Working gas held in storage facilities in the United States increased by 9 billion cubic feet in the week ending March 14 of 2025 . This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Natural Gas Stocks Change - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

These data identify and provide detailed information on underground natural gas storage in the United States as of December 2022. The attribute data for this point dataset come from EIA’s U.S. field level storage data, which is sourced from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-191, Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report. It includes both active and inactive natural gas storage fields. EIA-191 collects information on working and base gas in reservoirs, injections, withdrawals, and location of reservoirs from operators of all underground natural gas storage fields on a monthly basis. The facility location data represent the approximate location based on research of publicly available information from sources such as Federal agencies, company websites, and satellite images on public websites.

The attribute data for this point dataset come from EIA’s U.S. field level storage data, which is sourced from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-191, Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report. It includes both active and inactive natural gas storage fields. EIA-191 collects information on working and base gas in reservoirs, injections, withdrawals, and location of reservoirs from operators of all underground natural gas storage fields on a monthly basis

The facility location data represent the approximate location based on research of publicly available information from sources such as Federal agencies, company websites, and satellite images on public websites.

U.S. underground natural gas storage fields as of December 2020. Includes both active and inactive fields. Sources: EIA-191, Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report to improve accuracy of locations other sources were used including Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD), EPA Facility Registry Service (FRS), National Pipeline Mapping System Public Viewer, company websites and satellite imagery.The data has been clipped to the State of Kansas by the Kansas Geological Survey. This layer is intended for general reference. To access the most up-to-date data, access the Monthly Underground Gas Storage Report.

These files contain the data reported to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) on the Form EIA-176, "Annual Report of Natural and Supplemental Gas Supply and Distribution." Respondents to the Form EIA-176 encompass interstate natual gas pipeline companies; intrastate natural gas pipeline companies; investor and municipally owned natural gas distributors; underground natural gas storage operators; synthetic natural gas plant operators; field, well, or processing plant operators that deliver natural gas directly to consumers (including their own industrial facilities) other than for lease or plant use or processing; and field, well, or processing-plant operators that transport gas to, across, or from a State border through field or gathering facilities.

The U.S. energy sector reports a third consecutive weekly rise in oil and gas rigs in 2025, suggesting a potential recovery and expansion phase.

Gas Separation Membranes Market Size and Forecast

Gas Separation Membranes Market size was valued at USD 1.14 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 1.72 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2024 to 2031.

Global Gas Separation Membranes Market Drivers

Increasing Demand for Natural Gas and Biogas Purification: The increased usage of natural gas and biogas as cleaner energy sources is pushing up demand for gas separation membranes. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), worldwide natural gas demand is expected to rise by 29% between 2020 and 2040. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. natural gas output hit a record high of 34.9 trillion cubic feet in 2019, up from 25.1 trillion cubic feet in 2010. The increase in natural gas production and consumption raises the demand for effective gas separation technologies, such as membranes.

Rising Focus on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies: The growing emphasis on decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is accelerating the introduction of CCS technology, which employs gas separation membranes. According to the Global CCS Institute, there were 65 large-scale CCS facilities in operation and construction by 2020, up from 38 in 2011. According to the International Energy Agency, CCS could reduce global carbon dioxide emissions by 19% while lowering the cost of climate change mitigation by 70% by 2050. This increased focus on CCS is projected to greatly boost the gas separation membranes market.

VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (EN3)

FULL MEASURE NAME
Greenhouse gas emissions from primary sources

LAST UPDATED
December 2022

DESCRIPTION
Greenhouse gas emissions refer to carbon dioxide and other chemical compounds that contribute to global climate change. Vital Signs tracks greenhouse gas emissions linked to consumption from the three largest sources in the region: surface transportation, electricity consumption, and natural gas consumption. This measure helps track progress towards achieving regional greenhouse gas reduction targets, including the region's per-capita greenhouse gas target for surface transportation under Senate Bill 375. This dataset includes emissions estimates on the regional and county levels.

