Abstract

The objectives of the EICV 2005 are to provide information on poverty and living conditions in Rwanda and to monitor changes over time as part of the ongoing monitoring of the Poverty Reduction Strategy and other Government policies. The results of the EICV 2005 will be compared with the results of the EICV 2001 and the content of the questionnaire will be broadly similar to that of the previous survey. In addition the survey will provide data on household income and expenditures which can be used for updating the weights and market basket for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and components of the national accounts. Survey data on agricultural activities have also proved to be important for national accounts and will complement information provided by future agricultural and rural sector surveys.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

Household members (institutional and itinerant populations excluded).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the EICV1 was based on the data and cartographic materials from the 1991 Rwanda Census of Population and Housing, while the EICV2 was based on the 2002 Rwanda Census frame. There were significant changes in the areas considered urban between the two censuses, but these geographic changes are taken into account in the comparative analysis between the EICV1 and EICV2 data. The sample design for EICV1 is described in the report on Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (Avec Volet Budget - Consommation) - Plan de Sondage" (Scott, July 1997). A detailed description of the EICV2 sample design is found in the report on Recommendations on Sample Design and Estimation Methodology for the Rwanda Enquête Integrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2005. (Megill, June 2004).

A stratified two-stage sample design was used for both the EICV1 and EICV2. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were the enumeration areas or zones de dénombrement (ZDs) defined for the census. The sample of ZDs in each stratum was selected with probability proportional to size, where the measure of size was based on the number of households from the census frame. A new listing of households was conducted in each ZD, and a sample of households was selected at the second sampling stage. The units of analysis are the households and the individual members of the household.

One of the objectives of EICV1 and EICV2 was to provide reliable estimates of household consumption and other characteristics at the level of the 12 old provinces, as well as at the national level, City of Kigali, other urban and rural. Later the country was divided into five new provinces; given the larger size of the new provinces, the corresponding estimates will have better precision than those at the old provincial level.

The stratification of the sampling frame for both EICV1 and EICV2 was designed to improve the efficiency of the sample design and ensure a sufficient sample size for the major geographic domains of analysis. The sampling frame for these surveys was stratified by the 12 old provinces, as well as by urban and rural areas. At the national level three residential strata were defined: (1) City of Kigali, (2) other urban, and (3) rural. In the case of EICV1, the ZDs in the urban and rural strata for each province were ordered geographically to provide a corresponding implicit stratification.

In the case of the City of Kigali, there is a higher variability in socioeconomic characteristics compared to the other domains. Therefore a socioeconomic stratification was defined for the ZDs in the EICV2 sampling frame for the City of Kigali, using an indicator of bien-être (well-being) based on housing characteristics in the 2002 Rwanda Census data. The ZDs were coded by four socioeconomic quartiles, and this was used as a sorting variable to provide a corresponding implicit stratification. A new stratification code for "semi-rural" was introduced into the sampling frame for EICV2 to identify urban ZDs with at least 70 percent of households with agricultural operations (based on the 2002 Rwanda Census data). This "semi-rural" code was used as one of the sorting criteria for the sampling frame of the City of Kigali and the other urban stratum in each province. Within each stratum, the ZDs in the sampling frame were further sorted geographically to provide an additional level of implicit stratification.

Given that the rural economy is primarily agricultural, the socioeconomic characteristics of the rural households are generally correlated with the crop and livestock activities found in the different bio-climatic zones. Therefore the EICV2 sampling frame for rural strata was sorted by the ten bio-climatic zones as well as geographic codes to provide an effective implicit stratification.

The sample size for EICV1 and EICV2 was determined by the precision required for the survey estimates for each domain, as well as by the resource and operational constraints. The total sample size for EICV1 was 570 ZDs and 6,450 households. For EICV2 this sample size was increased to 620 ZDs and 6,900 households, in order to provide a larger sample for the urban strata. One reason for increasing the urban sample for EICV2 was because of the expansion of urban areas following the 2002 Rwanda Census. The effective sample size for EICV1 was actually 6,420 households, since 30 non-interviews were not replaced for this survey.

Given that one of the objectives of these surveys was to produce reliable estimates for each of the 12 old provinces, a total of 40 sample rural ZDs was allocated to each province. A larger sample was allocated to the City of Kigali because of the larger variability of socioeconomic characteristics; 80 sample ZDs were selected in this domain for EICV1 and 100 ZDs for EICV2. In the case of the other urban strata, a sample of 50 ZDs for EICV1 and 80 ZDs for EICV2 were allocated to the 11 other provinces proportionately to their urban population.

