeartFlow and Medis QFR hold significant market share due to their early adoption of innovative technologies and extensive distribution networks. However, the presence of several regional players, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, highlights the competitive dynamics of the market. These companies are focusing on R&D to improve accuracy, reduce costs, and expand the applications of image-based FFR. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions are likely to shape the future competitive landscape, driving consolidation and innovation within the market. The long-term growth prospects of the Image-based FFR Diagnosis market hinge on continued technological advancements, increased awareness among healthcare professionals, and broader reimbursement policies supporting the adoption of this innovative diagnostic technique. This will be further fueled by the expansion of clinical trials validating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these technologies compared to traditional methods.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and May 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Fractional Flow Reserve Market Outlook

The Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) market size is projected to reach a value of USD 1.5 billion by 2032, up from USD 800 million in 2023, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% over the forecast period. This consistent growth is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, advancements in medical technology, and a growing emphasis on minimally invasive diagnostic procedures. The FFR technology, which plays a crucial role in assessing the physiological impact of coronary artery stenosis, continues to gain traction as it enables healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions, thereby improving patient outcomes and reducing unnecessary interventions.

The growth of the FFR market is significantly fueled by the rising incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) globally, which remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. As the global population ages, the prevalence of CAD is expected to increase, driving the demand for advanced diagnostic tools like FFR. Additionally, lifestyle changes, including poor dietary habits and increased stress levels, contribute to the rising cases of cardiovascular diseases, thereby further necessitating the adoption of FFR technology. The ability of FFR to provide a more accurate assessment of the hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions makes it an essential tool for cardiologists, leading to its widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Technological advancements in FFR devices have also played a pivotal role in market expansion. Continuous innovations, such as the development of FFR guidewires with enhanced precision and the integration of FFR measurement with other diagnostic modalities, have improved the accuracy and efficiency of cardiovascular assessments. The introduction of novel FFR monitoring systems that offer real-time data and improved user interfaces is also propelling the market forward. Moreover, the increasing availability of training programs and workshops aimed at enhancing the clinical skills of healthcare professionals in FFR application further boosts market growth by ensuring the effective and widespread adoption of this technology.

Another significant factor contributing to the growth of the FFR market is the increasing preference for minimally invasive procedures. FFR offers a less invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic methods, such as angiography, which can be more invasive and carry higher risks. As healthcare systems globally shift towards cost-effective and patient-friendly procedures, the demand for FFR is expected to rise. This trend is supported by favorable reimbursement policies in several regions, which make FFR procedures more accessible and affordable for patients, thereby driving market expansion.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the FFR market, driven by a well-established healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and a strong focus on innovation in medical technology. Europe follows closely, with substantial investments in healthcare and increasing adoption of advanced diagnostic tools. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate, propelled by a large patient pool, improving healthcare infrastructure, and increasing awareness about cardiovascular diseases and their management. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are also expected to show positive growth, albeit at a slower pace, due to ongoing healthcare reforms and increasing investments in medical technology.

Product Type Analysis

Within the Fractional Flow Reserve market, the product type segment is categorized into FFR guidewires, FFR monitoring systems, and others. FFR guidewires dominate this segment due to their pivotal role in enabling accurate physiological assessments of coronary stenosis. Guidewires have evolved significantly, incorporating advanced features such as improved flexibility and enhanced pressure transduction capabilities, which facilitate precise navigation and data collection during coronary interventions. The continuous refinement in guidewire technology has led to increased adoption among healthcare professionals, contributing to the substantial share held by this segment.

The FFR monitoring systems segment is also witnessing considerable growth, driven by technological advancements that enhance the functionality and user-friendliness of these systems. Modern monitoring systems offer features such as real-time data visualization and integration with other diagnostic tools, which streamline the workflow in cathe

France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Relative Unit Labour Costs data was reported at 106.196 2005=100 in 2008. This records an increase from the previous number of 103.337 2005=100 for 2007. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Relative Unit Labour Costs data is updated yearly, averaging 110.439 2005=100 from Dec 1975 (Median) to 2008, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 129.743 2005=100 in 1980 and a record low of 93.518 2005=100 in 2001. France FR: Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Based on Relative Unit Labour Costs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.IMF.IFS: Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate Index: Annual.

Fractional Flow Reserve Devices Market Outlook

As per the latest research conducted in 2025, the global fractional flow reserve (FFR) devices market size is valued at USD 1.32 billion in 2024. The market is set to expand at a robust CAGR of 12.7% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is projected to reach USD 3.86 billion. The primary growth driver for this market is the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases worldwide, coupled with the increasing adoption of minimally invasive diagnostic procedures in clinical practice.

One of the most significant growth factors for the fractional flow reserve devices market is the escalating global burden of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death globally, accounting for more than 17.9 million deaths annually. This alarming statistic has heightened the demand for advanced diagnostic tools such as FFR devices, which provide precise, real-time hemodynamic assessment of coronary lesions. The ability of FFR to guide interventional cardiologists in determining the necessity of stenting or angioplasty has made it a gold standard in the management of CAD, thereby propelling market growth.

Technological advancements in FFR devices have played a pivotal role in market expansion. The integration of advanced sensors, wireless connectivity, and improved data analytics has enhanced the accuracy and user-friendliness of these devices. Innovations such as FFR microcatheters and pressure guidewires with enhanced maneuverability and safety profiles have not only improved procedural outcomes but also reduced the risk of complications. These developments have led to a broader adoption of FFR-guided interventions in both developed and emerging markets, further fueling the growth trajectory of the industry.

Another crucial growth driver is the increasing emphasis on value-based healthcare and cost-effectiveness in interventional cardiology. FFR-guided procedures have been demonstrated to reduce unnecessary stenting, lower healthcare costs, and improve patient outcomes. Payers and healthcare providers are increasingly recognizing the clinical and economic benefits of FFR, leading to favorable reimbursement policies and wider adoption in clinical guidelines. Furthermore, the growing awareness among clinicians and patients regarding the benefits of FFR-guided diagnosis and treatment is expected to sustain the market’s momentum over the coming years.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the fractional flow reserve devices market, owing to its advanced healthcare infrastructure, high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, and strong presence of key market players. However, the Asia Pacific region is rapidly emerging as a lucrative market, driven by rising healthcare expenditures, increasing adoption of advanced diagnostic technologies, and a growing patient pool suffering from CAD and PAD. Europe also holds a significant share, supported by robust research activities and favorable regulatory frameworks. The Latin America and Middle East & Africa regions are expected to witness steady growth, primarily due to improving healthcare access and rising awareness about minimally invasive cardiac diagnostics.

Product Type Analysis

The fractional flow reserve devices market is segmented based on product type into FFR guidewires, FFR monitoring systems, FFR microcatheters, and others. Among these, FFR guidewires represent the largest segment, accounting for a substantial portion of the market share in 2024. This dominance can be attributed to the widespread adoption of guidewires in interventional cardiology procedures and their crucial role in providing accurate pressure measurements across coronary lesions