DATA SOURCE
US Energy Information Administration: Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients - https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php
1990-2021

California Energy Commission: Retail Fuel Outlet Annual Reporting (Form CEC-A15) - https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-almanac/transportation-energy/california-retail-fuel-outlet-annual-reporting
2010-2021

California Energy Commission: Electricity Consumption by County - http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/elecbycounty.aspx
1990-2021

California Energy Commission: Natural Gas Consumption by County - http://www.ecdms.energy.ca.gov/gasbycounty.aspx
1990-2021

California Department of Finance: Population and Housing Estimates, E-4 - http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/
1990-2021

CONTACT INFORMATION
vitalsigns.info@mtc.ca.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator)
Emissions in this dataset are reported in metric tons. For surface transportation, the dataset is based on a survey of fueling stations, the vast majority of which respond to the survey; the California Energy Commission (CEC) corrects for non-response bias by imputing the remaining share of fuel sales. Note that 2014 data was excluded to data abnormalities for several counties in the region; methodology improvements in 2012 affected estimated by +/- 5% according to CEC estimates. For years 2013 and 2014, a linear trendline assumption was used instead between 2012 and 2015 data points. Data from the CEC is limited to retail sales, therefore Vital Signs surface transportation emissions estimates are limited to GHG from retail fuel sales. Retail gasoline sales represent most of the gasoline consumed for surface transportation, but retail diesel sales are just a fraction of all diesel consumed for surface transportation. Greenhouse gas emissions are calculated based on the gallons of gasoline and diesel sales, relying upon standardized Energy Information Administration conversion rates for E10 fuel (gasoline with 10% ethanol) and standard diesel. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; there may be a slight bias in the data given that a fraction of fuel sold in a given county may be purchased by non-residents. Future refinements to the Vital Signs methodology for monitoring GHG emissions from all surface transportation will seek to more closely align monitoring data with estimates from the California Air Resources Board's EMFAC model.

For electricity consumption, the dataset is based on electricity consumption data for the nine Bay Area counties; note that this is different than electricity production as the region imports electricity. Because such data is not disaggregated by utility provider, a simple assumption is made that electricity consumed has the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of Pacific Gas & Electric, the primary electricity provider in the Bay Area. For this reason, with the small but growing market share of low- and zero-GHG community choice aggregation (CCA) providers, the greenhouse gas emissions estimate in more recent years may be slightly overestimated. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; data is disaggregated between residential and non-residential customers.

For natural gas consumption, the dataset is based on natural gas consumption data for the nine Bay Area counties; note that this is different than natural gas production as the region imports electricity. Certain types of liquefied natural gas shipped into the region or "makegas" produced at oil refineries during their production process may not be fully reflected in this data. Per-capita greenhouse gas emissions are calculated simply by dividing emissions attributable to fuel sold in that county by the total number of county residents; data is disaggregated between residential and non-residential customers.