For EICV1 the number of households selected per sample ZD was 9 for the City of Kigali and the other urban stratum, and 12 for the rural stratum. This was an effective sampling strategy given that the urban strata generally have more variability between ZDs and homogeneity of households within ZDs. This approach also provided a reasonable workload for the enumerators in the urban and rural ZDs based on the data collection procedures each cycle. Therefore this same sampling strategy was used for EICV2.

For both EICV1 and EICV2 the ZDs within each stratum were selected systematically with probability proportional to size, where the measure of size was based on the number of households in the ZD from the corresponding census frame (1991 for EICV1 and 2002 for EICV2). Following a new listing of households in the sample ZDs, at the second stage 9 sample households were selected systematically in each sample urban ZD and 12 sample households were selected in each rural ZD. This sampling strategy provided an approximately self-weighting sample (that is, the sampling weights were similar) within each stratum. A sample of possible replacement households was also selected systematically within each sample ZD. Whenever an original sample household could not be interviewed for any reason, it was substituted by one of the random replacement households.

Sampling deviation

As indicated, any household that was not interviewed as per the original listing and selection was replaced with a reserve household. Each EA had 4 households on reserve. A total of 522 households were replaced over the course of the survey. In addition, several EAs were swapped from their scheduled cyclic visit due to seasonal accessibility problems.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires that were used for the survey were largely adapted from the EICV-1. However there were some substantial changes in structure particularly for the employment section. The questionnaire was subject to revision through a series of consultative meetings held in October 2004. The questionnaires remain predominantly structured with pre-coded responses. It should be noted that some of the response categories have changed between the EICV-1 and EICV-2 requiring a series of recodes for comparability.

PART A: General - Section 0: Introductory Section - Section 1: Demographics (eng_eicv2_s1_demo). - Section 2: Education (eng_eicv2_s2_education).
- Section 3: Health (eng_eicv2_s3_health). - Section 4: Migration (eng_eicv2_s4_migration).
- Section 5: Household characteristic (eng_eicv2_s5_housing). - Section 5E: Access to services (eng_eicv2_s5e_services).
- Section 6ABC: Employment Parts A,B,C (eng_eicv2_s6abc_employment). - Section 6D: Employment listing (eng_eicv2_s6d_employ_roster). - Section 6E: Salaried employment (eng_eicv2_s6e_employ_wages). - Section 6F: Non-remunerated work (eng_eicv2_s6f_noremuner).
- Section 7: Non-farm Enterprise (eng_eicv2_s7_emterprise).

PART B: Agriculture and Expenditure - Section 8A1: Livestock ownership (eng_eicv2_s8a1_livestock). - Section 8A2: Livestock products (eng_eicv2_s8a2_livestock_products). - Section 8A3: Expenditures related to livestock ownership (eng_eicv2_s8a3_livestock_expenditures). - Section 8B: Assets related to agriculture activity (eng_eicv2_s8b_ag_assets). - Section 8C: Individual plots of land (eng_eicv2_s8c_ag_plots). - Section 8D: Large scale or bulk agricultural production (eng_eicv2_s8d_ag_production1). - Section 8E: Small scale or piecemeal agricultural production (eng_eicv2_s8e_ag_production2). - Section 8F: Other

Abstract

The EICV-W4 survey (Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des ménages) was conducted over a 12-month cycle from October 2013 to October 2014. Data collection was divided into 10 cycles in order to represent seasonality in the income and consumption data. A main cross-sectional sample survey, a panel survey and a VUP sample survey were conducted simultaneously.

The EICV-W4 provides information on poverty and living conditions in Rwanda and measures changes over time as part of the on-going monitoring of the Poverty Reduction Strategy and other Government policies. The survey data are also very important for national accounts and updating the consumer price index (CPI).

Geographic coverage

National coverage, including rural and urban households and allowing province- and district-level estimation of key indicators

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

All household members (variable s1q15 identifies household membership).

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The EICV4 cross sectional (CS) sample includes two independent subsets selected using different sampling frames: 1) a new EICV4 sample of households in enumeration areas (EAs) selected using the 2012 Rwanda Population and Housing Census frame and 2) a panel of households selected from 177 EICV3 villages. A new listing of households was conducted in both the panel and new sample clusters in order to update the frame for the CS Survey. The sample households in the new CS sample EAs were selected from the new listing.

1) The new EICV4 sample The main sampling frame for the EICV4 is based on the 2012 Rwanda Census. The primary sampling units (PSUs) are the 2012 census Enumeration Areas (EAs). In the Census, each EA was classified as urban, semi-urban, peri-urban or rural. The urban areas include Kigali-Ville and the district capitals. The semi-urban areas generally correspond to smaller towns that have service facilities and markets. The peri-urban areas currently have the characteristics of rural areas, but they are located on the periphery of urban areas and are designated for future development. For the EICV4 sampling frame, the semi-urban areas were grouped with the urban strata, and the peri-urban areas with the rural strata. This results in a final distribution of 17.2% urban households and 82.8% rural households in the sampling frame. EAs in the 177 EICV3 sample villages selected for the panel study were excluded from the sampling frame, in order to avoid any overlap between the two samples.

The new EICV4 sample of 12,312 households was selected using a stratified two-stage design. At the first stage, sample EAs were selected within each stratum (district) with probability proportional to size (PPS) from the ordered list of EAs in the sampling frame. The EAs are implicitly stratified by urban and rural strata within each district, ordered first by urban, semi-urban, peri-urban and rural areas, and then geographically by sector, cellule, village and EA codes. This first stage sampling procedure provides a proportional allocation of the sample to the urban and rural areas of each district. At the second stage, households in each sample EA are selected from the listing. For the three districts in Kigali Province, 9 households were selected in each sample EA as original households; for the remaining 27 districts, 12 households were selected in each sample EA as original households. In addition, a reserve sample of 3 replacement households were selected for each sample EA in Kigali Province and 4 replacement households for each sample EA in the remaining provinces.

This new EICV4 sample contains 12,312 households, including 12,233 original households and 79 replacement households.

2) Households from 177 EICV3 villages used for panel study The second component of the EICV4 cross sectional sample consists of all the sample households interviewed inside the 177 EICV3 villages selected for the panel study (including any replacements households and panel split households inside the clusters).

Within each of the 177 villages, all households that were interviewed during EICV3 were included in the cross-sectional sample. When an EICV3 sample household moved and a new household occupied the same house in the cluster, it was interviewed for the Cross-Sectional Survey, and assigned a PID (dependency) code of 94. If an EICV3 household was empty or not found, a random replacement household was selected for the EICV4 Cross-Sectional Survey from the new listing of the sample cluster, and assigned a PID code of 95. The sample households with PID codes 94 and 95 are only used for the cross-sectional study, not the panel study.

This second component of the cross-sectional sample includes 2108 households drawn from the 177 EICV3 villages sampled for the panel study. These include 1604 original EICV3 households, 181 dependent household splitting from the original household in the same cluster, along with 243 households living in the dwelling formerly occupied by a panel household and 80 replacement households in the cluster in order to have 9/12 households per cluster.

The reason why we combine the EICV4 data from the new and panel clusters for the CS analysis is to obtain the most accurate CS estimates. In the case of the CS estimates from the combined samples, the additional data from the 177 sample panel clusters will result in a significant reduction in the variance component of the MSE. Although the bias of the CS data from the sample panel clusters may slightly increase the bias component, this bias is very small compared to the corresponding reduction in the variance component. Therefore the CS results from the EICV4 data for the combined new and panel clusters can be considered more accurate than the corresponding results using only the EICV4 data for the new sample clusters.

In total, the final EICV4 cross-sectional sample contains 14,419 households.

3) Assignment of EAs to cycles and sub-cycles Data collection covering a period of 12 month is divided into 10 cycles to represent seasonality in consumption, income, employment and agricultural activity patterns. For rural enumeration, each cycle is further divided into two sub-cycles. For the 177 EICV3 villages, the cycle and sub-cycle were pre-determined. Households were re-interviewed in the same cycle, corresponding to the same time of the year as they were in EICV3. To assign cycles to the new EICV4 sample EAs, random cycle numbers from 1 to 10 were generated to identify the selection sequence. For the 27 districts outside Kigali, sub-cycle numbers of 1 or 2 were assigned systematically with a random start. This process ensured that the final distribution of the sample EAs to cycles and sub-cycles was geographically representative within each district.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Research instrument

The same questionnaire was used for cross-sectional, panel and VUP samples. Part A of the questionnaire contains modules on household and individual information. Part B is on agriculture and consumption. The questionnaire was developed in English, and translated into Kinyarwanda.

Questionnaire design took into account the requests raised by major data users and stakeholders, as well as consistency with the previous EICV questionnaires. In addition to methodological improvements, some simplifications were made:

-The major changes introduced in this survey were changes to Section 6, the Economic Activity. Further questioning was added on unemployment and underemployment in response to questions from users, and also to comply with international standards. The section was simplified to enable the analysis to be undertaken by local analysts.