description: The Form EIA-860 is a generator-level survey that collects specific information about existing and planned generators and associated environmental equipment at electric power plants with 1 megawatt or greater of combined nameplate capacity. The survey data is summarized in reports such as the Electric Power Annual. The survey data is also available for download here. The data are compressed into a self-extracting (.exe) zip folder containing .XLS data files and record layouts. The current file structure (starting with 2009 data) consists of a record layout, 8 data files and a copy of the applicable version of the Form EIA-860 on which the data was collected. The record layout provides a directory of all (published) data elements collected on the Form EIA-860 together with the related description, specific file location(s), and, where appropriate, explanation of codes. The data files consist of the following (substitute the applicable year for "yy" in the file name): UtylityY*yy* - Contains respondent contact information and utility-level data for the surveyed generators. PlantY*yy* - Contains plant-level data for the surveyed generators. GeneratorY*yy* - Contains generator-level data for the surveyed generators, split into three tabs. The "Exist" tab includes those generators which are currently operating, out of service or on standby; the "Prop" tab includes those generators which are planned and not yet in operation; and the "Ret_IP" tab includes those generators which were cancelled prior to completion and operation and retired generators at existing plants (does not include data for retired generators at plants at which all generators have been retired). OwnerY*yy* - Contains data on the owner and/or operator of the surveyed generators. MultiFuelY*yy* - Contains data on fuel-switching and the use of multiple fuels by surveyed generators, split into three tabs: "Exist," "Prop," and "Ret_IP." See GeneratorsYyy above for a description of the tabs. InterconnectY*yy* - Contains interconnection data for the surveyed generators. EnviroAssocY*yy* - Contains boiler association data for the environmental equipment data collected on the Form EIA-860. The "Boiler_Gen" identifies which boilers are associated with each generator; the "Boiler_Cool" tab shows which cooling systems are associated with each boiler; the "Boiler_FGD" tab shows which flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are associated with each boiler; the "Boiler_FGP" tab shows which flue gas particulate (FGP) collectors are associated with each boiler; and the "Boiler_SF" tab shows which stacks and flues are associated with each boiler. EnviroEquipY*yy* - Contains environmental equipment data for the surveyed generators. The "Boiler" tab collects boiler data as collected on Schedule 6, Parts B, and C of the Form EIA-860; "Control" tab contains emission data as collected on Schedule 6, Parts D and E; the "Cooling" tab collects cooling system data as collected on Schedule 6, Part F; the "FGD" tab collects FGD data as collected on Schedule 6, Part H; the "FGP" tab collects FGP data as collected on Schedule 6, Part G; and the "StackFlue" tab collects stack and flue data as collected on Schedule 6, Part I. EIA Contact: Vlad Dorjets, phone: 202-586-3141, e-mail: Vlad Dorjets; abstract: The Form EIA-860 is a generator-level survey that collects specific information about existing and planned generators and associated environmental equipment at electric power plants with 1 megawatt or greater of combined nameplate capacity. The survey data is summarized in reports such as the Electric Power Annual. The survey data is also available for download here. The data are compressed into a self-extracting (.exe) zip folder containing .XLS data files and record layouts. The current file structure (starting with 2009 data) consists of a record layout, 8 data files and a copy of the applicable version of the Form EIA-860 on which the data was collected. The record layout provides a directory of all (published) data elements collected on the Form EIA-860 together with the related description, specific file location(s), and, where appropriate, explanation of codes. The data files consist of the following (substitute the applicable year for "yy" in the file name): UtylityY*yy* - Contains respondent contact information and utility-level data for the surveyed generators. PlantY*yy* - Contains plant-level data for the surveyed generators. GeneratorY*yy* - Contains generator-level data for the surveyed generators, split into three tabs. The "Exist" tab includes those generators which are currently operating, out of service or on standby; the "Prop" tab includes those generators which are planned and not yet in operation; and the "Ret_IP" tab includes those generators which were cancelled prior to completion and operation and retired generators at existing plants (does not include data for retired generators at plants at which all generators have been retired). OwnerY*yy* - Contains data on the owner and/or operator of the surveyed generators. MultiFuelY*yy* - Contains data on fuel-switching and the use of multiple fuels by surveyed generators, split into three tabs: "Exist," "Prop," and "Ret_IP." See GeneratorsYyy above for a description of the tabs. InterconnectY*yy* - Contains interconnection data for the surveyed generators. EnviroAssocY*yy* - Contains boiler association data for the environmental equipment data collected on the Form EIA-860. The "Boiler_Gen" identifies which boilers are associated with each generator; the "Boiler_Cool" tab shows which cooling systems are associated with each boiler; the "Boiler_FGD" tab shows which flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are associated with each boiler; the "Boiler_FGP" tab shows which flue gas particulate (FGP) collectors are associated with each boiler; and the "Boiler_SF" tab shows which stacks and flues are associated with each boiler. EnviroEquipY*yy* - Contains environmental equipment data for the surveyed generators. The "Boiler" tab collects boiler data as collected on Schedule 6, Parts B, and C of the Form EIA-860; "Control" tab contains emission data as collected on Schedule 6, Parts D and E; the "Cooling" tab collects cooling system data as collected on Schedule 6, Part F; the "FGD" tab collects FGD data as collected on Schedule 6, Part H; the "FGP" tab collects FGP data as collected on Schedule 6, Part G; and the "StackFlue" tab collects stack and flue data as collected on Schedule 6, Part I. EIA Contact: Vlad Dorjets, phone: 202-586-3141, e-mail: Vlad Dorjets

Vapor Recovery Units Market size was valued at USD 0.948 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 13.78 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 4.80% from 2024 to 2031.

Global Vapor Recovery Units Market Drivers

Stringent Environmental Regulations: Stringent environmental requirements are a primary driver of the Vapor Recovery Units (VRUs) market, notably in the oil and gas industries. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) demands that methane emissions be reduced by 87% from 2005 levels by 2030, putting enormous regulatory pressure on companies to comply. VRUs are critical to achieving these rules since they can capture up to 95% of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from storage tanks and loading processes. This regulatory framework encourages the use of VRUs by boosting compliance, decreasing environmental impact, and increasing operational efficiency, allowing businesses to avoid potential fines while maintaining a positive public image.

Growing Oil & Gas Production Activities: The global expansion of oil and gas production activities has significantly increased the need for Vapor Recovery Units (VRUs). According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), US crude oil output will reach a new high of 12.9 million barrels per day in 2023, up 1.0 million barrels per day from 2022. This rise in output demands effective vapor recovery methods to manage the associated increase in emissions. As production increases, so does the need for VRUs to capture and reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), assuring compliance with environmental requirements, avoiding operating losses, and maintaining safety standards in an industry that is becoming more sustainable.