-The Section on the VUP participation was expanded to provide more information, better classification of beneficiaries and to provide greater consistency within the questionnaire. The same questionnaire is to be used on the separate VUP sample which runs in parallel with the EICV4

-The health section was reduced to try to cut respondent burden, as health-related information is being collected by Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).

-The expenditure section was changed in minor ways to provide better information for national accounts (housing investment) and for CPI weights (retail outlets).

Questionnaire was tested in pilot surveys and amended in time prior to the fieldwork starting in October 2013.

The complete questionnaire is provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

A day before the interview started, the enumerator, accompanied by a controller, did an introduction to household, explaining how often they will come in that household and delivering a letter indicating that the HH has been selected.

During the field work, after each cycle, the data processing team produced tables and reports of inconsistencies, which were checked by the field supervisor. The data entry system also contained consistency checks that alerted the data entry operators. In case of an alert, the questionnaire was sent back to the supervisor of data entry for correction.

Response rate

Out of the 12,312 sample households selected in the new sample clusters for EICV4, only 79 were non-interviews, for a response rate of 99.4% for this sample. All of the 79 non-interviews were replaced. There were only 12 refusals, and there were few cases of houses that were empty or not found, given that the listing was conducted very close to the interviewing period.

Abstract

The EICV-W5 survey (Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des ménages) was conducted over a 12-month cycle from October 2016 to October 2017. Data collection was divided into 10 cycles in order to represent seasonality in the income and consumption data. A main cross-sectional sample survey, a panel survey and a VUP panel survey were conducted simultaneously.

The main objective of the EICV5 VUP Panel Survey is to provide longitudinal data for a nationally-representative panel of households that received VUP benefits at the time of the EICV4, in order to obtain reliable estimates of trends in the socioeconomic indicators for these households.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

All household members.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling frame and sample size of EICV5 VUP panel survey:

The VUP Survey conducted with EICV4 was based on a sample of 2,460 households selected from the VUP administrative frame using a stratified two-stage sample design. The VUP sampling frame was stratified by province and predominant type of VUP beneficiaries (Direct Support, Financial Services and Public Works). In the EICV4 VUP Survey it was found that of the original sample of 2,460 VUP households, only 1,520 households indicated that they were receiving VUP benefits at the time of the survey. These 1,520 households are considered the initial baseline panel of VUP households that are being enumerated in the EICV5 VUP Panel Survey. Following a further review of the EICV4 VUP data it was found that 27 of these households did not actually receive any VUP benefits during the reference period, so they were dropped from the EICV5 VUP Panel data set for the analysis, and they will not be assigned any weights. Therefore the final number of eligible EICV4 sample VUP households that was matched to the EICV5 panel households was 1,493.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Research instrument

The same questionnaire was used for cross-sectional, panel and VUP samples. Part A of the questionnaire contains modules on household and individual information. Part B is on agriculture and consumption. The questionnaire was developed in English, and translated into Kinyarwanda.

Questionnaire design took into account the requests raised by major data users and stakeholders, as well as, consistency with the previous EICV questionnaires. In addition to methodological improvements, some simplifications were made:

-The major changes introduced in this survey were changes to Section 6, the Economic Activity. Further questioning was added on unemployment and underemployment in response to questions from users, and also to comply with international standards. The section was simplified to enable the analysis to be undertaken by local analysts.

-The Section on the VUP participation was expanded to provide more information, better classification of beneficiaries and to provide greater consistency within the questionnaire. The same questionnaire is to be used on the separate VUP sample which runs in parallel with the EICV5

Questionnaire was tested in pilot surveys and amended in time prior to the fieldwork starting in October 2016. The complete questionnaire is provided as external resources.

Cleaning operations

A day before the interview started, the enumerator, accompanied by a controller, did an introduction to household, explaining how often they will come in that household and delivering a letter indicating that the HH has been selected.

During the field work, after each cycle, the data processing team produced tables and reports of inconsistencies, which were checked by the field supervisor. The data entry system also contained consistency checks that alerted the data entry operators. In case of an alert, the questionnaire was sent back to the supervisor of data entry for correction.

Response rate

Following the EICV5 data collection it was found that 175 of these households could not be interviewed because of a death or relocation outside the country. Therefore the final number of eligible EICV5 VUP panel sample households was 1,642, including 324 households from split.

Abstract

La deuxième Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Rwanda (EDSR-II) est une enquête par sondage, représentative au niveau national. Elle a été exécutée par l'Office National de Population (ONAPO), avec l'assistance technique de ORC Macro, à l'aide de financements de l'USAID, du FNUAP et de l'UNICEF. L'EDSR-II fournit des informations détaillées sur la fécondité, la planification familiale, la santé maternelle et infantile, l'état nutritionnel des enfants et des mères, la mortalité infantojuvénile, les Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles (IST) et le sida. Au cours de l'enquête, réalisée sur le terrain de juin à novembre 2000, 9 696 ménages, 10 421 femmes âgées de 15-49 ans et 2 717 hommes de 15-59 ans ont été interviewés avec succès.

Les informations recueillies sont significatives au niveau national, au niveau du milieu de résidence (Kigali Ville, Autres Villes et rural) et au niveau des préfectures pour un nombre non négligeable d'indicateurs.

L'EDSR-II a pour objectif d'estimer de nombreux indicateurs socio-économiques, démographiques et sanitaires au niveau de l'ensemble de la population et au niveau des souspopulations des femmes de 15-49 ans, des enfants de moins de 5 ans et des hommes de 15-59 ans.

Geographic coverage

Les informations recueillies sont significatives au niveau national, au niveau du milieu de résidence (Kigali Ville, Autres Villes et rural) et au niveau des préfectures pour un nombre non négligeable d'indicateurs.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-59
• Children under five years

Universe

L'univers de l'enquête est l'ensemble de la population et au niveau des sous-populations des femmes de 15 à 49 ans, des hommes 15-59 du ménage, des enfants de moins de 5 ans.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

L'Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Rwanda (EDSR-II) a prévu un échantillon national d'environ 9500 femmes âgées de 15 à 49 ans et 3000 hommes âgés de 15 à 59 ans. Les résultats de l'enquête sont présentés pour l'ensemble du Rwanda, le milieu urbain, le milieu rural et pour chacune des 12 préfectures, la ville de Kigali considérée comme une préfecture.

BASE DE SONDAGE

Un échantillon-maître, préparé en 1999 par la Direction des Statistiques sur la base de celui de l'Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie (EICV) des ménages de la Banque Mondiale de 1997, a servi de base de sondage pour l'EDSR-II. L'échantillon maître est un échantillon stratifié de 570 unités aréolaires appelées sections d'énumération (SDE); la stratification utilisant le type de résidence (urbain/rural). Les domaines d'étude de l'EDSR-II correspondent à l'ensemble du Rwanda, le milieu urbain, le milieu rural et pour chacune des 12 préfectures.

En milieu urbain, 130 SDE issues du recensement de 1997 ont été tirées, et 440 en milieu rural, avec une probabilité proportionnelle au nombre de ménages en 1997.

STRUCTURE DE L'ÉCHANTILLON

L'échantillon de l'EDSR-II est un échantillon stratifié tiré à deux degrés. Comme pour l'échantillon maître, chaque domaine a été séparé en parties urbaine avec 2 strates et rurale avec 11 strates créées. L'échantillon a été tiré indépendamment dans chaque strate. Au premier degré, des SDE ont été tirées dans chaque strate avec la même probabilité car les SDE de l'échantillon maître ont été tirées avec une probabilité proportionnelle au nombre de ménages. Un dénombrement des ménages dans chacune des SDE tirées a fourni une liste de ménages à partir de laquelle des ménages ont été sélectionnés au deuxième degré. Avant le dénombrement des ménages, les grandes SDE ont été divisées en segments dont un seul a été retenu pour l'EDSR-II. Cette dernière étape n'est pas considérée comme un degré de tirage dans la mesure où elle a pour but de limiter le nombre de ménages à dénombrer à l'intérieur d'une SDE. Tous les membres des ménages sélectionnés ont été identifiés à l'aide d'un questionnaire ménage et chaque femme âgée de 15 à 49 ans a été enquêtée avec un questionnaire individuel femme. Dans la moitié des ménages sélectionnés pour l'enquête auprès des femmes, tous les hommes âgés de 15 à 59 ont également été interrogés.

RÉPARTITION DE L'ÉCHANTILLON

Une allocation proportionnelle de l'échantillon cible de femmes aux 12 domaines et à l'intérieur de chaque strate aurait permis d'obtenir un échantillon auto-pondéré. Mais cela ne permettrait pas d'obtenir au niveau des préfectures, le nombre minimal de 800 femmes nécessaires pour mesurer avec fiabilité certains indicateurs de santé.