Rising Focus on Sustainability in Industrial Operations: Industries are increasingly prioritizing sustainability and environmental responsibility, which is accelerating the deployment of Vapor Recovery Units. The World Bank forecasted a 5% decrease in global gas flaring to 139 billion cubic meters (bcm) in 2022, with many countries pledging to eradicate routine flaring by 2030. VRUs are critical in meeting these sustainability standards because they recover valuable hydrocarbons that would otherwise be squandered through venting or flaring. This focus on sustainability improves operational efficiency, decreases environmental impact, and assists businesses in complying with rules, increasing their market position and public image.

Flanges Market size was valued at USD 8.51 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 11.81 Billion by 2031 growing at a CAGR of 4.62% from 2024 to 2031.

Key Market Drivers:
Infrastructure Development: The growing number of infrastructure projects worldwide, such as pipelines and construction, drives need for flanges to provide reliable and secure connections.
Expansion Of the Oil and Gas Industry: The expansion of the oil and gas industry is a primary driver for the Flanges Market. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that world oil demand will reach 101.9 million barrels per day in 2023, up 2.3% from the previous year. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), natural gas output in the United States increased by 4.2% in 2023, reaching a record 34.5 trillion cubic feet. This rise in the oil and gas industry is directly related to rising demand for flanges, which are critical components in pipelines, refineries, and processing equipment.

Boulevard Associates LLC (BA), a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources LLC is planning to undertake the construction of Sonoran Solar Power Plant project in Arizona, the US.The project involves the construction of a 300MW solar power facility on an 815ha of land. It will concentrate solar thermal (CST) power system. It includes the construction of water supply facilities, a natural gas pipeline, and access road, power blocks, solar fields, evaporation ponds, and heat transfer fluid land treatment areas, the installation of generators and transformers and the laying of the 500kV transmission line. The project is equipped with options for thermal storage capabilities natural gas backup.The facility is expected to operate for approximately 30 years and would connect to the electrical grid at the existing Jojoba Substation using a newly constructed, 3-4 mile, 500kv Transmission line.A draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report was prepared and submitted to the Bureau of Land and Management.Vertical Mapping Resources has been appointed as a geotechnical consultant and Stewart Consulting as an environmental consultant.On March 4, 2011, Precision topographic mapping and orthophotography was completed.In December 2011, BA received approval.Planning activities are underway. Read More

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The fuel cell market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 25% during the forecast period. Growing demand for efficient and clean energy sources, Growing incentives to increase adoption of fuel cell vehicles, and Supportive government policies for adoption of fuel cells are some of the significant factors fueling fuel cell market growth.

Growing demand for efficient and clean energy sources

High cost of fuel cell Fuel cells have been in use for decades and were initially used to power space missions during the 1960s. Fuel cells for commercial and industrial locations were developed during the 1990s. However, they have not been able to penetrate the market due to their lower end-user acceptance compared with other technologies such as batteries. Though fuel cells have higher efficiency and environmental benefits, they were not fully commercialized. The price of fuel cells dropped significantly over the recent years due to factors such as high natural gas production in the US (natural gas is a source of hydrogen used as fuel in a fuel cell) and ongoing R&D activities on fuel cell technology. However, the cost is still a primary factor affecting the acceptance of the technology, as both a fuel cell system and its fuel are expensive when compared with alternative technologies such as gas generators and lithium-ion batteries. For instance, the cost of energy generation from a fuel cell is double the cost of energy generated using conventional means. This huge price gap has made subsidies a necessity for fuel cells to stay competitive with other technologies. The subsidies lower the initial costs and increase the adoption of fuel cells. However, subsidies will gradually reduce, fueling the need for increased investments in technology that would help reduce the overall cost and support its adoption. Challenges associated with hydrogen refueling facilities Unlike EV chargers, hydrogen refueling stations are not conveniently accessible. According to the IEA, in 2017, there were about three million private chargers at residences and workplaces globally. Additionally, in 2017, there were about 430,000 publicly accessible chargers across the world, a quarter of which were fast chargers. These chargers are important in densely populated towns. The availability of these chargers makes EVs suitable for long-distance travel. As a result, the adoption of EVs is increasing globally, thereby increasing the competition for FCVs. However, there are limited hydrogen refueling stations globally. According to the US EIA, as of January 2019, about 60 hydrogen refueling stations for vehicles were operational in the US. About 40 of these stations are available for public use, and nearly all of these are located in California. Hence, the customers outside California may find it difficult to access the hydrogen refueling stations, thereby hindering the adoption of FCVs. Thus, the production of hydrogen-fueled cars has reduced as customers are reluctant to purchase such cars as there are limited hydrogen refueling stations. As a result, companies are not willing to invest in building refueling stations due to a lack of sufficient customers with hydrogen-fueled vehicles. Hence, the availability of hydrogen refueling stations is critical for the adoption of FCVs. Moreover, the most challenging aspect of building hydrogen refueling stations is the capital cost associated with construction. Prior to the commencement of constructing a hydrogen refueling station, several factors such as accessibility, site conditions like safety and design, and regulatory and customer requirements need to be considered. These factors might vary across the regions. For instance, in Japan, hydrogen is classified as an industrial gas; hence, hydrogen refueling stations need to comply with strict safety regulations. Furthermore, the installation of the dispenser at a hydrogen refueling station is highly expensive and can amount to an average of $66,410. Also, sourcing hydrogen is a major challenge. As pure hydrogen is not available directly on the Earth, producing hydrogen for fueling FCVs is expensive as well as energy-intensive. Moreover, this hydrogen should be cost-effective compared with other fuels such as gasoline to ensure large-scale adoption. Also, hydrogen storage tanks are expensive and require maintenance. For instance, TOYOTA MOTOR’s Mirai FCV has hydrogen storage tanks, which are made of carbon fiber, while the onboard fuel cell, which generates electricity, is made of platinum. These factors increase the cost of fueling FCVs, and these costs are passed onto the customers. Hence, the high costs and complexities associated with the development of hydrogen refueling stations might limit the development of FCVs, thereby restricting the growth of the global fuel cell market.