SEGMENTATION DES GRANDES SDE

Certaines des SDE tirées pour l'EDSR-II étaient de grande taille et auraient exiger un travail énorme si tous leurs ménages devraient être systématiquement dénombrés. Ainsi, toutes les SDE tirées ayant plus de 399 ménages ont été scindées en plusieurs segments dont un seul a été retenu pour l'enquête. La règle de segmentation était la suivante : taille 400 - 599 ménages .......... segmenter en 2 taille 600 - 799 ménages .......... segmenter en 3 taille 800 - 999 ménages .......... segmenter en 4 etc.

La procédure complète sur la segmentation est décrite dans le manuel de cartographie et de dénombrement des ménages.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Afin d'atteindre les objectifs fixés, trois types de questionnaires ont été utilisés :

a) Questionnaire ménage. Il permet de collecter des informations sur le ménage, telles que le nombre de personnes y résidant, par sexe, âge, niveau d'instruction, la survie des parents, etc. Par ailleurs, il permet de collecter des informations sur les caractéristiques du logement (approvisionnement en eau, type de toilettes, etc.), et sur la catégorie de sel utilisé par les ménages : ces informations sont recueillies afin d'évaluer les conditions environnementales et socio-économiques dans lesquelles vivent les personnes enquêtées. De plus, les femmes âgées de 15-49 ans et les enfants âgés de moins de 5 ans sont pesés et mesurés afin d'évaluer leur état nutritionnel. Enfin, le questionnaire ménage permet d'établir l'éligibilité des personnes à interviewer individuellement. Il permet aussi de déterminer les populations de référence pour le calcul de certains taux démographiques.

b) Questionnaire femme. Il comprend les neuf sections suivantes : -caractéristiques socio-démographiques des enquêtées; -reproduction; -planification familiale; -suivi pré/postnatal, allaitement, vaccination et santé des enfants; -mariage et activité sexuelle; -préférences en matière de fécondité; -caractéristiques du conjoint et activité professionnelle de la femme; -VIH/sida et autres Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles; -mortalité maternelle.

b) Questionnaire homme. Il s'agit également d'un questionnaire individuel comprenant les huit sections suivantes : -caractéristiques socio-démographiques des enquêtés; -reproduction; -planification familiale; -mariage et activité sexuelle; -préférences en matière de fécondité; -participation dans les soins de santé; -VIH/sida et autres Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles; -attitude concernant les relations dans le couple.

Ces instruments ont été développés à partir des questionnaires de base du programme DHS, préalablement adaptés au contexte du Rwanda et en tenant compte des objectifs de l'enquête. Par ailleurs, les questionnaires individuels (femme et homme) ont été traduits en Kinyarwanda de manière qu'au cours de l'enquête, les questions soient posées le plus fidèlement possible par les enquêtrices/enquêteurs.

Cleaning operations

La saisie des données sur micro-ordinateur a débuté deux semaines après le démarrage de l'enquête sur le terrain, en utilisant le logiciel ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis), développé par le programme DHS. Un agent de bureau était chargé de la vérification des questionnaires venus du terrain avant de les transmettre à la saisie. Cette saisie a été réalisée par dix opératrices, du 17 juillet au 17 décembre 2000 sous la supervision de deux programmeurs. La moitié des questionnaires ont fait l'objet d'une double saisie pour éliminer du fichier le maximum d'erreurs de saisie. Par ailleurs, un programme de contrôle de qualité permettait de détecter pour chaque équipe et même, le cas échéant, pour chaque enquêtrice/enquêteur, certaines des principales erreurs de collecte. Ces informations étaient immédiatement répercutées sur les équipes de terrain lors des missions de supervision afin d'améliorer la qualité des données.

À la suite de la saisie, les données ont été éditées en vue de vérifier la cohérence interne des réponses. La vérification finale a été réalisée par l'équipe technique de l'ONAPO avec l'assistance d'un informaticien et du Résident conseiller, un démographe, appartenant tous deux au programme DHS, en utilisant une technique éprouvée au cours de dizaines d'enquêtes similaires.

Response rate

À l'intérieur des 9 696 ménages enquêtés, 10622 femmes âgées de 15-49 ans ont été identifiées comme étant éligibles pour l'enquête individuelle et pour 10421 d'entre elles, l'enquête a pu être menée à bien. Le taux de réponse s'établit donc à 98,1 % pour les interviews auprès des femmes. L'enquête homme a été réalisée dans un ménage sur trois : au total 2857 hommes de 15-59 ans ont été