Competition from alternative technologies Fuel cell technology faces stiff competition for power generation from alternative technologies such as solar energy, energy stor

Tank Level Monitoring System Market size was valued at USD 1.02 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1.5 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.50% from 2024 to 2031.

Key Market Drivers:
Rising Demand for Effective Water Management in Agriculture: With increasing water scarcity, the demand for efficient water management in agriculture is driving the introduction of tank level monitoring systems. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), agriculture consumes 70% of worldwide water, making water management critical to sustainable agriculture. Tank monitoring systems allow for more exact management of water levels, reducing both misuse and shortages and promoting sustainable farming methods.
Growth in Oil and Gas Exploration Activities: The rise in global oil and gas exploration activity is significantly pushing the demand for tank level monitoring systems. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), global petroleum and liquid fuel production is expected to rise to around 103 million barrels per day in 2024. Effective level monitoring in storage tanks is critical for operational safety and environmental protection, especially in the storage and transportation of hazardous commodities in this industry.

The attribute data for this point dataset come from U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-815, Monthly Bulk Terminal and Blender Report. A bulk terminal is a facility primarily used for storage, marketing, and, in many cases, blending of petroleum products, unfinished oils, biofuels, and natural gas liquids. The geographic area the report covers is the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and other U.S. possessions. The facility location data represent the approximate location based on research of publicly available information from sources such as Federal agencies, company websites, and satellite images on public websites.

Krishna Godavari LNG Terminal Ltd (KGLNG), a joint venture of VGS Group (VGS), Cavallo Energy LLC (Cavallo) and EXMAR (EXM), is planning to construct a floating LNG terminal in Andhra Pradesh, India.The project involves the construction of a floating LNG terminal with a capacity of 3.75 million m3 per annum (MTPA) of natural gas in the first phase, and will be expanded to 7.5 million m3 per annum in the second phase.The project includes the construction of offshore facilities comprises of loading and offloading facilities, floating storage unit (FSU), floating storage and re-gasification unit (FSRU) platform, unloading platform located between the LNG carrier and the FSU, platform for mooring tug vessels; walkways, and subsea pipeline stretching to land fall point from the FSRU, and the installation of navigational aids dolphin jetty/mooring system.The project also includes the construction of onshore facilities at land fall point comprising maintenance room, security room, control room and a ups room, the installation of pig receiver, metering skid, fire protection system, and the laying of pipeline to connect the current gas distribution grid.L&T Infra Engineering has been appointed as study consultant.In the fourth quarter of 2014, KGLNG submitted a detailed project report (DPR) and the environment impact assessment (EIA) report to the Andhra Pradesh GovernmentOn November 21, 2015, KGLNG conducted the environmental public hearing.The Ministry of Environment and Forests had issued terms of reference on February 2016 and re-validated it in July 2016 up to December 1, 2016.In July 2016, Krishna Godavari LNG terminal received environmental approval from the Indian Ministry of Environment.In August 2016, KGLNG has secured in-principle nod for the project.KGLNG is in the process of obtaining permission from GoAP and waiting for Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) clearance and financial closure. Read More